Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T17:30:27.508Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Geography and Empire in the Late Renaissance: Botero's Assignment, Western Universalism, and the Civilizing Process*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

John M. Headley
John M. Headley*
Affiliation:
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The article seeks to relate the emerging, new discipline of geography to the European and specifically the Iberian, Catholic experience of expansion, power, and empire in those decades of Spain's alignment with Portugal and their respective colonial enterprises. The case of Giovanni Botero, the preeminent Italian interpreter of America forthe later sixteenth century, is examined in terms of Catholic expansion, world geography, but more immediately in terms of the European civilizing process on the indigenous peoples of America as that process pertains to the pre-Columbian civilizations, Christian conversion and the concurrent practice of the reducciones.

Type
Studies
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 53 , Issue 4 , Winter 2000 , pp. 1119 - 1155
Copyright
Copyright © Renaissance Society of America 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

This article is dedicated to John W. O'Malley in anticipation of his seventy-fifth birthday. It was presented in three previous fora during 1998: the Renaissance Workshop at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Triangle Intellectual History Seminar at the National Humanities Center; and at the John Carter Brown Library. The author wishes to thank the members of all three for their criticism and especially Melissa Bullard, Peter Burke, Martin Lewis, John Richards, and Ronald Witt for their thoughtful reading of the paper and individual suggestions. He wishes also to recognize a generous grant received from the John Carter Brown Library allowing him to complete his work on Botero at this present stage of inquiry.

