Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-l72pf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-07T03:22:59.108Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Combining and competing effects between precipitation and temperature on Holocene fire regime evolution inferred from a sedimentary black carbon record in southwestern China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2019

Dongliang Ning ,
Enlou Zhang ,
James Shulmeister ,
Jie Chang ,
Weiwei Sun  and
Zhenyu Ni
Dongliang Ning
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 Beijing E Rd, Xuanwu, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Enlou Zhang*
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 Beijing E Rd, Xuanwu, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
James Shulmeister
Affiliation:
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
Jie Chang
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 Beijing E Rd, Xuanwu, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
Weiwei Sun
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 Beijing E Rd, Xuanwu, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
Zhenyu Ni
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 Beijing E Rd, Xuanwu, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
*
*Corresponding author e-mail address: elzhang@niglas.ac.cn (E. Zhang).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Wildfires are sensitive to climate change, but their response to changes in temperature and precipitation on long timescales is still disputed. In this study, we present a ~9.4 ka black carbon mass sedimentation rate (BCMSR) record from Lake Ximenglongtan (XMLT), southwestern China, to elucidate the Holocene fire regime and its linkages to climatic conditions. The results indicate that the regional fire activity was low during the early Holocene (before 7.6 cal ka BP), increased notably at 7.6 cal ka BP, and continued to increase gradually during the mid- to late Holocene until 2.2 ka. The episodes of higher fire occurrence reflected by higher BCMSR over the last 2.2 ka might be more likely related to the intensified human activities. The cool and humid climate during the early Holocene limited the spread of fire, while warming and drying at ~7.6 cal ka BP triggered higher fire occurrence. Instead of temperature, changes in precipitation dominated fire regime variation during the mid- to late Holocene. On millennial timescales, we suggest that Holocene fire variability has been predominantly controlled by the combined effects of Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer and winter insolation that influenced monsoonal precipitation and fire season temperature, respectively. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events may also have affected fire incidence through influencing monsoon intensity.

Keywords

HoloceneFire regimeInsolationMoisture balanceIndian Ocean MonsoonIndian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 93 , January 2020 , pp. 243 - 254
Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abram, N.J., McGregor, H.V., Gagan, M.K., Hantoro, W.S., Suwargadi, B.W., 2009. Oscillations in the southern extent of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool during the mid-Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 2794–2803.Google Scholar
An, Z.S., Porter, S.C., Kutzbach, J.E., Wu, X.H., Wang, S.M., Liu, X.D., Li, X.Q., Zhou, W.J., 2000. Asynchronous Holocene optimum of the East Asian monsoon. Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 743–762.Google Scholar
Ashok, K., Guan, Z., Saji, N.H., Yamagata, T., 2004. Individual and combined influences of ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole on the Indian Summer Monsoon. Journal of Climate 17, 3141–3155.Google Scholar
Barry, R. 2008. Mountain Weather and Climate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511754753.Google Scholar
