Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T07:52:42.042Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Where have all the Angels Gone?1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2008

Stephen R. L. Clark
Affiliation:
Department of Philosophy, University of Liverpool, PO Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX

Extract

Anyone who wishes to talk about angels has to respond to the mocking question, how many of them can dance on the point of a pin. The answer is: ‘just as many as they please’. Angels being immaterial intellects do not occupy space to the exclusion of any other such intellectual substance, and their being ‘on’ the point of a pin can only mean that they attend to it. The question, however, is not one that concerned our mediaeval predecessors, although it seems as difficult to persuade anyone of this as it is to clear Canute of the charge of insane conceit.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

2 I owe this and other references to Ross, George Macdonald, ‘Angels’ in Philosophy 60 (1985), 495511. He missed the references from Glanvill and Cudworth.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3 Summa theologiae 1, q. 52, art. 3.Google Scholar

4 Vanity of Dogmatizing (1661), cited by Wiley, B., The Seventeenth-Century Background (Chatto & Windus: London, 1934), p. 181.Google Scholar

5 The passage is in The True Intellectual System, but I have mislaid the reference.Google Scholar

6 Leibniz, G. W., New Essays on Human Understanding, eds. Bennett, J., Remnant, P. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1981), pp. 220f, 313.Google Scholar

7 Nothing material, that is, can be in more than one place at a time without also occupying the intervening places; nor occupy successive positions discontinuously; nor permit any other thing to occupy the same space at the same time. I am not at all sure that these are either necessary or actual rules, but they may certainly seem to be.Google Scholar

8 Despite occasional and sympathetic comment it does not seem, by the way, that they were talking about infinities: could countably or uncountably many angels co-exist?Google Scholar

9 Browne, Thomas, Religio Medici 1.33: The Major Works, ed. Patrides, C. A. (Penguin: Harmondsworth, 1977), p. 102;Google Scholarsee Milton, J., Paradise Lost, 5487ff.Google Scholar

10 Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan ed. Macpherson, C. B. (Penguin: Harmondsworth, 1968), pp. 108, 113: Part 1, chapters 4 and 5.Google Scholar

11 Ibid. p. 664: Part 4, ch. 45: ‘I find that there are Spirits Corporeall (though subtle and invisible) but not that any mans body was possessed, or inhabited by them; And that the Bodies of the Saints shall be such, namely, Spirituall Bodies, as St. Paul calls them’.

12 New Essays, op. cit. 490 (4.17.16): ‘However, although we are much inferior to so many intelligent beings, we have the privilege of not being visibly over-mastered on this planet, on which we hold unchallenged supremacy’.Google Scholar

13 Chesterton, G. K., The Everlasting Man (Hodder & Stoughton: London, 1925), p. 227.Google Scholar

14 Philokalia, tr. Palmer, G. E. H., Sherrard, P. & Ware, K. (Faber: London, 1979), vol. 1, p. 40.Google Scholar

15 Berkeley, G. ‘Philosophical Commentaries’: Complete Works, eds. Luce, A. A. & Jessop, T. E. (Thomas Nelson & Co: Edinburgh, 19481957), vol. 1, p. 47.Google Scholar

16 Chesterton, G. K., A Handful of Authors (Sheed & Ward: New York, 1953), p. 187Google Scholar: cited in The Quotable Chesterton, eds. Marlin, G. J., Rabatin, R. P. & Swan, J. L. (Image Books: New York, 1987), p. 291.Google Scholar

17 Raine, K., The Inner Journey of the Poet, ed. Keeble, B. (Allen & Unwin: London, 1982), p. 162.Google Scholar

18 Philokalia, op. cit. p. 43.Google Scholar

19 Otto, W. F., The Homeric Gods, tr. Hadas, M. (Thames & Hudson: London, 1954), p. 59.Google Scholar

20 Raine, , op. cit. p. 6.Google Scholar

21 Areopagiticus, Ps.-Dionysius, The Mystical Theology and the Celestial Hierarchies (Shrine of Wisdom: Fintry, 1965), p. 23.Google Scholar

22 Philokalia, op. cit. p. 47.Google Scholar

23 Philokalia, op. cit. p. 64.Google Scholar

24 May, R., ‘Psychotherapy and the demonic’ in Campbell, J., ed., Myths, Dreams and Religion (Dutton & Co.: New York, 1970), pp. 196210, 196.Google Scholar

25 See my Civil Peace and Sacred Order (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1989).Google Scholar

26 Blake, W., Complete Writings, ed. Keynes, G. (Oxford University Press: London, 1966), p. 516.Google Scholar

27 De Somniis 1.141: Collected Works (Loeb Classical Library, vol. v), tr. Colson, F. H., Whitaker, G. H. et al. (Heinemann: London, 1929).Google Scholar