References

Acosta, José de. 1984. De procuranda Indorum Salute. Ed. Perefia, Luciano. (Corpus Hispanorum de Pace, 23.) Madrid.Google Scholar
Akerman, James R. 1998. “Atlas, Birth of a Title.” In The Mercator Atlas of Europe, ed. Watelet, Marcel, 15-29. Pleasant Hill, OR.Google Scholar
Albônico, Aldo. 1990. Ilmondo americano di Giovanni Botero. Rome.Google Scholar
Barbero, Giovanni. 1967. “Idealismo e realismo nella politica del Gattinara, Gran Cancelliere di Carlo V.” Bollettino Storicoper la Provincia di Novara 58: 3–18.Google Scholar
Bireley, Robert S. J. 1990. The Counter-Reformation Prince: Anti-Machiavellianism or Catholic Statecraft in Early Modern Europe. Chapel Hill and London.Google Scholar
Blackburn, Robin. 1997. The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800. London and New York.Google Scholar
Blair, Ann. 1997. The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science. Princeton.Google Scholar
Bodeker, Hans Erich. 1982. “Menschheit.” In Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe, ed. Otto Brunner et al., 3:1063-1128. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Botero, Giovanni. 1622. he relation! universali. Venice.Google Scholar
Botero, Giovanni. 1930. Delle Cause delta grandezza delle citta. Ed. de Bernardi, Mario. Turin.Google Scholar
Botero, Giovanni. 1956. The Reason of State. Trans. E J. and Waley, D. P.. New Haven.Google Scholar
Botero, Giovanni. 1956. The Greatness of Cities. Trans. Peterson, Robert. New Haven.Google Scholar
Broc, Numa. 1980. La géographic de la renaissance, (1420-1620). Paris.Google Scholar
Brotton, Jerry. 1998. Trading Territories: Mapping the Early Modern World. Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Buisseret, David. 1992. Monarchs, Ministers and Maps: The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe. Chicago.Google Scholar
Buisseret, David. 1998. “Locational Imagery in Early Modern Europe.” Paper presented at the Folger Shakespeare Library conference “Mapping the Early Modern World,” Washington, D C, 13-14 March 1998.Google Scholar
Butzer, Karl W 1992. “From Columbus to Acosta: Science, Geography and the New World.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82: 345-68.10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01964.xGoogle Scholar
Chabod, Federico. 1967. Scritti sul Rinascimento. Turin.Google Scholar
Colección de Documentos Iniditos para la Historia de España y de sus Indias. 1932. (Vol. 5: La Junta de Reformación.) Ed. Angel Gonzalez Palencia, D.. Madrid.Google Scholar
Colección de Documentos Inéditos de Ultramar, segunda serie, vol. 9, pt. 2. 1895. Madrid.Google Scholar
Cormack, Leslie B. 1991. “'Good Fences Make Good Neighbors:’ Geography as Self-Definition in Early Modern England.” Isis 82: 639-61.10.1086/355927Google Scholar
Cormack, Leslie B. 1997. Charting an Empire: Geography at the English Universities, 1580-1620. Chicago and London.Google Scholar
D'Avity, Pierre. 1637. Le monde ou la description generate de ses quatre parties. Paris: Claude Sonnius.Google Scholar
De Smet, Antoine. 1970. “Les géographes de la Renaissance et la cosmographie.” In L'univers à la Renaissance: Microcosme et macrocosme, Colloque international tenu en octobre 1968, 13–29. Brussels and Paris.Google Scholar
Donnelly, John Patrick, S. J. 1988. “Antonio Possevino's Plan for World Evangelization.” Catholic Historical Review 74.2: 179-98.Google Scholar
Dupront, Alphonse. 1946. “Espace et Humanisme,” Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance 8:7–104.Google Scholar
Edgerton, Samuel Y. 1975. The Renaissance Rediscovery of Linear Perspective. New York.Google Scholar
Elias, Norbert. 1978. The History of Manners: Volume 1, The Civilizing Process. New York.Google Scholar
Favaro, A. 1983. Amici e corrispondenti di Galileo, vol. 3. Florence.Google Scholar
Ferritti, Giuliano. 1992. “Sull'idea di civilta in Botero.” In Botero e la “Ragion di Stato,” ed. A. Enzo Baldini, 221-40. Florence.Google Scholar
Firpo, Luigi. 1971. “Botero.” In Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 13: 352-62. Rome.Google Scholar
Fraser, Valerie. 1990. The Architecture of Conquest: Building in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1535-1635. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Gadol, Joan. 1969. Leon Battista Alberti: Universal Man of the Early Renaissance. Chicago.Google Scholar
Gioda, Carlo. 1895. La vita e le opere di Giovanni Botero con la quinta parte delle ‘Relazioni universali,'vol. 3. Milan.Google Scholar
Godinho, Vitorino Magalhaes. 1991. “Entre mythe et utopie: les grandes de Vouvertes. La construction de l'espace et l'invention de l'humanité aux XVe et XVIe siècles.” Archives européennes de sociologie 32: 3–52.10.1017/S0003975600006135Google Scholar
Goldstein, Thomas. 1965. “Geography in Fifteenth-Century Florence.” In Merchants and Scholars: Essays in the History of Exploration and Trade, ed. Parker, John, 9–32. Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Gusdorf, Georges. 1969. Les sciences humaines et la pensée occidentale, vol. 3, pt.1. Paris.Google Scholar
Hankins, James. 1992. “Ptolemy's Geography in the Renaissance.” In The Marks in the Fields: Essays on the Uses of Manuscripts, ed. Dennis, Rodney G.. 119-27. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Harley, J. B. 1988a. “Maps, Knowledge, and Power.” In The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of past Environments, eds. Cosgrove, Denis and Daniels, Stephen, 277–312. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Harley, J. B. 1988b. “Silences and Secrecy: The Hidden Agenda of Cartography in Early Modern Europe.” Imago Mundi 40: 57–76.Google Scholar
Hay, Denys. 1952. Polydore Vergil: Renaissance Historian and Man of Letters. Oxford.Google Scholar
Headley, John M. 1995. “Spain's Asian Presence, 1565-1590: Structures and Aspirations.” Hispanic American Historical Review 75: 623-46.Google Scholar
Headley, John M. 1996. “The Burden of European Imperialisms, 1500-1800.” Thelnternational History Review 18: 873-87.Google Scholar
