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DATING ADOPTION AND INTENSIFICATION OF FOOD-CROPS: INSIGHTS FROM 4MSR (BINJOR), AN INDUS (HARAPPAN) SITE IN NORTHWESTERN INDIA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2020

Shalini Sharma ,
Sanjay Kumar Manjul ,
Arvin Manjul ,
Puran Chand Pande  and
Anil K Pokharia Open the ORCID record for Anil K Pokharia [Opens in a new window]
Shalini Sharma
Affiliation:
Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53 University Road, Lucknow226007, Uttar Pradesh, India Kumaun University, D.S.B. Campus, Nainital263001, Uttarakhand, India
Sanjay Kumar Manjul
Affiliation:
Archaeological Survey of India, 24 Tilak Marg, New Delhi110001, India
Arvin Manjul
Affiliation:
Excavation Branch-II, Archaeological Survey of India, Purana Quila, Delhi110003, India
Puran Chand Pande
Affiliation:
Kumaun University, D.S.B. Campus, Nainital263001, Uttarakhand, India
Anil K Pokharia*
Affiliation:
Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53 University Road, Lucknow226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
*
*Corresponding author. Email: pokharia.anil@gmail.com
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Abstract

Here we present direct dates of food grains and insights into agricultural strategies adopted by Harappans from a newly excavated Indus site 4MSR (Binjor) in northwestern India. The site revealed Early and Mature Harappan phases delimited by a Transitional phase based on ceramics and archaeological artifacts. The macro-botanical remains revealed that the site was occupied by an agricultural society during the Early phase (~2900−2600 BCE), whereas diversification of the economy including more craft specialization, along with an agricultural advancement was witnessed during the Mature phase (~2500−1800 BCE). The advent of summer crops during the Transitional phase (~2600−2500 BCE) indicates climate amelioration attributed to inception of strong Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM). By the end of Mature phase, millet was recorded due to a change in climatic (relatively lower moisture) conditions or drying of the river channel, which forced the settlers to shift the cropping (agricultural) strategy in the region. Plausibly, this unavailability of water during the end of Mature phase led the settlers to abandon the site in order to migrate somewhere else. The subsistence pattern indicates continuity and change in temporal domain likely owing to changing climatic/environmental conditions, resources and knowledge gained by exchange/trade of cultures over a time period between ~2900 BCE to 1800 BCE.

Keywords

Ghaggar-Hakra River channelHolocene climateIndian Summer Monsoon (ISM)Indus agricultureIndus civilization
Type
Research Article
Information
Radiocarbon , Volume 62 , Issue 5 , October 2020 , pp. 1349 - 1369
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