Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T05:10:34.071Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Articulating Work and Family: Lay Papal Relatives in the Papal States, 1420–1549

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Jennifer Mara DeSilva*
Affiliation:
Ball State University

Abstract

In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries popes increasingly depended on clerical and lay kin to supervise the implementation of papal policy. This article argues that the charge of papal nepotism is a result of the continuing idealization of the pope as separate from the issues of work and family. By acknowledging that the preoccupations of the early modern pope extended beyond pastoral activities into a world of administration, legislation, militarism, and diplomacy, historians can better understand the pope’s use of and observers’ criticism of nepotism.

Type
Studies
Copyright
Copyright © 2016 Renaissance Society of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography

Archivio Segreto Vaticano (ASV), Vatican City, Armadio (Arm.) XXXV, vol. 37.Google Scholar
ASV, Arm. XLII, vol. 13.Google Scholar
ASV, Arm. XLIV, vol. 4.Google Scholar
ASV, Arm. LXI, vol. 2.Google Scholar
ASV, Registrum Vaticanum (Reg. Vat.) MS 341.Google Scholar
ASV, Reg. Vat. MS 344.Google Scholar
ASV, Reg. Vat. MS 349.Google Scholar
ASV, Reg. Vat. MS 407.Google Scholar
ASV, Reg. Vat. MS 465.Google Scholar
ASV, Segreteria dei Brevi MS 116.Google Scholar
ASV, Segreteria dei Brevi MS 184.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana (BAV), Vatican City, Barberianus latinus MS 5366.Google Scholar
BAV, Urbinatus latinus MS 1023.Google Scholar
BAV, Vaticanus latinus (Vat. lat.) MS 5986.Google Scholar
BAV, Vat. lat. MS 12268.Google Scholar
BAV, Vat. lat. MS 12275.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Oliveriana di Pesaro (BOP), MS Oliveriana 380, vol. 3.Google Scholar
British Museum, London, Additional MS 22818.Google Scholar
Ago, Renata. Carriere e cliente nella Roma barocca. Bari, 1990.Google Scholar
Albèri, Eugenio ed. Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato. 15 vols. Reprint, Cambridge, 2012.Google Scholar
Antonovics, A. V.Counter-Reformation Cardinals: 1534–90.European Studies Review 2 (1972): 301–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologica. New York, 1947–48. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa/SS.html.Google Scholar
Barbiche, Bernard. “Les ‘diplomats’ pontificaux du Moyen Age tardif à la première modernité: Office et charge pastorale.” In Offices et papauté (XIVe–XVIIe siècle): Charges, hommes, destines, ed. Armand Jamme and Olivier Poncet, 357–70. Rome, 2005.Google Scholar
Bazzotti, Ugo, Daniela Ferrari, and Cesare Mozzarelli, eds. Vespasiano Gonzaga e il ducato di Sabbioneta: Atti del Convegno, Sabbioneta-Mantova, 12–13 ottobre 1991. Mantua, 1993.Google Scholar
Brezzi, Paolo. “La politica di Callisto III: Equilibrio italiano e difesa dell’Europa alla metà del secolo XV.Studi Romani 7 (1959): 3141.Google Scholar
Burchard, Johann. Liber notarum ab anno MCCCCLXXXIII usque ad annum MDVI. Ed. Enrico Celani. 2 vols. in 3. Città di Castello, 1907–14.Google Scholar
Carocci, Sandro. Il nepotismo nel medioevo: Papi, cardinali e famiglie nobili. Rome, 1999.Google Scholar
Celenza, Christopher S. Renaissance Humanism and the Papal Curia: Lapo da Castiglionchio the Younger’s De curiae commodis. Ann Arbor, 1999.Google Scholar
Chambers, D. S. Popes, Cardinals and War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe. London, 2006.Google Scholar