Bird, B.W., Polisar, P.J., Lei, Y., Thompson, L.G., Yao, T., Finney, B.P., Bain, D.J., Pompeani, D.P., Steinman, B.A., 2014. A Tibetan lake sediment record of Holocene Indian summer monsoon variability. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 399, 92–102.Google Scholar
Bird, M.I., Gröcke, D.R., 1997. Determination of the abundance and carbon isotope composition of elemental carbon in sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 3413–3423.Google Scholar
Blaauw, M., Christen, J.A., 2011. Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process. Bayesian Analysis 6, 457–474.Google Scholar
Bowman, D.M.J.S., Balch, J.K., Artaxo, P., Bond, W.J., Carlson, J.M., Cochrane, M.A., D'Antonio, C.M. et al. , 2009. Fire in the Earth system. Science 324, 481–484.Google Scholar
Braconnot, P., Harrison, S.P., Kageyama, M., Bartlein, P.J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Abe-Ouchi, A., Otto-Bliesner, B., Zhao, Y., 2012. Evaluation of climate models using palaeoclimatic data. Nature Climate Change. 2, 417–424.Google Scholar
Chen, F., Chen, X., Chen, J., Zhou, A., Wu, D.U.O., Tang, L., Zhang, X., Huang, X., Yu, J., 2014. Holocene vegetation history, precipitation changes and Indian Summer Monsoon evolution documented from sediments of Xingyun Lake, south-west China. Journal of Quaternary Science 29, 661–674.Google Scholar
Chen, Y., Morton, D.C., Andela, N., van der Werf, G.R., Giglio, L., Randerson, J.T., 2017. A pan-tropical cascade of fire driven by El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Nature Climate Change 7, 906–911.Google Scholar
Carcaillet, C., Brun, J.-J., 2000. Changes in landscape structure in the northwestern Alps over the last 7000 years: lessons from soil charcoal. Journal of Vegetation Science 11, 705–714.Google Scholar
Crétat, J., Terray, P., Masson, S., Sooraj, K.P., Roxy, M.K., 2017. Indian Ocean and Indian summer monsoon: relationships without ENSO in ocean–atmosphere coupled simulations. Climate Dynamics 49, 1429–1448.Google Scholar
Crutzen, P.J., Andreae, M.O., 1990. Biomass burning in the tropics: impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science 250, 1669–1678.Google Scholar
Daniau, A.L., Bartlein, P.J., Harrison, S.P., Prentice, I.C., Brewer, S., Friedlingstein, P., Harrison-Prentice, T.I. et al. , 2012. Predictability of biomass burning in response to climate changes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 26, GB4007, doi:10.1029/2011GB004249.Google Scholar
Daniau, A.L., Harrison, S.P., Bartlein, P.J., 2010. Fire regimes during the Last Glacial. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 2918–2930.Google Scholar
Dearing, J.A., Jones, R.T., Shen, J., Yang, X., Boyle, J.F., Foster, G.C., Crook, D.S., Elvin, M.J.D., 2008. Using multiple archives to understand past and present climate-human-environment interactions: the lake Erhai catchment, Yunnan Province, China. Journal of Paleolimnology 40, 3–31.Google Scholar
Duncanson, M., Woodward, A., Reid, P., 2002. Socioeconomic deprivation and fatal unintentional domestic fire incidents in New Zealand 1993–1998. Fire Safety Journal 37, 165–179.Google Scholar
Dykoski, C., Edwards, R., Cheng, H., Yuan, D., Cai, Y., Zhang, M., Lin, Y., Qing, J., An, Z., Revenaugh, J., 2005. A high-resolution, absolute-dated Holocene and deglacial Asian monsoon record from Dongge Cave, China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 233, 71–86.Google Scholar
Elvin, M., Crook, D., Jones, R., Dearing, J., 2002. The impact of clearance and irrigation on the environment in the Lake Erhai catchment from the ninth to the nineteenth century. Journal of East Asian Studies 23, 1–60.Google Scholar
Fleitmann, D., Burns, S.J., Mangini, A., Mudelsee, M., Kramers, J., Villa, I., Neff, U. et al. , 2007. Holocene ITCZ and Indian monsoon dynamics recorded in stalagmites from Oman and Yemen (Socotra). Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 170–188.Google Scholar
Fleitmann, D., Burns, S.J., Mudelsee, M., Neff, U., Kramers, J., Mangini, A., Matter, A., 2003. Holocene forcing of the Indian monsoon recorded in a stalagmite from Southern Oman. Science 300, 1737–1739.Google Scholar
