Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T03:20:33.506Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Late Quaternary Sea-Level Change in South Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Peter J. Ramsay
Affiliation:
Council for Geoscience, Marine Geoscience Unit, P.O. Box 18091, Dalbridge, 4041, Durban, South Africa
J. Andrew G. Cooper
Affiliation:
Coastal Studies Research Group, School of Environmental Studies University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom, E-mail: JAG.Cooper@ulst.ac.uk

Abstract

A Late Quaternary sea-level curve for South Africa is presented on the basis of new and published data from a range of sea level indicators and a variety of locations. Available evidence suggests that sea level in South Africa broadly follows that described from the Caribbean but that deviations occur during sea-level highstands. During the last interglaciation (oxygen isotope stage 5) and the late Holocene, coastal emergence produced higher sea levels in South Africa than those identified in the Caribbean during the same time intervals. This is tentatively ascribed to predicted lithospheric deformation in continental margin settings.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bard, E., Hamelin, B., and Fairbanks, R.G. U-Th ages obtained by mass spectrometry in corals from Barbados. Nature 346, (1990). 456458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bathurst, R.G.C. Carbonate Sediments and Their Diagenesis. (1975). Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Baxter, A.J., and Meadows, M.E. Evidence for Holocene sea level change at Verlorenvlei, Western Cape, South Africa. Quaternary International 56, (1999). 6579.Google Scholar
Blanchon, P., and Shaw, J. Reef drowning during the last deglaciation: Evidence for catastrophic sea level rise and ice-sheet collapse. Geology 23, (1995). 48.Google Scholar
Chappell, J. Geology of coral terraces, Huon Peninsula, New Guinea—A study of Quaternary tectonic movements and sea-level changes. Geological Society of America Bulletin 85, (1974). 553570.Google Scholar
Chappell, J., and Shackleton, N.J. Oxygen isotopes and sea level. Nature 324, (1986). 137140.Google Scholar
Chappell, J., and Veeh, H.H. 230Th/234U age support of an interstadial sea level of −40 m at 30,000 yr B.P. Nature 276, (1978). 602603.Google Scholar
Clark, J.A., Farrell, W.E., and Peltier, W.R. Global changes in post-glacial sea level: A numerical calculation. Quaternary Research 9, (1978). 265287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, A.L., and Tyson, P.D. Sea-surface temperature fluctuations during the Holocene on the south coast of South Africa: implications for terrestrial climate and rainfall. The Holocene 5, (1995). 304312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, A.L., Parkington, J.E., Brundrit, G.B., and van der Merwe, N.J. A Holocene marine climate record in Mollusc shells from the southwest African coast. Quaternary Research 38, (1992). 379385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, J.A.G. Sedimentary Models and Geomorphological Classification of River Mouths on a Subtropical, Wave-Dominated Coast, Natal, South Africa. (1991). Univ. of Natal, Durban.Google Scholar
Cooper, J.A.G. Beachrock formation in low latitudes: Implications for coastal evolutionary models. Marine Geology 98, (1991). 145154.Google Scholar
Cooper, J.A.G., and Flores, R.M. Shoreline deposits and diagenesis from two Late Pleistocene highstands near +5 and +6 m, Durban, South Africa. Marine Geology 97, (1991). 325343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, J.A.G., Mason, T.R., Reddering, J.S.V., and Illenberger, W.I. Geomorphological impacts of catastrophic fluvial flooding on a small subtropical estuary. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 15, (1989). 2541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Decker, R. H, and Van Heerden, I. L. (1987). The seismic stratigraphy of the Orange delta. Proceedings 6th National, Oceanographic Symposium, Stellenbosch., Paper C21.Google Scholar
Fairbanks, R.G. A 17,000 year glacio-eustatic sea level record: Influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep ocean circulation. Nature 342, (1989). 637642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flemming, B.W. Sand transport and bedform patterns on the continental shelf between Durban and Port Elizabeth (south-east African continental margin). Sedimentary Geology 26, (1980). 179205.Google Scholar
Fleming, K., Johnston, P., Zwartz, D., Yokoyama, Y., Lambeck, K., and Chappell, J. Refining the eustatic sea-level curve since the Last Glacial Maximum using far- and intermediate-field sites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 163, (1998). 327342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grobbler, N. G, Mason, T. R, and Cooper, J. A. G. (1988). uMgababa Lagoon: Pre- and Post- Flood Sedimentology. Sedimentation in estuaries and lagoons (S.E.A.L.). Report 5 of the Dept. Geology and Applied Geology, University of Natal, Durban.Google Scholar
Hendey, Q.B., and Volman, T.P. Last interglacial sea levels and coastal caves in the Cape province, South Africa. Quaternary Research 25, (1986). 189198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hird, K., and Tucker, M.E. Contrasting diagenesis of two Carboniferous oolites from South Wales, a tale of climatic influence. Sedimentology 35, (1988). 587602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobday, D.K. Quaternary sedimentation and development of the lagoonal complex, Lake St Lucia, Zululand. Annals of the South African Museum 71, (1976). 93113.Google Scholar