Chironi, Giuseppe. “Pius II and the Formation of the Ecclesiastical Institutions of Pienza.” In Pius II “el più expeditivo pontifice”: Selected Studies on Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (1405–1464), ed. Zweder von Martels and Arjo Vanderjagt, 171–85. Leiden, 2003.Google Scholar
Clough, Cecil H. “Clement VII and Francesco Maria della Rovere, Duke of Urbino.” In The Pontificate of Clement VII: History, Politics, Culture, ed. Kenneth Gouwens and Sheryl E. Reiss, 75–108. Aldershot, 2005.Google Scholar
Court and Politics in Papal Rome 1492–1700. Ed. Gianvittorio Signorotto and Maria Antonietta Visceglia. Cambridge, 2002.Google Scholar
Dall’Aglio, Stefano. L’assassino del duca: Esilio e morte di Lorenzino de’ Medici. Florence, 2011.Google Scholar
DeSilva, Jennifer Mara. “The Absentee Bishop in Residence: Paris de’ Grassi, Bishop of Pesaro, 1513–28.” In Episcopal Reform and Politics in Early Modern Europe, ed. Jennifer Mara DeSilva, 88–109. Kirksville, 2012.Google Scholar
De Vergottini, Giovanni. “Note per la storia del vicariato apostolico durante il secolo XIV.” In Studi di storia e diritto in onore di Carlo Calisse, 3:341–65. Milan, 1940.Google Scholar
Dykmans, Marc. L’ouevre de Patrizi Piccolomini ou le cérémonial papal de la première Renaissance. 2 vols. Vatican City, 1982.Google Scholar
Eastman, John R.Giles of Rome and Celestine V: The Franciscan Revolution and the Theology of Abdication.Catholic Historical Review 76 (1990): 195211.Google Scholar
Eiche, Sabine. “Alessandro Sforza and Pesaro: A Study in Urbanism and Architectural Patronage.” PhD diss., Princeton University, 1983.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Desiderius. The Education of a Christian Prince. Trans. Lester K. Born. New York, 1963.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Desiderius. The Julius Exclusus. Ed. J. Kelly Sowards. Trans. Paul Pascal. Bloomington, 1968.Google Scholar
Fattori, Maria Theresa. Clemente VIII e il sacro collegio: Meccanismi istituzionali et accentramento di governo. Stuttgart, 2004.Google Scholar
Fernández, Henry Dietrich. “The Patrimony of St. Peter: The Papal Court at Rome c. 1450–1700.” In The Princely Courts of Europe: Ritual, Politics and Culture under the Ancien Régime, ed. John Adamson, 141–63. London, 1999.Google Scholar
Ferri, Edgarda. Il sogno del principe: Vespasiano Gonzaga e l’invenzione di Sabbioneta. Milan, 2006.Google Scholar
Fragnito, Gigliola. “Cardinals’ Courts in Sixteenth-Century Rome.Journal of Modern History 65 (1993): 2656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, Felix. Machiavelli and Guicciardini: Politics and History in Sixteenth-Century Florence. New York, 1984.Google Scholar
Goria, Federico. “La bolla De non infeudando del 1567: Politica antinepostistica e tutela del demanio ecclesiastico.” In Le Carte del Diritto e della Fede. Atti del convegno di studi, Alessandria, 16–17 giugno 2006, ed. Elisa Mongiano and Gian Maria Panizza, 93–105. Alessandria, 2008.Google Scholar
Gregorovius, Ferdinand. History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Trans. Annie Hamilton. 8 vols. in 13. London, 1896–1905.Google Scholar
Grendler, Paul F. The University of Mantua, the Gonzaga, and the Jesuits, 1584–1630. Baltimore, 2009.Google Scholar
Guicciardini, Francesco. Maxims and Reflections of a Renaissance Statesman. Trans. Mario Domandi. New York, 1965.Google Scholar
Guicciardini, Francesco. The History of Italy. Ed. and trans. Sidney Alexander. New York, 1969.Google Scholar
Gundersheimer, Werner L. “Patronage in the Renaissance: An Explanatory Approach.” In Patronage in the Renaissance (1981), 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallman, Barbara McClung. Italian Cardinals, Reform, and the Church as Property, 1492–1563. Berkeley, 1985.Google Scholar