Gu, Y., Pearsall, D.M., Xie, S., Yu, J., 2008. Vegetation and fire history of a Chinese site in southern tropical Xishuangbanna derived from phytolith and charcoal records from Holocene sediments. Journal of Biogeography 35, 325–341.Google Scholar
Guan, Z., Ashok, K., Yamagata, T., 2003. Summertime response of the tropical atmosphere to the Indian Ocean Dipole Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II 81, 533–561.Google Scholar
Han, Y.M., Marlon, J.R., Cao, J.J., Jin, Z.D., An, Z.S., 2012. Holocene linkages between char, soot, biomass burning and climate from Lake Daihai, China. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 26, GB4017, doi:10.1029/2011GB004197.Google Scholar
He, Y., Xia, G., 2011. History of Yunnan Province. [In Chinese.] Chinese Social Science Press 3, 1010–1051.Google Scholar
IPCC, 2007: Climate Changes 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Work Group I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (Eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp.Google Scholar
Jin, L., Schneider, B., Park, W., Latif, M., Khon, V., Zhang, X., 2014. The spatial–temporal patterns of Asian summer monsoon precipitation in response to Holocene insolation change: a model-data synthesis. Quaternary Science Reviews 85, 47–62.Google Scholar
Jolly, W.M., Cochrane, M.A., Freeborn, P.H., Holden, Z.A., Brown, T.J., Williamson, G.J., Bowman, D.M., 2015. Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013. Nature Communications 6, 7537.Google Scholar
Jones, R., Cook, C.G., Zhang, E., Langdon, P.G., Jordan, J.T., Turney, C.S.M., 2012. Holocene environmental changes at Lake Shudu, Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Hydrobiologia 693, 223-235.Google Scholar
Knoblauch, C., Maarifat, A.-A., Pfeiffer, E.-M., Haefele, S.M., 2011. Degradability of black carbon and its impact on trace gas fluxes and carbon turnover in paddy soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43, 1768–1778.Google Scholar
Koutsias, N., Xanthopoulos, G., Founda, D., Xystrakis, F., Nioti, F., Pleniou, M., Mallinis, G., Arianoutsou, M., 2013. On the relationships between forest fires and weather conditions in Greece from long-term national observations (1894–2010). International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, 493–507.Google Scholar
Krawchuk, M.A., Moritz, M.A., 2011. Constraints on global fire activity vary across a resource gradient. Ecology 92, 121–132.Google Scholar
Kutzbach, J.E., 1981. Monsoon climate of the early Holocene: climate experiment with the Earth's orbital parameters for 9000 years ago. Science 214, 59–61.Google Scholar
Kwiatkowski, C., Prange, M., Varma, V., Steinke, S., Hebbeln, D., Mohtadi, M., 2015. Holocene variations of thermocline conditions in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean. Quaternary Science Reviews 114, 33–42.Google Scholar
Laskar, J., Robutel, P., Joutel, F., Gastineau, M., Correia, A.C.M., Levrard, B., 2004. A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth. Astronomy & Astrophysics 428, 261–285.Google Scholar
Li, K., Liu, X., Wang, Y., Herzschuh, U., Ni, J., Liao, M., Xiao, X., 2017a. Late Holocene vegetation and climate change on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for the Indian Summer Monsoon and links to the Indian Ocean Dipole. Quaternary Science Reviews 177, 235–245.Google Scholar
Li, S., Hughes, A.C., Su, T., Anberrée, J.L., Oskolski, A.A., Sun, M., Ferguson, D.K., Zhou, Z., 2017b. Fire dynamics under monsoonal climate in Yunnan, SW China: past, present and future. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 465, 168–176.Google Scholar
Lim, B., Cachier, H., 1996. Determination of black carbon by chemical oxidation and thermal treatment in recent marine and lake sediments and Cretaceous-Tertiary clays. Chemical Geology 131, 143–154.Google Scholar
Lü, A., Yang, P., 2011. The relationships of forest fire with temperature and precipitation in China and its spatial-temporal variability. [In Chinese with English abstract.] Journal of Anhui Agriculture Science 39, 15332–15336.Google Scholar
