Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T08:34:54.524Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Climatic interpretation of loess-paleosol sequences at Mobarakabad and Aghband, Northern Iran

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Amin Ghafarpour ,
Farhad Khormali ,
William Balsam ,
Alireza Karimi  and
Shamsollah Ayoubi
Amin Ghafarpour
Affiliation:
Department of Soil Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Farhad Khormali*
Affiliation:
Department of Soil Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
William Balsam
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
Alireza Karimi
Affiliation:
Department of Soil Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Shamsollah Ayoubi
Affiliation:
Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran, 84156-83111
*
* Hezar Peach Blvd. (Pardis), Dept. of Soil Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. Khormali@yahoo.com, fkhormali@gau.ac.ir (F. Khormali)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Loess accumulation and paleosol formation are important Quaternary geoarchives in northern Iran. Two loess-paleosol sequences at Mobarakabad and Aghband were examined using soil morphology and micromorphology, mineralogy, magnetic susceptibility (MS), free Fe oxides and calcium carbonate equivalent. The loess-paleosol sequences provide a record of changes in paleo-rainfall in the northern Iran. Micromorphological and MS differences between the loess and paleosols in the sections reflect changes in climate. The different behaviors of magnetic susceptibility between Aghband and Mobar-akabad loess are mainly produced by their different pedogenic environments, topography and climatic conditions. As a result, the MS at the Mobarakabad section is much higher than at Aghband. Paleoeco-logical reconstructions coupled with magnetic depletion in paleosols at Mobarakabad suggest a wetter climate dominating during the formation of the paleosols.

Keywords

LoessPaleosolMagnetic susceptibilityMicromorphologyQuaternaryNorthern Iran
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 86 , Issue 1 , July 2016 , pp. 95 - 109
Copyright
Copyright © American Quaternary Association 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bajnóczi, B., Kovács-Kis, V., 2006. Origin of pedogenic needle-fiber calcite revealed by micromorphology and stable isotope composition - a case study of a Quaternary paleosol from Hungary. Geochemistry 66, 203–212.Google Scholar
Balsam, W.L., Ji, J., Chen, J., 2004. Climatic interpretation of the Luochuan and Lingtai loess section, China, based on changing iron oxide mineralogy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 223, 335–348.Google Scholar
Balsam, W.L., Ellwood, B.B., Ji, J., Williams, R.R., Long, X., Hassani, A.E., 2011. Magnetic susceptibility as a proxy for rainfall: worldwide data from tropical and temperate climate. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 2732–2744.Google Scholar
Barta, G., 2014. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on the morphology and distribution of secondary carbonates of the loesspaleosol sequence at Sütto, Hungary. Quaternary International 319, 64–75.Google Scholar
Barta, G., 2011. The structure and origin of loess dolls - a case study from the loess-paleosoil sequence of Sütto, Hungary. Journal of Environmental Geography 4 (1–4), 1–10.Google Scholar
Becze-Deák, J., Langohr, R., Verrecchia, E.P., 1997. Small scale secondary CaCO3 accumulations in selected sections of the European loess belt. Morphological forms and potential for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Geoderma 76, 221–252.Google Scholar
Begét, J.E., 2001. Continuous Late Quaternary proxy climate records from loess in Beringia. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 499–507.Google Scholar