Headley, John M. 1997. “The Sixteenth-Century Venetian Celebration of the Earth's Total Habitability: The Issue of the Fully Habitable World for Renaissance Europe.” The Journal of World History 8: 1–27.10.1353/jwh.2005.0080Google Scholar
Icazbalceta, Joacqufn Garcia. 1886. Bibliografia Mexicana del siglo xvi. Mexico.Google Scholar
Lach, Donald F. 1977. Asia in the Making of Europe. Volume II. A Century of Wonder. Chicago and London.Google Scholar
Lagunas, Juan Baptista de. 1574a. Arte de la lengua Tarasca. Mexico: Pedro Balli.Google Scholar
Lagunas, Juan Baptista de. 1574b. Arte y dictionario. Mexico. Lestringant, Frank. 1994. Mapping the Renaissance World: The Geographical Imagination in the Age of Discovery. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Lindberg, David C. 1970. John Pecham and the Science of Optics: Perspectiva communis. Madison and London.Google Scholar
Lindgren, Uta. 1995. “Was verstand Peter Apian unter ‘Geographic'” In Peter Apian: Astronomic, Kosmographie und Mathematik am Beginn der Neuzeit, ed. Rottel, Karl, 154-54. Boxheim.Google Scholar
Matienzo, Juan de. 1967. Gobierno del Perú. Ed. Villena, Guillermo Lohmann. Paris.10.4000/books.ifea.3104Google Scholar
Mendieta, Gerónimo de. 1945. Historia eclesidstica Indiana. 4 vols. Mexico.Google Scholar
Medina, Alejandro Málaga. 1974. “Las reducciones en el Perú 1532-1600.” Historiay cultura 8: 141-72.Google Scholar
Molina, Alonso de. 1571. Vocabulario en lengua Castellana y Mexicana. Mexico: Antonio de Spinosa.Google Scholar
Montaigne, Michel de. 1965. The Complete Essays. Trans. Frame, Donald M.. Stanford.Google Scholar
Montaigne, Michel de. 1988. Les essais de Montaigne. Ed. Villey, Pierre and Saulnier, V. L.. Paris.Google Scholar
Monumenta Peruana II (1576-80). 1958. Ed. de Egaña, Antonio, S.I. Monumenta Historica Societatis Jesu. Rome.Google Scholar
Mundy, Barbara E. 1993. The Mapping of New Spain: Indigenous Cartography and the Maps of the Relaciones Geogrdficas. Chicago and London.Google Scholar
Nader, Helen. 1990. Liberty in Absolutist Spain: The Habsburg Sale of Towns, 1516-1700. Baltimore and London.Google Scholar
Naf, Werner. 1944. Vadian undseine Stadt St. Gallen. St. Gallen.Google Scholar
Naudd, Francoise. 1992. Reconnaissance du nouveau monde et cosmographie a la Renaissance. Kassel.Google Scholar
Nebenzahl, Kenneth, and Marques, Alfredo Pineiro. 1997. “Moreira's Manuscript : A Newly Discovered Portuguese Map of the World — Made in Japan.” Mercator's World 18: 18–23.Google Scholar
Pagden, Anthony. 1982. The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Pagden, Anthony. 1995. Lords of All the World:Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France, c. 1500-C.1800. New Haven and London.Google Scholar
Panofsky, Erwin. 1991. Perspective as Symbolic Form. Trans. Wood, Christopher. New York. Google Scholar
Pendergrass, Jan N. 1992. “Simon Grynaeus and the Mariners of Novus Orbis (1532).” Medievalia et Humanistica, N. S. 19: 27–45.Google Scholar
Phelan, John Leddy. 1970. The Millennial Kingdom of the Franciscans. Berkeley and Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Prosperi, Adriano. 1982. “'Otras Indias': Missionari della Controriforma tra contadini e selvaggi.” In Scienze, credenze occulte, livelli di cultura, Convegno Internazionale di Studi, Florence 26-30 June, 1980, 205-34. Florence.Google Scholar
Ptolemaeus, Claudius. 1966, reprint. Geographia. Ed. Miinster, Sebastian. Amsterdam. 1540. Basle.Google Scholar
Richards, Thomas. 1992. “Archive and Utopia”. Representations 37: 104-35.10.1525/rep.1992.37.1.99p0098dGoogle Scholar
Rico, Francisco. 1984. “II nuovo Mondo di Nebrija e Columbo: Note sulla geografia umanistica in Spagna e sul contesto intellettuale della scoperta dell'America.” In Vestigia. Studi in onore di Giuseppe Billanovich, ed. Avesani, Rino et al, 2: 576–606. Rome.Google Scholar
Romeo, Rosario. 1971. Le scoperte americane nella coscienza italiana del Cinquecento. Milan and Naples.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, Earl E. 1973. “The Invention of the Columnar Device of Emperor Charles V at the Court of Burgundy in Flanders in 1516.” Journal of ‘the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 36: 198–230.10.2307/751163Google Scholar
Rubins, Joan-Pau. Forthcoming. South India through Foreign Eyes: A Study of Travel Literature and Ethnology in the Renaissance (1250-1625). Cambridge.Google Scholar
Scammell, G.V. 1969. “The New Worlds and Europe in the Sixteenth Century.” Historical Journal 12: 389–412.10.1017/S0018246X00007214Google Scholar
Schmitt, Charles B. 1978. “Filippo Fantoni, Galileo Galilei's Predecessor as Mathematics Lecturer at Pisa.” In Science and History: Studies in Honor of Edward Rosen, eds. Hilfstein, Erna, Czartoryski, Pawel, Grand, Frank D., 53–63. Wroclaw and Warsaw.Google Scholar
Seed, Patricia. 1993. “The Indians’ Humanity and Capacity for Spanish Civilization.” Journal of Latin American Studies 25.3: 629-52.10.1017/S0022216X00006696Google Scholar
Seed, Patricia. 1995. Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World, 1492-1640. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Selwyn, Jennifer D. 1997. “'Procuring] in the common People These Better Behaviours': The Jesuits’ Civilizing Mission in Early Modern Naples 1550-1620.” Radical History Review 67: 4–34.Google Scholar
Smith, Marc H. 1998. “Points de vue et images du monde: Anamorphoses de textes geographiques de Strabon à Giovanni Botero.” In Traduire et adapter à la Renaissance, ed. Dominique de Courcelles, 124-42. Paris.Google Scholar
Streit, Robert. 1916. Bibliotheca Missionum. Aachen.Google Scholar
Thrower, Norman J. W. 1996. Maps and Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society. Chicago and London.Google Scholar
Vescovini, Graziella Federici. 1969. “L'inserimento della ‘perspectiva’ tra le arti del quadrivio.” In Arts libéraux et philosophic au moyen âge, Actes du Quatrième Congrès international de philosophie médiévale, 27 Aug - 2 Sept 1967, 969-74. Montreal and Paris.Google Scholar
Vivanti, Corrado. 1962. “Alle origini dell ‘ idea di civiltà: Le scoperte geografiche e gli scritti di Henri de La Popelinière.” Rivista Storica Italiana, 74: 225-49.Google Scholar