Ma, T., Zheng, Z., Man, M., Dong, Y., Li, J., Huang, K., 2018. Holocene fire and forest histories in relation to climate change and agriculture development in southeastern China. Quaternary International 488, 30–40.Google Scholar
Marlon, J.R., Bartlein, P.J., Carcaillet, C., Gavin, D.G., Harrison, S.P., Higuera, P.E., Joos, F., Power, M.J., Prentice, I.C., 2008. Climate and human influences on global biomass burning over the past two millennia. Nature Geoscience 1, 697–702.Google Scholar
Marlon, J.R., Bartlein, P.J., Daniau, A.-L., Harrison, S.P., Maezumi, S.Y., Power, M.J., Tinner, W., Vanniére, B., 2013. Global biomass burning: a synthesis and review of Holocene paleofire records and their controls. Quaternary Science Reviews 65, 5–25.Google Scholar
Marlon, J.R., Bartlein, P.J., Gavin, D.G., Long, C.J., Anderson, R.S., Briles, C.E., Brown, K.J. et al. , 2012. Long-term perspective on wildfires in the western USA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, E535–E543.Google Scholar
Marlon, J.R., Bartlein, P.J., Walsh, M.K., Harrison, S.P., Brown, K.J., Edwards, M.E., Higuera, P.E. et al. , 2009. Wildfire responses to abrupt climate change in North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, 2519–2524.Google Scholar
Moritz, M.A., Parisien, M.-A., Batllori, E., Krawchuk, M.A., Van Dorn, J., Ganz, D.J., Hayhoe, K., 2012. Climate change and disruptions to global fire activity. Ecosphere 3, 49.Google Scholar
Morrill, C., Overpeck, J.T., Cole, J.E., Liu, K.-b., Shen, C., Tang, L., 2006. Holocene variations in the Asian monsoon inferred from the geochemistry of lake sediments in central Tibet. Quaternary Research 65, 232–243.Google Scholar
Mu, Y., Qin, X., Zhang, L., Xu, B., 2016. Holocene climate change evidence from high-resolution loess/paleosol records and the linkage to fire–climate change–human activities in the Horqin dunefield in northern China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 121, 1–8.Google Scholar
Ning, D., Zhang, E., Shulmeister, J., Chang, J., Sun, W., Ni, Z., 2019. Holocene mean annual air temperature (MAAT) reconstruction based on branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers from Lake Ximenglongtan, southwestern China. Organic Geochemistry 133, 65–76.Google Scholar
Ning, D., Zhang, E., Sun, W., Chang, J., Shulmeister, J., 2017. Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon variation inferred from geochemical and grain size records from Lake Ximenglongtan, southwestern China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 487, 260–269.Google Scholar
Pokhrel, S., Chaudhari, H.S., Saha, S.K., Dhakate, A., Yadav, R.K., Salunke, K., Mahapatra, S., Rao, S.A., 2012. ENSO, IOD and Indian Summer Monsoon in NCEP climate forecast system. Climate Dynamics 39, 2143–2165.Google Scholar
Power, M.J., Marlon, J., Ortiz, N., Bartlein, P.J., Harrison, S.P., Mayle, F.E., Ballouche, A. et al. , 2007. Changes in fire regimes since the Last Glacial Maximum: an assessment based on a global synthesis and analysis of charcoal data. Climate Dynamics 30, 887–907.Google Scholar
Price, C., 2009. Will a drier climate result in more lightning? Atmospheric Research 91, 479–484.Google Scholar
R Development Core Team, 2013. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria (ISBN 3-900051-07-0).Google Scholar
Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.G., Ramsey, C.B., Buck, C.E. et al. , 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55, 1869–1887.Google Scholar
Rollins, M.G., Morgan, P., Swetnam, T., 2002. Landscape-scale controls over 20th century fire occurrence in two large Rocky Mountain (USA) wilderness areas. Landscape Ecology 17, 539–557.Google Scholar
Saleh, R., Robinson, E.S., Tkacik, D.S., Ahern, A.T., Liu, S., Aiken, A.C., Sullivan, R.C. et al. , 2014. Brownness of organics in aerosols from biomass burning linked to their black carbon content. Nature Geoscience 7, 647.Google Scholar