Begét, J.E., Hawkins, D.B., 1989. Influence of orbital parameters on Pleistocene loess deposition in central Alaska. Nature 337, 151–153.Google Scholar
Bronger, A., Bruhn-Lobin, N., Heinkele, T., 1994. Micromorphology of paleosolsgenetic and paleoenvironmental deductions: case studies from central China, south India, NW Morocco and the Great Plains of the USA. In: Ringrose-Voase, A.J., Humphreys, G.S. (Eds.), Soil Micromorphology: Studies in Management and Genesis, Developments in Soil Science, vol. 22. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 187–206.Google Scholar
Bullock, P., Federoff, N., Jongerius, A., Stoops, G., Tursina, T., Babel, U., 1985. Handbook for Soil Thin Section Description. Waine Research Publications, Wolverhampton (U.K).Google Scholar
Cailleau, G., Verrecchia, E.P., Braissant, O., Emmanuel, L., 2009. The biogenic origin of needle fibre calcite. Sedimentology 56, 1858–1875.Google Scholar
Catt, J.A., 1991. Soils as indicators of Quaternary climatic change in mid-latitude regions. Geoderma 51, 167–187.Google Scholar
Chen, J., Chen, L., Ji, J., Balsam, W., Sun, Y., Lu, H., 2006. Zr/Rb ratio in the Chinese loess sequences and its implication for changes in the East Asian winter monsoon strength. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70 (6), 1471–1482.Google Scholar
Chen, J., et al., 2015. Post-depositional forcing of magnetic susceptibility variations at Kurtak section, Siberia. Quaternary International. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.09.092.Google Scholar
Chen, Q., Liu, X.M., Heller, F., Hirt, A., Lü, B., Guo, X.L., Mao, X.G., Chen, J.S., Zhao, G.Y., Feng, H., Guo, H., 2012. Susceptibility variations of multiple origins of loess from the Ily Basin (NW China). Chinese Science Bulletin 57 (15), 1844–1855.Google Scholar
Chlachula, J., 2003. The Siberian loess record and its significance for reconstruction of pleistocene climate change in north-central Asia. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 1879–1906.Google Scholar
Chlachula, J., Evans, M.E., Rutter, N.W., 1998. A magnetic investigation of a late Quaternary loess/palaeosol record in Siberia. Geophysical Journal International 132, 128–132.Google Scholar
Constantin, D., Begy, R., Vasiliniuc, S., Panaiotu, C., Necula, C., Codrea, V., Timar-Gabor, A., 2014. High-resolution OSL dating of the Costinesti section (Dobrogea, SE Romania) using fine and coarse quartz. Quaternary International 334–335, 20–29.Google Scholar
Cornell, R.M., Schwertmann, U., 2003. The Iron Oxides, second ed. John Wiley, New York, p. 664.Google Scholar
Dearing, J.A., Dann, R.J.L., Hay, K., Lees, J.A., Loveland, P.J., Maher, B.A., O’Grady, K., 1996. Frequency-dependent susceptibility measurements of environmental materials. Geophysical Journal International 124, 228–240.Google Scholar
Ding, Z.L., Ranov, V., Yang, S.L., Finaev, A., Han, J.M., Wang, G.A., 2002. The loess record in southern Tajikistan and correlation with Chinese loess. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 200 (3–4), 387–400.Google Scholar
Dodonov, A.E., 1991. Loess of Central Asia. GeoJournal 24, 185–194.Google Scholar
Dodonov, A.E., Baigusina, L.L., 1995. Loess stratigraphy of Central Asia: palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental aspects. Quaternary Science Reviews 14, 707–720.Google Scholar
Dodonov, A.E., Gorshkov, A.I., Verkhovtseva, N.V., Sivtsov, A.V., Zhou, L.P., 2002. New data on the composition of magnetic minerals from paleosols of Southern Tajikistan. Lithology and Mineral Resources 37 (2), 186–193.Google Scholar
Dodonov, A.E., Zhou, L.P., Markova, A.K., Tchepalyga, A.L., Trubikhin, V.M., Aleksandrovski, A.L., Simakova, A.N., 2006. MiddleeUpper Pleistocene bioclimatic and magnetic records of the Northern Black Sea Coastal Area. Quaternary International 159, 44–54.Google Scholar
