Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 October 2008
Anyone who wishes to talk about angels has to respond to the mocking question, how many of them can dance on the point of a pin. The answer is: ‘just as many as they please’. Angels being immaterial intellects do not occupy space to the exclusion of any other such intellectual substance, and their being ‘on’ the point of a pin can only mean that they attend to it. The question, however, is not one that concerned our mediaeval predecessors, although it seems as difficult to persuade anyone of this as it is to clear Canute of the charge of insane conceit.
2 I owe this and other references to Ross, George Macdonald, ‘Angels’ in Philosophy 60 (1985), 495–511. He missed the references from Glanvill and Cudworth.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3 Summa theologiae 1, q. 52, art. 3.Google Scholar
4 Vanity of Dogmatizing (1661), cited by Wiley, B., The Seventeenth-Century Background (Chatto & Windus: London, 1934), p. 181.Google Scholar
5 The passage is in The True Intellectual System, but I have mislaid the reference.Google Scholar
6 Leibniz, G. W., New Essays on Human Understanding, eds. Bennett, J., Remnant, P. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1981), pp. 220f, 313.Google Scholar
7 Nothing material, that is, can be in more than one place at a time without also occupying the intervening places; nor occupy successive positions discontinuously; nor permit any other thing to occupy the same space at the same time. I am not at all sure that these are either necessary or actual rules, but they may certainly seem to be.Google Scholar
8 Despite occasional and sympathetic comment it does not seem, by the way, that they were talking about infinities: could countably or uncountably many angels co-exist?Google Scholar
9 Browne, Thomas, Religio Medici 1.33: The Major Works, ed. Patrides, C. A. (Penguin: Harmondsworth, 1977), p. 102;Google Scholarsee Milton, J., Paradise Lost, 5487ff.Google Scholar
10 Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan ed. Macpherson, C. B. (Penguin: Harmondsworth, 1968), pp. 108, 113: Part 1, chapters 4 and 5.Google Scholar
11 Ibid. p. 664: Part 4, ch. 45: ‘I find that there are Spirits Corporeall (though subtle and invisible) but not that any mans body was possessed, or inhabited by them; And that the Bodies of the Saints shall be such, namely, Spirituall Bodies, as St. Paul calls them’.
12 New Essays, op. cit. 490 (4.17.16): ‘However, although we are much inferior to so many intelligent beings, we have the privilege of not being visibly over-mastered on this planet, on which we hold unchallenged supremacy’.Google Scholar
13 Chesterton, G. K., The Everlasting Man (Hodder & Stoughton: London, 1925), p. 227.Google Scholar
14 Philokalia, tr. Palmer, G. E. H., Sherrard, P. & Ware, K. (Faber: London, 1979), vol. 1, p. 40.Google Scholar
15 Berkeley, G. ‘Philosophical Commentaries’: Complete Works, eds. Luce, A. A. & Jessop, T. E. (Thomas Nelson & Co: Edinburgh, 1948–1957), vol. 1, p. 47.Google Scholar
16 Chesterton, G. K., A Handful of Authors (Sheed & Ward: New York, 1953), p. 187Google Scholar: cited in The Quotable Chesterton, eds. Marlin, G. J., Rabatin, R. P. & Swan, J. L. (Image Books: New York, 1987), p. 291.Google Scholar
17 Raine, K., The Inner Journey of the Poet, ed. Keeble, B. (Allen & Unwin: London, 1982), p. 162.Google Scholar
18 Philokalia, op. cit. p. 43.Google Scholar
19 Otto, W. F., The Homeric Gods, tr. Hadas, M. (Thames & Hudson: London, 1954), p. 59.Google Scholar
20 Raine, , op. cit. p. 6.Google Scholar
21 Areopagiticus, Ps.-Dionysius, The Mystical Theology and the Celestial Hierarchies (Shrine of Wisdom: Fintry, 1965), p. 23.Google Scholar
22 Philokalia, op. cit. p. 47.Google Scholar
23 Philokalia, op. cit. p. 64.Google Scholar
24 May, R., ‘Psychotherapy and the demonic’ in Campbell, J., ed., Myths, Dreams and Religion (Dutton & Co.: New York, 1970), pp. 196–210, 196.Google Scholar
25 See my Civil Peace and Sacred Order (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1989).Google Scholar
26 Blake, W., Complete Writings, ed. Keynes, G. (Oxford University Press: London, 1966), p. 516.Google Scholar