Harding, Robert. “Corruption and the Moral Boundaries of Patronage in the Renaissance.” In Patronage in the Renaissance (1981), 47–64.Google Scholar
Hollingsworth, Mary, and Carol M. Richardson. The Possessions of a Cardinal: Politics, Piety, and Art, 1450–1700. University Park, 2010.Google Scholar
Jones, P. J.The Vicariate of the Malatesta of Rimini.English Historical Review 67 (1952): 321–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kantorowicz, Ernst H. The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology. Princeton, 1957.Google Scholar
Lanciani, Rodolpho. “Il Patrimonio della Famiglia Colonna al tempo di Martino V (1417–1431).Archivio della Società romana di storia patria 20 (1897): 369450.Google Scholar
Laurain-Portemer, Madeleine. “Absolutisme et Népotisme: La Surintendance de l’État Ecclésiastique.Bibliothèque de l’École des chartes 131 (1973): 487568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemaitre, Jean-Loup. “Les creations de collégiales en Languedoc par les papes et les cardineaux avignonais sous les pontificats de Jean XXII et XII.” In La papauté d’Avignon et la Languedoc (1316–1342), ed. Marie-Humbert Vicaire, 156–98. Toulouse, 1991.Google Scholar
Lind, Gunner. “Great Friends and Small Friends: Clientalism and the Power Elites.” In Power Elites and State Building, ed. Wolfgang Reinhard, 123–47. Oxford, 1996.Google Scholar
Litta, Pompeo. Famiglie celebri di Italia. Milan, 1819–1923.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. Discourses on Livy. Trans. Harvey C. Mansfield and Nathan Tarcov. Chicago, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince. Trans. Peter Bondanella. Oxford, 2005.Google Scholar
Mack, Charles R. Pienza: The Creation of a Renaissance City. Ithaca, 1987.Google Scholar
Mallett, Michael. The Borgias: The Rise and Fall of a Renaissance Dynasty. Frogmore, 1969.Google Scholar
Mallett, Michael. Mercenaries and Their Masters. London, 1974.Google Scholar
Mansi, Giovan Domenico. Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova, et Amplissima Collectio. 53 vols. in 58. Venice, 1758–98.Google Scholar
McLean, Paul D. The Art of the Network: Strategic Interaction and Patronage in Renaissance Florence. Durham, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menniti Ippolito, Antonio. Il tramonto della Curia nepotista: Papi, nipoti e burocrazia curiale tra XV e XVII secolo. Rome, 1999.Google Scholar
Murphy, Caroline P. The Pope’s Daughter: The Extraordinary Life of Felice della Rovere. Oxford, 2005.Google Scholar
Nevola, Fabrizio. Siena: Constructing the Renaissance City. New Haven, 2007.Google Scholar
Nunziante, Emilio. “Alcune lettere di Joviano Pontano.Archivio Storico per le Province Napoletano 11 (1886): 518–53.Google Scholar
Emily, O’Brien. “Arms and Letters: Julius Caesar, the Commentaries of Pope Pius II, and the Politicization of Papal Imagery.” Renaissance Quarterly 62.4 (2009): 1057–97.Google Scholar
O’Malley, John W. A History of the Popes: From Peter to the Present. Lanham, 2009.Google Scholar
L’Ordine che si tiene nel creare il sommo pontefice, con le cerimonie che si fanno della coronazione in S. Giovanni Laterano. N.p., 1555.Google Scholar
Pagliucchi, Pio. I Castellani del Castel Sant’Angelo di Roma: Con documenti inediti relativi alla storia della Mole Adriana. Rome, 1906.Google Scholar
Paravicini-Bagliani, Agostino. The Pope’s Body. Trans. David S. Peterson. Chicago, 2000.Google Scholar
Partner, Peter. The Papal State under Martin V: The Administration and Government of the Temporal Power in the Early Fifteenth Century. London, 1958.Google Scholar
Partner, Peter. The Lands of St. Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance. Berkeley, 1972.Google Scholar