Egli, M., Mirabella, A., Mancabelli, A., Sartori, A., 2004. Weathering of soils in alpine areas as influenced by climate and parent material. Clays and Clay Minerals 52, 287–303.Google Scholar
Evans, M.E., Rokosh, C.D., Rutter, N.W., 2002. Magnetoclimatology and paleoprecipitation: evidence from a north-south transect through the Chinese Loess Plateau. Geophysical Research Letters 29, 127-121–127-124.Google Scholar
Fang, X.M., Shi, Z.T., Yang, S.L., Yan, M.D., Li, J.J., Jiang, P.A., 2002. Loess in the Tian Shan and its implications for the development of the Gurbantunggut Desert and drying of northern Xinjiang. Chinese Science Bulletin 47 (16), 1381–1387.Google Scholar
Fedoroff, N., Courty, M.A., Guo, Z., 2010. Palaeosoils and relict soils. In: Stoops, G., Marcelino, V., Mees, F. (Eds.), Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths. Elsevier, pp. 623–662.Google Scholar
Frechen, M., Kehl, M., Rolf, C., Sarvati, R., Skowronek, A., 2009. Loess chronology of the Caspian Lowland in Northern Iran. Quaternary International 128, 220–233.Google Scholar
Grimley, D.A., Arruda, N.K., 2007. Observations of magnetite dissolution in poorly drained soils. Soil Science 172 (12), 968–982.Google Scholar
Guo, Z., Biscaye, P., Wei, L., Chen, X., Peng, S., Liu, T., 2000. Summer monsoon variations over the last 1.2 Ma from the weathering of loess-soil sequences in China. Geophysical Research Letters 27, 1751–1754.Google Scholar
Heller, F., Tungsheng, L., 1984. Magnetism of Chinese loess deposits. Geophysical Journal International 77, 125–141.Google Scholar
Heller, F., Shen, C.D., Beer, J., Liu, X.M., Liu, T.S., Bronger, A., Suter, M., Bonani, G., 1993. Quantitative estimates of pedogenic ferromagnetic mineral formation in Chinese loess and palaeoclimatic implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 114, 385–390.Google Scholar
Hu, X.F., 2004. Influence of iron oxides and organic matter on magnetic susceptibility in the loess-paleosol sequence. Acta Pedologica Sinica 41 (1), 7–12.Google Scholar
Hu, X.F., Xu, L.F., Pan, Y., Shen, M.N., 2009a. Influence of the aging of Fe oxides on the decline of magnetic susceptibility of the Tertiary red clay in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Quaternary International 209, 22–30.Google Scholar
Hu, X.F., Wei, J., Xu, L.F., Zhang, G.L., Zhang, W.G., 2009b. Magnetic susceptibility of the Quaternary Red Clay in subtropical China and its paleoenvironmental implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 279, 216–232.Google Scholar
Hu, X.F., Cheng, T.F., Wu, H.X., 2003. Do multiple cycles of aeolian depositpedogenesis exist in the reticulate red clay sections in southern China. Chinese Science Bulletin 48 (12), 1251–1258.Google Scholar
Jackson, M.L., 1975. Soil Chemical Analysis, Advanced Course. University of Wisconsin, College of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Ji, J., Chen, J., Lu, H., 1999. Origin of illite in the loess from the Luochuan area, Loess Plateau, Central China. Clays and Clay Minerals 34, 525–532.Google Scholar
Ji, J., Chen, J., Xu, H., Chen, T., 2002. Chemical Weathering of Chlorite in Chinese Loess-paleosol Stratigraphy and Climate Change. Paper presented at Annual Meeting, Geol. Soc. of Am., Denver, Colo..Google Scholar
Jia, J., Liu, X.B., Xia, D.S., Wei, H.T., Wang, B., 2011. Magnetic property of loess strata recorded by Kansu profile in Tianshan Mountains. Journal of Arid Land 3 (3), 191–198.Google Scholar
Jia, J., Xia, D.S., Wang, B., Wei, H.T., Liu, X.B., 2012. Magnetic investigation of Late Quaternary loess deposition, Ili area, China. Quaternary International 250, 84–92.Google Scholar
Jiamao, H., Keppens, E., Tungsheng, L., Paepe, R., Wenying, J., 1997. Stable isotope composition of the carbonate concretion in loess and climate change. Quaternary International 37, 37–43.Google Scholar