27 De Somniis 1.141: Collected Works (Loeb Classical Library, vol. v), tr. Colson, F. H., Whitaker, G. H. et al. (Heinemann: London, 1929).Google Scholar
28 Tertullian, , On Idolatry 4.2.Google Scholar
29 Blake, W., op. cit. p. 571.Google Scholar
30 Lecercle, J. J., Philosophy through the Looking-Glass (Hutchinson: London, 1985), p. 5.Google Scholar
31 Plotinus does occasionally identify that Logos instead with Zeus, but Kronos, etymologized as Koros (satiety) and Nous (intellect), usually stands in between Ouranos (Heaven) and Zeus (etymologized as Life, Zen). See Clark, S. R. L., A Parliament of Souls (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1990), p. 112.Google Scholar
32 Burkhardt, T., An Introduction to Sufi Doctrine, tr. Matheson, D. M. (Aquarian Press: Wellingborough, 1976), pp. 62f.Google Scholar
33 Enneads, 2.9.9.Google Scholar
34 Enneads, 6.4.Google Scholar
35 Philo, , Post. 92: Collected Works, vol. ii, p. 379; note that ‘Israel’ means ‘Hethat sees’.Google Scholar
36 Burkhardt, , op. cit. p. 74.Google Scholar
37 Holbrook, C. A., Jonathan Edwards: the Valley and Nature (Associated University Presses: London & Toronto, 1987), p. 110, after Jonathan Edwards.Google Scholar
38 Philo, , Somniis 1.148: Collected Works, v, 375.Google Scholar
39 De Confusione Linguarum, 146: Collected Works, iv, 89.Google Scholar
40 Wallas, G., The Art of Thought (Harcourt, Brace: New York, 1926), p. 113.Google Scholar
41 Jones, H., Browning as a Philosophical and Religious Teacher (Thomas Nelson: Edinburgh, 1891), p. 40.Google Scholar
42 Evans-Wentz, W. Y., Tibetan Yoga and Secret Doctrines (Oxford University Press: London, 1958), p. 211.Google Scholar
43 Ernst, C., Multiple Echo, eds. Kerr, F. & Radcliffe, T. (Darton, Longman & Todd: London, 1979), p. 200: I owe this reference to my colleague, Michael McGhee.Google Scholar
44 Ibn Arabi: cited by Chittick, W. C., The Sufi Path of Knowledge (State University of New York Press: New York, 1989), p. 68.Google Scholar
45 De defectu oraculorum 426bc; see Teixidor, J., The Pagan God (Princetion University Press: Princeton, NJ. 1977). PP.13f.Google Scholar
46 Browne, , Religio Medici 1.31:op. cit. p. 99: which is, I suppose, the doctrine mocked by Francis Bacon, Novum Organon, s. 62.Google Scholar
47 Blake, W., Collected Works, ed. Keynes, G. (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1966), p.776; see Raine, op. cit. pp. 176ff.Google Scholar
48 Ennead, v.8.5, 20f.Google Scholar
49 Corbin, H., Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn Arabi, tr. Mannheim, R. (Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1969), p. 22.Google Scholar
50 Borges, J. L., Labyrinths, eds. Yates, D. A. & Irby, J. E. (Penguin: Harmondsworth, 1970), p. 94.Google Scholar
51 Maximos, : Philokalia, tr. Palmer, G. E. H., Sherrard, P. & Ware, K. (Faber: London, 1981), vol. 11, p. 298.Google Scholar
52 Chittick, , op. cit. p. 336.Google Scholar
53 Chittick, , after Ibn Arabi, op. cit. p. 337.Google Scholar
54 Philokalia, op. cit. p. 338.Google Scholar
55 Thoreau, W. D., Walden (J. M. Dent: London, 1910), p. 119. I have developed these points rather differently in A Parliament of Souls, op. cit.Google Scholar
56 Jerome in Ezekiel 1.7: Potts, T. C., Conscience in Mediaeval Philosophy (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1980), pp. 6f.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57 Vernant, J. P. & Vidal-Naquet, P., Tragedy and Myth in Ancient Greece, tr. Lloyd, J. (Harvester Press: Brighton, 1981), p. 13, after 22 B 119 DK.Google Scholar
58 Wallis, R. T., Neoplatonism (Duckworth: London, 1983), p. 212.Google Scholar
59 De Vogel, C. J., ‘The Soma-Sema formula’ in Blumenthal, H. J. & Markus, R. A., eds., Neoplatonism and Early Christian Thought (Variorum: London, 1981), p. 2; after Republic 10. 612a.Google Scholar
60 Ennead, v.3.3, 32f, v.3.4, if.Google Scholar
61 Ennead, iii.4.6, iff.;Google Scholarsee Porphyry, Vita Plotini, 10.15ff.Google Scholar
62 II.3.9, 31f.Google Scholar
63 Jung, C., Memories, Dreams, Reflections, tr. Winston, R. & Winston, A. C. (Fontana: London, 1967), p. 59.Google Scholar