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Quantitative Determination by 14C Analysis of the Biological Component in Fuels

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2016

Ivo J Dijs ,
Eric van der Windt ,
Lauri Kaihola  and
Klaas van der Borg
Ivo J Dijs*
Affiliation:
Kuwait Petroleum Research & Technology b.v., P.O. Box 545, NL-3190 AL Hoogvliet, the Netherlands
Eric van der Windt
Affiliation:
Kuwait Petroleum Research & Technology b.v., P.O. Box 545, NL-3190 AL Hoogvliet, the Netherlands
Lauri Kaihola
Affiliation:
PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences, P.O. Box 10, FIN-20101 Turku, Finland
Klaas van der Borg
Affiliation:
Van de Graaff Laboratory, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, the Netherlands
*
Corresponding author. Email: ivodijs@kprt.Q8.nl.
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Abstract

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Radiocarbon analysis was performed by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) to assess whether the content of biological components in hydrocarbon fuels could be derived. Different fuel mixtures were prepared containing bioethanol, fossil ethanol, and fossil gasoline. The specific 14C activity of these mixtures was obtained from LSC measurements and directly related to the concentration of carbon originating from the bioethanol (biocarbon). The results were checked via standardized carbon dating procedures and AMS. A good linear correlation exists between the fuel mixture's specific 14C activity and the concentration of biocarbon. Also, the biocarbon fraction of the fuel mixture (the ratio biocarbon : total carbon) and the normalized fraction of biocarbon (%M) showed good linear correlation. Therefore, both relations provide a possibility to quantitatively determine a fuel's biocarbon content by 14C analysis. When the sample composition is known (e.g. resolved by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy [GC-MS] and nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]), the amount of particular biological components in a fuel sample can be derived subsequently. For mixtures of bioethanol, fossil ethanol, and gasoline with bioethanol contents in the range of 0.5–2% m/m, it was found that errors in the normalized fraction of biocarbon (%M) were in the range of 25–10%, respectively. For samples with a higher bioethanol content (up to pure bioethanol), the errors in %M were <10%. Errors might be larger if substantial changes in the concentration of atmospheric 14C took place during the growth period of the biofuel feedstock. By taking into account the variation in specific 14C activity of carbon over the last decades, and by modeling simple tree-growth, it could be illustrated that this effect becomes significant only if the biofuel feedstock stopped growing more than 1 decade ago, e.g. with wood from constructions.

Type
Articles
Information
Radiocarbon , Volume 48 , Issue 3 , 2006 , pp. 315 - 323
Copyright
Copyright © The Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona 

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