Partner, Peter. “Colonna, Giordano.” In Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 27 (1982): http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giordano-colonna_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/.Google Scholar
Pastor, Ludwig von. The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages. 40 vols. London, 1891–1952.Google Scholar
Patronage and Dynasty: The Rise of the Della Rovere in Renaissance Italy. Ed. Ian F. Verstegen. Kirksville, 2007.Google Scholar
Patronage in the Renaissance. Ed. Guy Fitch Lytle and Stephen Orgel. Princeton, 1981.Google Scholar
Pattenden, Miles. Pius IV and the Fall of the Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter-Reformation Rome. Oxford, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pellegrini, Marco. “Corte di Roma e aristocrazie italiane in età moderna: Per una lettura storico-sociale della curia romana.Rivista di storia e letteratura religiosa 30 (1994): 543602.Google Scholar
Pellegrini, Marco. “Da Iacopo Ammannati Piccolomini a Paolo Cortesi: Lineamenti dell’ethos cardinalizio in età rinascimentale.” Roma nel Rinascimento (1998): 23–44.Google Scholar
Pellegrini, Marco. “A Turning Point in the History of the Factional System in the Sacred College: The Power of the Pope and the Cardinals in the Age of Alexander VI.” In Court and Politics in Papal Rome (2002), 8–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pellegrini, Marco. Il Papato nel Rinascimento. Bologna, 2010.Google Scholar
Phillips, Mark. Francesco Guicciardini: The Historian’s Craft. Toronto, 1977.Google Scholar
Pius II Piccolomini. Commentaries. 2 vols. Ed. and trans. Margaret Meserve and Marcello Simonetta. Cambridge, MA, 2003–07.Google Scholar
Prodi, Paolo. The Papal Prince: One Body and Two Souls: The Papal Monarchy in Early Modern Europe. Trans. Susan Haskins. Cambridge, 1987.Google Scholar
Puglia, Ilaria. I Piccolomini d’Aragona duchi di Amalfi 1461–1610: Storia di un partimonio nobiliare. Naples, 2005.Google Scholar
Rehberg, Andreas. “Etsi Prudens paterfamilias ... pro pace suorum sapienter providet: Le ripercussioni del nepotismo di Matino V a Roma e nel Lazio.” In Alle origini della nuova Roma: Martino V (1417–1431): Atti del convegno: Roma, 2–5 marzo 1992, ed. Maria Chiabò, Giusi D’Alessandro, Paola Piacentini, Concetta Ranieri, 225–82. Rome, 1992.Google Scholar
Reinhard, Wolfgang. Papstfinanz und Nepotismus unter Paul V. (1605–1621). Stuttgart, 1974.Google Scholar
Reinhard, Wolfgang. “Nepotismus: Der Funktionswandel einer papstgeschichtlichen Konstanten.Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte 86 (1975): 146–85.Google Scholar
Reinhard, Wolfgang. “Struttura e significato del Sacro Collegio tra la fine del XV e la fine del XVI secolo.” In Città italiano del ‘500 tra Riforma e Controriforma: Atti del convegno internazionale di studi, Lucca, 13–15 ottobre 1983, ed. Marino Berengo, 257–65. Lucca, 1988.Google Scholar
Reinhard, Wolfgang. “Papal Power and Family Strategy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.” In Princes, Patronage and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age c. 1450–1650, ed. Ronald Asch and Adolf M. Burke, 329–58. Oxford, 1991.Google Scholar
Reinhard, Wolfgang. Paul V. Borghese (1605–1621): Mikropolitische Papstgeschichte. Stuttgart, 2009.Google Scholar
Richardson, Carol M. Reclaiming Rome: Cardinals in the Fifteenth Century. Leiden, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, Clare. “Il Gran Cardinale”: Alessandro Farnese, Patron of the Arts. New Haven, 1992.Google Scholar
Sabatini, Rafael. The Life of Cesare Borgia. Teddington, 2006.Google Scholar
Sanudo, Marin. I Diarii. Eds. Federico Stefani, Guglielmo Berchet, and Nicolò Barozzi. 58 vols. Venice, 1879–1903.Google Scholar
