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Late Quaternary sea-level history and the antiquity of mammoths (Mammuthus exilis and Mammuthus columbi), Channel Islands National Park, California, USA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Daniel R. Muhs ,
Kathleen R. Simmons ,
Lindsey T. Groves ,
John P. McGeehin ,
R. Randall Schumann  and
Larry D. Agenbroad
Daniel R. Muhs*
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, MS 980, Box 25046, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Kathleen R. Simmons
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, MS 980, Box 25046, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Lindsey T. Groves
Affiliation:
Section of Malacology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
John P. McGeehin
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, MS 926A, National Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA
R. Randall Schumann
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, MS 980, Box 25046, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Larry D. Agenbroad
Affiliation:
Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, South Dakota, Inc., 1800 Highway 18 Truck Route, P.O. Box 692, Hot Springs, SD 57747, USA
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail address:dmuhs@usgs.gov (D.R. Muhs). Ĵ Deceased October 31, 2014.
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Abstract

Fossils of Columbian mammoths (Mammuthus columbi) and pygmy mammoths (Mammuthus exilis) have been reported from Channel Islands National Park, California. Most date to the last glacial period (Marine Isotope Stage [MIS] 2), but a tusk of M. exilis (or immature M. columbi) was found in the lowest marine terrace of Santa Rosa Island. Uranium-series dating of corals yielded ages from 83.8 ± 0.6 ka to 78.6 ± 0.5 ka, correlating the terrace with MIS 5.1, a time of relatively high sea level. Mammoths likely immigrated to the islands by swimming during the glacial periods MIS 6 (~ 150 ka) or MIS 8 (~ 250 ka), when sea level was low and the island–mainland distance was minimal, as during MIS 2. Earliest mammoth immigration to the islands likely occurred late enough in the Quaternary that uplift of the islands and the mainland decreased the swimming distance to a range that could be accomplished by mammoths. Results challenge the hypothesis that climate change, vegetation change, and decreased land area from sea-level rise were the causes of mammoth extinction at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary on the Channel Islands. Pre-MIS 2 mammoth populations would have experienced similar or even more dramatic changes at the MIS 6/5.5 transition.

Keywords

MammothsCalifornia Channel IslandsMarine terracesSea-level historyUranium-series datingRadiocarbon dating
Type
Original Articles
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 83 , Issue 3 , May 2015 , pp. 502 - 521
Copyright
University of Washington

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Footnotes

† Deceased October 31, 2014.

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