28 Tertullian, , On Idolatry 4.2.Google Scholar

29 Blake, W., op. cit. p. 571.Google Scholar

30 Lecercle, J. J., Philosophy through the Looking-Glass (Hutchinson: London, 1985), p. 5.Google Scholar

31 Plotinus does occasionally identify that Logos instead with Zeus, but Kronos, etymologized as Koros (satiety) and Nous (intellect), usually stands in between Ouranos (Heaven) and Zeus (etymologized as Life, Zen). See Clark, S. R. L., A Parliament of Souls (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1990), p. 112.Google Scholar

32 Burkhardt, T., An Introduction to Sufi Doctrine, tr. Matheson, D. M. (Aquarian Press: Wellingborough, 1976), pp. 62f.Google Scholar

33 Enneads, 2.9.9.Google Scholar

34 Enneads, 6.4.Google Scholar

35 Philo, , Post. 92: Collected Works, vol. ii, p. 379; note that ‘Israel’ means ‘Hethat sees’.Google Scholar

36 Burkhardt, , op. cit. p. 74.Google Scholar

37 Holbrook, C. A., Jonathan Edwards: the Valley and Nature (Associated University Presses: London & Toronto, 1987), p. 110, after Jonathan Edwards.Google Scholar

38 Philo, , Somniis 1.148: Collected Works, v, 375.Google Scholar

39 De Confusione Linguarum, 146: Collected Works, iv, 89.Google Scholar

40 Wallas, G., The Art of Thought (Harcourt, Brace: New York, 1926), p. 113.Google Scholar

41 Jones, H., Browning as a Philosophical and Religious Teacher (Thomas Nelson: Edinburgh, 1891), p. 40.Google Scholar

42 Evans-Wentz, W. Y., Tibetan Yoga and Secret Doctrines (Oxford University Press: London, 1958), p. 211.Google Scholar

43 Ernst, C., Multiple Echo, eds. Kerr, F. & Radcliffe, T. (Darton, Longman & Todd: London, 1979), p. 200: I owe this reference to my colleague, Michael McGhee.Google Scholar

44 Ibn Arabi: cited by Chittick, W. C., The Sufi Path of Knowledge (State University of New York Press: New York, 1989), p. 68.Google Scholar

45 De defectu oraculorum 426bc; see Teixidor, J., The Pagan God (Princetion University Press: Princeton, NJ. 1977). PP.13f.Google Scholar

46 Browne, , Religio Medici 1.31:op. cit. p. 99: which is, I suppose, the doctrine mocked by Francis Bacon, Novum Organon, s. 62.Google Scholar

47 Blake, W., Collected Works, ed. Keynes, G. (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1966), p.776; see Raine, op. cit. pp. 176ff.Google Scholar

48 Ennead, v.8.5, 20f.Google Scholar

49 Corbin, H., Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn Arabi, tr. Mannheim, R. (Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1969), p. 22.Google Scholar

50 Borges, J. L., Labyrinths, eds. Yates, D. A. & Irby, J. E. (Penguin: Harmondsworth, 1970), p. 94.Google Scholar

51 Maximos, : Philokalia, tr. Palmer, G. E. H., Sherrard, P. & Ware, K. (Faber: London, 1981), vol. 11, p. 298.Google Scholar

52 Chittick, , op. cit. p. 336.Google Scholar

53 Chittick, , after Ibn Arabi, op. cit. p. 337.Google Scholar

54 Philokalia, op. cit. p. 338.Google Scholar

55 Thoreau, W. D., Walden (J. M. Dent: London, 1910), p. 119. I have developed these points rather differently in A Parliament of Souls, op. cit.Google Scholar

56 Jerome in Ezekiel 1.7: Potts, T. C., Conscience in Mediaeval Philosophy (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1980), pp. 6f.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

57 Vernant, J. P. & Vidal-Naquet, P., Tragedy and Myth in Ancient Greece, tr. Lloyd, J. (Harvester Press: Brighton, 1981), p. 13, after 22 B 119 DK.Google Scholar

58 Wallis, R. T., Neoplatonism (Duckworth: London, 1983), p. 212.Google Scholar

59 De Vogel, C. J., ‘The Soma-Sema formula’ in Blumenthal, H. J. & Markus, R. A., eds., Neoplatonism and Early Christian Thought (Variorum: London, 1981), p. 2; after Republic 10. 612a.Google Scholar

60 Ennead, v.3.3, 32f, v.3.4, if.Google Scholar

61 Ennead, iii.4.6, iff.;Google Scholarsee Porphyry, Vita Plotini, 10.15ff.Google Scholar

62 II.3.9, 31f.Google Scholar

63 Jung, C., Memories, Dreams, Reflections, tr. Winston, R. & Winston, A. C. (Fontana: London, 1967), p. 59.Google Scholar