Illenberger, W.I., and Verhagen, B.T. Environmental history and dating of coastal dunefields. South African Journal of Science 86, (1990). 311314.Google Scholar
Isla, F.I. Holocene sea level fluctuations in the southern Hemisphere. Quaternary Science Reviews 8, (1989). 359368.Google Scholar
Jaritz, W., Ruder, J., and Schlenker, B. Das quartar in kustengebiet von Mocambique und seine schwermineralfuhrung. Geologisches Jahrbuch 26, (1977). 393.Google Scholar
Jerardino, A. Mid to Late Holocene sea-level fluctuations: the archaeological evidence at Tortoise Cave, south-western Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 89, (1993). 481488.Google Scholar
Jerardino, A. Late Holocene neoglacial episodes in southern South America and southern Africa: a comparison. The Holocene 5, (1995). 361368.Google Scholar
Kilburn, R, and Rippey, E. (1982). Sea shells of southern Africa, Macmillan, Johannesburg.Google Scholar
King, L. C. (1972). The Natal Monocline: Explaining the Structure and Origin of Natal. Univ. of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg.Google Scholar
Maud, R.R. Quaternary geomorphology and soil formation in coastal Natal. Zeitschrift fur geomorphologie, N.F. Suppl. Bd. 7, (1968). 155199.Google Scholar
Miller, D.E. A southern African Late Quaternary sea level curve. South African Journal of Science 86, (1990). 457459.Google Scholar
Miller, D.E., Yates, R.J., Jeradino, A., and Parkington, J.E. Late Holocene coastal change in the southwestern Cape, South Africa. Quaternary International 29/30, (1995). 310.Google Scholar
Miller, W.R., and Mason, T.R. Erosional features of coastal beachrock and aeolianite outcrops in Natal and Zululand, South Africa. Journal of Coastal Research 10, (1994). 374394.Google Scholar
Neumann, A.C., and Hearty, P.J. Rapid sea level changes at the close of the last interglacial (substage 5e) recorded in Bahamian island geology. Geology 24, (1996). 775778.Google Scholar
Orme, A. R. (1973). Barrier-lagoon systems along the Zululand Coast, South Africa.. In Coastal Geomorphology Coates, D. R., Ed., State Univ. of New York, Albany.Google Scholar
Orme, A.R. Late Pleistocene channels and Flandrian sediments beneath Natal estuaries: a synthesis. Annals of the South African Museum 71, (1975). 7785.Google Scholar
Peltier, W. R. (1991). The ICE-3G model of late Pleistocene deglaciation: Construction, verification and applications.. In Glacial Isostasy, Sea-Level and Mantle RheologySabadini et al., Eds. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pether, J. Molluscan evidence for enhanced deglacial advection of Agulhas water in the Benguela Current, off southwestern Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 111, (1994). 99117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirazzoli, P. A. (1991). World Atlas of Holocene Sea Level Changes. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Ramsay, P. J. (1991). Sedimentology, coral reef zonation, and late pleistocene coastline models of the Sodwana Bay continental shelf, northern Zululand. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Natal, Durban, South Africa.Google Scholar
Ramsay, P.J. Marine geology of the Sodwana Bay shelf, southeast Africa. Marine Geology 120, (1994). 225247.Google Scholar
Ramsay, P.J. 9000 years of sea-level change along the southern African coastline. Quaternary International 31, (1995). 7175.Google Scholar
Ramsay, P.J., and Mason, T.R. Development of a type zoning scheme for Zululand coral reefs. Journal of Coastal Research 6, (1990). 829852.Google Scholar
Ramsay, P.J., Smith, A.M., Lee-Thorp, J.C., Vogel, J.C., Tyldsley, M., and Kidwell, W. 130 000 year-old fossil elephant found near Durban: Preliminary report. South African Journal of Science 89, (1993). 165 Google Scholar
Reddering, J.S.V. Evidence for a middle Holocene transgression, Keurbooms estuary, South Africa. Palaeoecology of Africa 19, (1988). 7986.Google Scholar
Roberts, D.L., and Berger, L. Last interglacial (c.117 kyr) human footprints, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 93, (1997). 349350.Google Scholar
Rogers, J. Sedimentation on the continental margin off the Orange River and the Namib Desert. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of South Africa/University of Cape Town Marine Geoscience Unit 7, (1977). Google Scholar
Schumann, E.H., and Orren, M.J. The physico-chemical characteristics of the south-west Indian Ocean in relation to Maputaland. Bruton, M.N., and Cooper, K.H. Studies on the Ecology of Maputaland. (1980). Wildlife Society of South Africa, Durban. 811.Google Scholar
Seisser, W.G. Relict algal nodules (rhodolites) from the South African continental shelf. Journal of Geology 80, (1972). 611616.Google Scholar
Vogel, J.C., and Marais, M. Pretoria radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 13, (1971). 378394.Google Scholar
Vogel, J.C., and Visser, E. Pretoria radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 23, (1981). 4380.Google Scholar
Yates, R.J., Miller, D.E., Halkett, D.J., Manhire, A.H., Parkington, J.E., and Vogel, J.C. A late mid-Holocene high sea level: A preliminary report of geoarchaeology at Elands Bay, western Cape Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 82, (1986). 164165.Google Scholar
Zazo, C. Interglacial sea levels. Quaternary International 55, (1999). 101113.Google Scholar