Johns, W.D., Grim, R.E., Bradley, W.F., 1954. Quantitative estimation of clay minerals by diffraction methods. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 24, 242–251.Google Scholar
Karimi, A., Frechen, M., Khademi, H., Kehl, M., Jalalian, A., 2011. Chronostratigraphy of loess deposits in northeast Iran. Quaternary International 234, 124–132.Google Scholar
Karimi, A., Khademi, H., Kehl, M., Jalalian, A., 2009. Distribution, lithology and provenance of peridesert loess deposits in northeastern Iran. Geoderma 148, 241–250.Google Scholar
Kehl, M., Sarvati, R., Ahmadi, H., Frechen, M., Skowronek, A., 2005. Loess paleosolsequences along a climatic gradient in Northern Iran. Quaternary Science Journal 55, 151–175.Google Scholar
Kehl, M., 2010. Quaternary loesses, loess-like sediments, soils and climate change in Iran. In: Relief, Boden, Palaoklima, vol. 24, p. 208.Google Scholar
Kehl, M., 2009. Quaternary climate change in Iran. The state of knowledge. Erdkunde 63 (1), 1–17.Google Scholar
Kemp, R.A., 1998. Role of micromorphology in paleopedological research. Quaternary International 51/52, 133–141.Google Scholar
Khormali, F., Kehl, M., 2011. Micromorphology and development of loess-derived surface and buried soils along a precipitation gradient in Northern Iran. Quaternary International 234, 109–123.Google Scholar
Khormali, F., Abtahi, A., Mahmoodi, S., Stoops, G., 2003. Argillic horizon development in calcareous soils of arid and semiarid regions of southern Iran. Catena 53, 273–301.Google Scholar
Khormali, F., Abtahi, A., 2003. Origin and distribution of clay minerals in calcareous arid and semi-arid soils of Fars Province, southern Iran. Clay Minerals 38, 511–527.Google Scholar
Khormali, F., Abtahi, A., Stoops, G., 2006. Micromorphology of calcitic features in highly calcareous soils of Fars Province, Southern Iran. Geoderma 132, 31–46.Google Scholar
Kittrick, J.A., Hope, E.W., 1963. A procedure for particle size separation of soils for X-ray diffraction analysis. Soil Science 96, 312–325.Google Scholar
Kravchinsky, V.A., Zykina, V.S., Zykin, V.S., 2008. Magnetic indicator of global paleoclimate cycles in Siberian loess-paleosol sequences. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 265, 498–514.Google Scholar
Kukla, G., An, Z., 1989. Loess stratigraphy in Central China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 72, 203–225.Google Scholar
Lauer, T., et al., 2015. Luminescence-chronology of the loess palaeosol sequence Toshan, Northern Iran - a highly resolved climate archive for the last glacialeinterglacial cycle. Quaternary International. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.03.045.Google Scholar
Liu, Q., Deng, C., Yu, Y., Torrent, J., Jackson, M.J., Banerjee, S.K., Zhu, R., 2005. Temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility in an argon environment: implications for pedogenesis of Chinese loess/palaeosols. Geophysical Journal International 161, 102–112.Google Scholar
Liu, T.S., Ding, Z.L., 1998. Chinese loess and the paleomonsoon. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 26, 111–145.Google Scholar
Liu, T.S., et al., 1985. Loess and the Environment. China Ocean Press, Beijing (unnamed).Google Scholar
Liu, X., Liu, T., Paul, H., Xia, D., Jiri, C., Wang, G., 2008. Two pedogenic models for paleoclimatic records of magnetic susceptibility from Chinese and Siberian loess. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences 51, 284–293.Google Scholar
Liu, X.M., Xia, D., Liu, D.S., 2007. Discussion on two models of paleoclimatic records of magnetic susceptibility of Alaskan and Chinese loess (in Chinese). Quaternary Sciences 27, 210–220.Google Scholar
Liu, X.M., Liu, T.S., Heller, F., Xu, T.C., 1990. Frequency dependent susceptibility of loess and Quaternary paleoclimate. Quaternary Sciences 1, 41–50.Google Scholar