Segarizzi, Arnaldo ed. Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato. 4 vols. Bari, 1912–16.Google Scholar
Sessa, Kristina. The Formation of Papal Authority in Late Antiquity: Roman Bishops and the Domestic Sphere. Cambridge, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Christine. Julius II: the Warrior Pope. Oxford, 1993.Google Scholar
Sorní, Miguel Navarro. “De homo regis a homo Ecclesiae: Reflexiones en torno al frentamiento entre al papa Calisto 3 y el rey Alfonso Magnánimo en la política italiana.” In Roma e il papato. Studi in onore di Massimo Miglio. Vol. 1: Percezioni, scambi, pratiche, ed. Amedeo de Vincentiis and Anna Modigliani, 475–90. Rome, 2012.Google Scholar
Stump, Phillip H. The Reforms of the Council of Constance 1414–1418. Leiden, 1993.Google Scholar
Tanner, Norman P., ed. Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils. Vol. 1. London, 1990.Google Scholar
Tomalio, Raffaele. Francesco Gonzaga di Guastalla cardinale alla corte romana di Pio IV: Nel carteggio privato con Mantova (1560–1565). Guastalla, 2004.Google Scholar
Tomas, Natalie R. The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence. Aldershot, 2003.Google Scholar
Unger, Miles J. Machiavelli: A Biography. New York, 2011.Google Scholar
Verstegen, Ian. “Francesco Maria and the Duchy of Urbino, between Rome and Venice.” In Patronage and Dynasty: The Rise of the Della Rovere in Renaissance Italy, ed. Ian F. Verstegen, 141–60. Kirksville, 2007.Google Scholar
Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. “Burocrazia, mobilità sociale e patronage alla corte di Roma tra Cinque e Seicento: Alcuni aspetti del recente dibattito storiografico e prospettive di ricerca.Roma moderna e contemporanea 3 (1995): 1155.Google Scholar
Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. “Factions in the Sacred College in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.” In Court and Politics in Papal Rome (2002), 99–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. “The Pope’s Household and Court in the Early Modern Age.” In Royal Courts in Dynastic States and Empires, ed. Jeroen Duindam, Tülay Artan, Metin Kunt, 239–64. Leiden, 2011.Google Scholar
Von Ranke, Leopold. The History of the Popes, their Church and State. Trans. E. Fowler. 3 vols. New York, 1901–07.Google Scholar
Weissman, Ronald. “Taking Patronage Seriously: Mediterranean Values and Renaissance Society.” In Patronage, Art and Society in Renaissance Italy, ed. F. W. Kent, Patricia Simons, and John Christopher Eade, 25–45. Oxford, 1987.Google Scholar
Whaley, Daniel P. The Papal State in the Thirteenth Century. New York, 1961.Google Scholar
Whitford, David M. “The Papal Antichrist: Martin Luther and the Underappreciated Influence of Lorenzo Valla.” Renaissance Quarterly 61.1 (2008): 26–52.Google Scholar
Williams, George L. Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. Jefferson, 1998.Google Scholar
Archivio Segreto Vaticano (ASV), Vatican City, Armadio (Arm.) XXXV, vol. 37.Google Scholar
ASV, Arm. XLII, vol. 13.Google Scholar
ASV, Arm. XLIV, vol. 4.Google Scholar
ASV, Arm. LXI, vol. 2.Google Scholar
ASV, Registrum Vaticanum (Reg. Vat.) MS 341.Google Scholar
ASV, Reg. Vat. MS 344.Google Scholar
ASV, Reg. Vat. MS 349.Google Scholar
ASV, Reg. Vat. MS 407.Google Scholar
ASV, Reg. Vat. MS 465.Google Scholar
ASV, Segreteria dei Brevi MS 116.Google Scholar
ASV, Segreteria dei Brevi MS 184.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana (BAV), Vatican City, Barberianus latinus MS 5366.Google Scholar
BAV, Urbinatus latinus MS 1023.Google Scholar
BAV, Vaticanus latinus (Vat. lat.) MS 5986.Google Scholar
BAV, Vat. lat. MS 12268.Google Scholar