Schmidt, M.W.I., Skjemstad, J.O., Czimczik, C.I., Glaser, B., Prentice, K.M., Gelinas, Y., Kuhlbusch, T.A.J., 2001. Comparative analysis of black carbon in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15, 163–167.Google Scholar
Scott, A.C., Glasspool, I.J., 2006. The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, 10861–10865.Google Scholar
Shen, J., Jones, R.T., Yang, X.D., Dearing, J.A., Wang, S.M., 2006. The Holocene vegetation history of Lake Erhai, Yunnan province southwestern China: the role of climate and human forcings. Holocene 16, 265–276.Google Scholar
Song, X., Yao, Y., Wortley, A., Paudayal, K., Yang, S., Li, C., Blackmore, S., 2012. Holocene vegetation and climate history at Haligu on the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, Yunnan, SW China. Climatic Change 113, 841–866.Google Scholar
Sun, W., Zhang, E., Shen, J., Chen, R., Liu, E., 2016. Black carbon record of the wildfire history of western Sichuan Province in China over the last 12.8 ka. Frontiers of Earth Science 10, 634–643.Google Scholar
Tan, Z., Han, Y., Cao, J., Chang Huang, C., An, Z., 2015. Holocene wildfire history and human activity from high-resolution charcoal and elemental black carbon records in the Guanzhong Basin of the Loess Plateau, China. Quaternary Science Reviews 109, 76–87.Google Scholar
Tan, Z., Huang, C.C., Pang, J., Zhou, Y., 2013. Wildfire history and climatic change in the semi-arid loess tableland in the middle reaches of the Yellow River of China during the Holocene: evidence from charcoal records. The Holocene 23, 1466–1476.Google Scholar
Toumi, R., Qie, X., 2004. Seasonal variation of lightning on the Tibetan Plateau: a spring anomaly? Geophysical Research Letters 31, L04115.Google Scholar
Turco, M., Llasat, M.-C., von Hardenberg, J., Provenzale, A., 2014. Climate change impacts on wildfires in a Mediterranean environment. Climatic Change 125, 369–380.Google Scholar
van der Werf, G.R., Randerson, J.T., Giglio, L., Gobron, N., Dolman, A.J., 2008. Climate controls on the variability of fires in the tropics and subtropics. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22, GB3028, doi:10.1029/2007GB003122.Google Scholar
Wang, X., Ding, Z., Peng, P.A., 2012. Changes in fire regimes on the Chinese Loess Plateau since the last glacial maximum and implications for linkages to paleoclimate and past human activity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 315–316, 61–74.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Liu, J., Wang, J., Mai, B., Chen, Q., 2010a. Temporal and spatial disributions of lightning activity in southwest China based on satallite observations. [In Chinese with English abstract.] Transactions of Atmospheric Science 33, 489–495.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Liu, X., Herzschuh, U., 2010b. Asynchronous evolution of the Indian and East Asian Summer Monsoon indicated by Holocene moisture patterns in monsoonal central Asia. Earth-Science Reviews 103, 135–153.Google Scholar
Williams, E., Rosenfeld, D., Madden, N., Gerlach, J., Gears, N., Atkinson, L., Dunnemann, N. et al. , 2002. Contrasting convective regimes over the Amazon: implications for cloud electrification. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 107, LBA 50–51-LBA 50–19.Google Scholar
Wolf, M., Lehndorff, E., Mrowald, M., Eckmeier, E., Kehl, M., Frechen, M., Pätzold, S., Amelung, W., 2014. Black carbon: fire fingerprints in Pleistocene loess–palaeosol archives in Germany. Organic Geochemistry 70, 44–52.Google Scholar
Wu, D., Chen, X., Lv, F., Brenner, M., Curtis, J., Zhou, A., Chen, J., Abbott, M., Yu, J., Chen, F., 2018. Decoupled early Holocene summer temperature and monsoon precipitation in southwest China. Quaternary Science Reviews 193, 54–67.Google Scholar
Wu, D., Zhou, A., Liu, J., Chen, X., Wei, H., Sun, H., Yu, J., Bloemendal, J., Chen, F., 2014. Changing intensity of human activity over the last 2,000 years recorded by the magnetic characteristics of sediments from Xingyun Lake, Yunnan, China. Journal of Paleolimnology 53, 47–60.Google Scholar