Liu, X.M., Shaw, J., Heller, F., 1992. Magnetic mineralogy of Chinese loess and its significance. Geophysical Journal International 108, 301–308.Google Scholar
Liu, X.M., Liu, Z., Lü, B., Markovic, S.B., Chen, J.S., Guo, H., Ma, M.M., Zhao, G.Y., Feng, H., 2012. The magnetic properties of Serbian loess and its environmental significance. Chinese Science Bulletin 58, 353–363.Google Scholar
Liu, X.M., Hesse, P., Rolph, T., Beget, J.E., 1999. Properties of magnetic mineralogy of Alaskan loess: evidence for pedogenesis. Quaternary International 62, 93–102.Google Scholar
Liu, X.M., Hesse, P., Beget, J., Rolph, T., 2001. Pedogenic destruction of ferrimagnetics in Alaskan loess deposits. Soil Research 39, 99–115.Google Scholar
Liu, X.M., Rolph, T., An, Z.S., Hesse, P., 2003. Paleoclimatic significance of magnetic properties on the red clay underlying the loess and paleosols in China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 199, 153–166.Google Scholar
Machalett, B., Oches, E.A., Frechen, M., Zoller, L., Hambach, U., Mavlyanova, N.G., Markovic, S., Endlicher, W., 2008. Aeolian dust dynamics in central Asia during the Pleistocene: driven by the long-term migration, seasonality, and permanency of the Asiatic polar front. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 9 (8), 1–22.Google Scholar
Maher, B.A., 1998. Magnetic properties of modern soils and Quaternary loessic paleosol: paleoclimatic implication. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 137, 25–54.Google Scholar
Maher, B.A., Thompson, R., Zhou, L.P., 1994. Spatial and temporal reconstructions of changes in the Asian palaeomonsoon: a new mineral magnetic approach. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 125, 461–471.Google Scholar
Maher, B.A., Thompson, R., 1995. Paleorainfall reconstructions from pedogenic magnetic susceptibility variations in the Chinese loess and paleosols. Quaternary Research 44, 383–391.Google Scholar
Mehra, O.P., Jackson, M.L., 1960. Iron oxide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrate system buffered with sodium bicarbonate. Clays and Clay Minerals 5, 317–327.Google Scholar
Meier, H.A., Driese, S.G., Nordt, L.C., Forman, S.L., Dworkin, S.L., 2014. Interpretation of Late Quaternary climate and landscape variability based upon buried soil macro- and micromorphology, geochemistry, and stable isotopes of soil organic matter, Owl Creek, central Texas, USA. Catena 114, 157–168.Google Scholar
Meng, X., Derbyshire, E., Kemp, R.A., 1997. Origin of the magnetic susceptibility signal in Chinese loess. Quaternary Science Reviews 16, 833–839.Google Scholar
Muhs, D.R., 2007. Loess deposits, origins and properties. In: Elias, S.A. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Elsevier, Oxford.Google Scholar
Murphy, C.P., 1986. Thin Section Preparation of Soils and Sediments. A B Academic Publishers, Berhamsted, UK.Google Scholar
Reheis, M.C., 1987. Climatic implications of alternating clay and carbonate formation in semiarid soils of South-Central Montana. Quaternary Research 27, 270–282.Google Scholar
Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. United States Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 60 Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Shi, Z.T., 2005. The Age of Loess Sediments in Yili Area of Xinjiang and Its Paleoenvironment Significances. Postdoctoral Report. Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, pp. 1–125 (in Chinese, with English Abstract).Google Scholar
Soil Survey Staff, 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.Google Scholar
Song, Y.G., Shi, Z.T., Fang, X.M., Nie, J.S., Naoto, I., Qiang, X.K., Wang, X.L., 2010a. Loess magnetic properties in the Ili Basin and their correlation with the Chinese Loess Plateau. Science in China: Earth Sciences 53 (3), 419–431.Google Scholar