BAV, Vat. lat. MS 12275.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Oliveriana di Pesaro (BOP), MS Oliveriana 380, vol. 3.Google Scholar
British Museum, London, Additional MS 22818.Google Scholar
Ago, Renata. Carriere e cliente nella Roma barocca. Bari, 1990.Google Scholar
Albèri, Eugenio ed. Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato. 15 vols. Reprint, Cambridge, 2012.Google Scholar
Antonovics, A. V.Counter-Reformation Cardinals: 1534–90.European Studies Review 2 (1972): 301–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologica. New York, 1947–48. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa/SS.html.Google Scholar
Barbiche, Bernard. “Les ‘diplomats’ pontificaux du Moyen Age tardif à la première modernité: Office et charge pastorale.” In Offices et papauté (XIVe–XVIIe siècle): Charges, hommes, destines, ed. Armand Jamme and Olivier Poncet, 357–70. Rome, 2005.Google Scholar
Bazzotti, Ugo, Daniela Ferrari, and Cesare Mozzarelli, eds. Vespasiano Gonzaga e il ducato di Sabbioneta: Atti del Convegno, Sabbioneta-Mantova, 12–13 ottobre 1991. Mantua, 1993.Google Scholar
Brezzi, Paolo. “La politica di Callisto III: Equilibrio italiano e difesa dell’Europa alla metà del secolo XV.Studi Romani 7 (1959): 3141.Google Scholar
Burchard, Johann. Liber notarum ab anno MCCCCLXXXIII usque ad annum MDVI. Ed. Enrico Celani. 2 vols. in 3. Città di Castello, 1907–14.Google Scholar
Carocci, Sandro. Il nepotismo nel medioevo: Papi, cardinali e famiglie nobili. Rome, 1999.Google Scholar
Celenza, Christopher S. Renaissance Humanism and the Papal Curia: Lapo da Castiglionchio the Younger’s De curiae commodis. Ann Arbor, 1999.Google Scholar
Chambers, D. S. Popes, Cardinals and War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe. London, 2006.Google Scholar
Chironi, Giuseppe. “Pius II and the Formation of the Ecclesiastical Institutions of Pienza.” In Pius II “el più expeditivo pontifice”: Selected Studies on Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (1405–1464), ed. Zweder von Martels and Arjo Vanderjagt, 171–85. Leiden, 2003.Google Scholar
Clough, Cecil H. “Clement VII and Francesco Maria della Rovere, Duke of Urbino.” In The Pontificate of Clement VII: History, Politics, Culture, ed. Kenneth Gouwens and Sheryl E. Reiss, 75–108. Aldershot, 2005.Google Scholar
Court and Politics in Papal Rome 1492–1700. Ed. Gianvittorio Signorotto and Maria Antonietta Visceglia. Cambridge, 2002.Google Scholar
Dall’Aglio, Stefano. L’assassino del duca: Esilio e morte di Lorenzino de’ Medici. Florence, 2011.Google Scholar
DeSilva, Jennifer Mara. “The Absentee Bishop in Residence: Paris de’ Grassi, Bishop of Pesaro, 1513–28.” In Episcopal Reform and Politics in Early Modern Europe, ed. Jennifer Mara DeSilva, 88–109. Kirksville, 2012.Google Scholar
De Vergottini, Giovanni. “Note per la storia del vicariato apostolico durante il secolo XIV.” In Studi di storia e diritto in onore di Carlo Calisse, 3:341–65. Milan, 1940.Google Scholar
Dykmans, Marc. L’ouevre de Patrizi Piccolomini ou le cérémonial papal de la première Renaissance. 2 vols. Vatican City, 1982.Google Scholar
Eastman, John R.Giles of Rome and Celestine V: The Franciscan Revolution and the Theology of Abdication.Catholic Historical Review 76 (1990): 195211.Google Scholar
Eiche, Sabine. “Alessandro Sforza and Pesaro: A Study in Urbanism and Architectural Patronage.” PhD diss., Princeton University, 1983.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Desiderius. The Education of a Christian Prince. Trans. Lester K. Born. New York, 1963.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Desiderius. The Julius Exclusus. Ed. J. Kelly Sowards. Trans. Paul Pascal. Bloomington, 1968.Google Scholar