Wu, L., Wang, X.Y., Zhang, G.S., Xiao, X.Y., 2008. Vegetation evolution and climate change since the Holocene recorded by pollen-charcoal assemblages from lacustrine sediments of Chaohu Lake in Anhui Province. Journal of Palaeogeography 10, 183–192.Google Scholar
Xiao, X., Haberle, S.G., Li, Y., Liu, E., Shen, J., Zhang, E., Yin, J., Wang, S., 2017a. Evidence of Holocene climatic change and human impact in northwestern Yunnan Province: high-resolution pollen and charcoal records from Chenghai Lake, southwestern China. The Holocene 28, 127–139.Google Scholar
Xiao, X., Haberle, S.G., Shen, J., Xue, B., Burrows, M., Wang, S., 2017b. Postglacial fire history and interactions with vegetation and climate in southwestern Yunnan Province of China. Climate of the Past 13, 613–627.Google Scholar
Xiao, X., Shen, J.I., Haberle, S.G., Han, Y., Xue, B., Zhang, E., Wang, S., Tong, G., 2015. Vegetation, fire, and climate history during the last 18 500 cal a BP in south-western Yunnan Province, China. Journal of Quaternary Science 30, 859–869.Google Scholar
Xiao, X.Y., Haberle, S.G., Shen, J., Yang, X.D., Han, Y., Zhang, E.L., Wang, S.M., 2014. Latest Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation and climate history inferred from an alpine lacustrine record, northwestern Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Quaternary Science Reviews 86, 35–48.Google Scholar
Xue, J.B., Zhong, W., Li, Q., Cheng, R., You, A.H., Wei, Z.Q., Shang, S.T., 2018. Holocene fire history in eastern monsoonal region of China and its controls. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 496, 136–145.Google Scholar
Yuan, J., Cao, J., 2013. North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone activities influenced by the Indian Ocean Dipole mode. Science China Earth Sciences 56, 855–865.Google Scholar
Yue, C., Ciais, P., Cadule, P., Thonicke, K., van Leeuwen, T.T., 2015. Modelling the role of fires in the terrestrial carbon balance by incorporating SPITFIRE into the global vegetation model ORCHIDEE – Part 2: Carbon emissions and the role of fires in the global carbon balance. Geoscientific Model Development 8, 1321–1338.Google Scholar
Zhang, E., Chang, J., Cao, Y., Sun, W., Shulmeister, J., Tang, H., Langdon, P.G., Yang, X., Shen, J., 2017. Holocene high-resolution quantitative summer temperature reconstruction based on subfossil chironomids from the southeast margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary Science Reviews 165, 1–12.Google Scholar
Zhang, E., Sun, W., Chang, J., Ning, D., Shulmeister, J., 2018. Variations of the Indian summer monsoon over the last 30 000 years inferred from a pyrogenic carbon record from south-west China. Journal of Quaternary Science 33, 131–138.Google Scholar
Zhang, E., Sun, W., Zhao, C., Wang, Y., Xue, B., Shen, J., 2015. Linkages between climate, fire and vegetation in southwest China during the last 18.5ka based on a sedimentary record of black carbon and its isotopic composition. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 435, 86–94.Google Scholar
Zhang, E., Wang, Y., Sun, W., Shen, J., 2016. Holocene Asian monsoon evolution revealed by a pollen record from an alpine lake on the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Climate of the Past 12, 415–427.Google Scholar
Zhao, L., Ma, C., Leipe, C., Long, T., Liu, K.-b., Lu, H., Tang, L., Zhang, Y., Wagner, M., Tarasov, P.E., 2017. Holocene vegetation dynamics in response to climate change and human activities derived from pollen and charcoal records from southeastern China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 485, 644–660.Google Scholar
Zheng, Y., Li, Q., Wang, Z., Naafs, B.D.A., Yu, X., Pancost, R.D., 2015. Peatland GDGT records of Holocene climatic and biogeochemical responses to the Asian Monsoon. Organic Geochemistry 87, 86–95.Google Scholar
Zhou, Q., Miao, W., 1989. Population in China (Yunnan Province). [In Chinese.] : Chinese Financial Economic Press, 10–58.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Ning et al. supplementary material

Ning et al. supplementary material

Download Ning et al. supplementary material(File)
File 2.2 MB