Song, Y., et al., 2013. Magnetic parameter variations in the Chaona loess/paleosol sequences in the central Chinese Loess Plateau, and their significance for the middle Pleistocene. Quaternary Research 81 (3), 433–444.Google Scholar
Song, Y.G., Shi, Z.T., Dong, H.M., Nie, J.S., Qian, L.B., Chang, H., Qiang, X.K., 2008. Loess magnetic susceptibility in Central Asia and its paleoclimatic significance. In: International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, vol. 2, pp. 1227–1230.Google Scholar
Song, Y.G., Nie, J.S., Shi, Z.T., Wang, X.L., Qiang, X.K., Chang, H., 2010b. A preliminary study of magnetic enhancement mechanisms of the Tianshan loess. Journal of Earth Environment 1 (1), 60–67.Google Scholar
Stoops, G., 2003. Guidelines for the Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Stoops, G., Marcelino, V., Mees, F., 2010. Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths, first ed. Elsevier Science, p. 752.Google Scholar
Sun, J., Liu, T., 2000. Multiple origins and interpretations of the magnetic susceptibility signal in Chinese wind-blown sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 180, 287–296.Google Scholar
Verrecchia, E.P., Verrecchia, K.E., 1994. Needle-fiber calcite: a critical review and a proposed classification. Journal of Sedimentary Research 64 (3), 650–664.Google Scholar
Vlaminck, S., et al., 2015. Loess-soil sequence at Toshan (Northern Iran): insights into late Pleistocene climate change. Quaternary International. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.04.028.Google Scholar
Wang, X., et al., 2016. Grain-size distribution of Pleistocene loess deposits in northern Iran and its palaeoclimatic implications. Quaternary International. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.058.Google Scholar
Wang, X., Lu, H., Li, Z., Deng, C., Tan, H., Song, Y.G., 2003. Peloclimatic significance of mineral magnetic properties of loess sediments in northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Chinese Science Bulletin 48, 2126–2133.Google Scholar
Wilding, L.P., Drees, L.R., 1988. Removal of carbonate from thin sections for microfabric interpretations. In: Fedoroff, N., Bresson, L.M., Courty, M.A. (Eds.), Soil Micromorphology, Proceedings of the 7th International Working Meeting on Soil Micromorphology. AFES, Paris, pp. 653–665.Google Scholar
Yang, S., Forman, S.L., Song, Y., Pierson, J., Mazzocco, J., Li, X., Shi, Z., Fang, X., 2014. Evaluating OSL-SAR protocols for dating quartz grains from the loess in Ili Basin, Central Asia. Quaternary Geochronology 20, 78–88.Google Scholar
Yang, S., Ding, F., Ding, Z., 2006. Pleistocene chemical weathering history of Asian arid and semi-arid regions recorded in loess deposits of China and Tajikistan. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, 1695–1709.Google Scholar
Zhao, L., Ji, J.F., Chen, J., Liu, L.W., Chen, Y., Balsam, W., 2005. Variations of illite/ chlorite ratio in Chinese loess sections during the last glacial and interglacial cycle: implications for monsoon reconstruction. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L20718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024145.Google Scholar
Zhou, L.P., Oldfield, F., Wintle, A.G., Robinson, S.G., Wang, J.T., 1990. Partly pedogenic origin of magnetic variations in Chinese loess. Nature 346, 737–739.Google Scholar
Zhu, R., Alexey, K., Galina, M., Guo, B., Zykina, V., Eduard, P., Neli, J., 2000. Rockmagnetic investigation of Siberia loess and its implication. Chinese Science Bulletin 45, 2192–2198.Google Scholar
Zhu, R., Matasova, G., Kazansky, A., Zykina, V., Sun, J., 2003. Rock magnetic record of the last glacial-interglacial cycle from the Kurtak loess section, southern Siberia. Geophysical Journal International 152, 335–343.Google Scholar