Fattori, Maria Theresa. Clemente VIII e il sacro collegio: Meccanismi istituzionali et accentramento di governo. Stuttgart, 2004.Google Scholar
Fernández, Henry Dietrich. “The Patrimony of St. Peter: The Papal Court at Rome c. 1450–1700.” In The Princely Courts of Europe: Ritual, Politics and Culture under the Ancien Régime, ed. John Adamson, 141–63. London, 1999.Google Scholar
Ferri, Edgarda. Il sogno del principe: Vespasiano Gonzaga e l’invenzione di Sabbioneta. Milan, 2006.Google Scholar
Fragnito, Gigliola. “Cardinals’ Courts in Sixteenth-Century Rome.Journal of Modern History 65 (1993): 2656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, Felix. Machiavelli and Guicciardini: Politics and History in Sixteenth-Century Florence. New York, 1984.Google Scholar
Goria, Federico. “La bolla De non infeudando del 1567: Politica antinepostistica e tutela del demanio ecclesiastico.” In Le Carte del Diritto e della Fede. Atti del convegno di studi, Alessandria, 16–17 giugno 2006, ed. Elisa Mongiano and Gian Maria Panizza, 93–105. Alessandria, 2008.Google Scholar
Gregorovius, Ferdinand. History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Trans. Annie Hamilton. 8 vols. in 13. London, 1896–1905.Google Scholar
Grendler, Paul F. The University of Mantua, the Gonzaga, and the Jesuits, 1584–1630. Baltimore, 2009.Google Scholar
Guicciardini, Francesco. Maxims and Reflections of a Renaissance Statesman. Trans. Mario Domandi. New York, 1965.Google Scholar
Guicciardini, Francesco. The History of Italy. Ed. and trans. Sidney Alexander. New York, 1969.Google Scholar
Gundersheimer, Werner L. “Patronage in the Renaissance: An Explanatory Approach.” In Patronage in the Renaissance (1981), 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallman, Barbara McClung. Italian Cardinals, Reform, and the Church as Property, 1492–1563. Berkeley, 1985.Google Scholar
Harding, Robert. “Corruption and the Moral Boundaries of Patronage in the Renaissance.” In Patronage in the Renaissance (1981), 47–64.Google Scholar
Hollingsworth, Mary, and Carol M. Richardson. The Possessions of a Cardinal: Politics, Piety, and Art, 1450–1700. University Park, 2010.Google Scholar
Jones, P. J.The Vicariate of the Malatesta of Rimini.English Historical Review 67 (1952): 321–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kantorowicz, Ernst H. The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology. Princeton, 1957.Google Scholar
Lanciani, Rodolpho. “Il Patrimonio della Famiglia Colonna al tempo di Martino V (1417–1431).Archivio della Società romana di storia patria 20 (1897): 369450.Google Scholar
Laurain-Portemer, Madeleine. “Absolutisme et Népotisme: La Surintendance de l’État Ecclésiastique.Bibliothèque de l’École des chartes 131 (1973): 487568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemaitre, Jean-Loup. “Les creations de collégiales en Languedoc par les papes et les cardineaux avignonais sous les pontificats de Jean XXII et XII.” In La papauté d’Avignon et la Languedoc (1316–1342), ed. Marie-Humbert Vicaire, 156–98. Toulouse, 1991.Google Scholar
Lind, Gunner. “Great Friends and Small Friends: Clientalism and the Power Elites.” In Power Elites and State Building, ed. Wolfgang Reinhard, 123–47. Oxford, 1996.Google Scholar
Litta, Pompeo. Famiglie celebri di Italia. Milan, 1819–1923.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. Discourses on Livy. Trans. Harvey C. Mansfield and Nathan Tarcov. Chicago, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince. Trans. Peter Bondanella. Oxford, 2005.Google Scholar
Mack, Charles R. Pienza: The Creation of a Renaissance City. Ithaca, 1987.Google Scholar
Mallett, Michael. The Borgias: The Rise and Fall of a Renaissance Dynasty. Frogmore, 1969.Google Scholar
Mallett, Michael. Mercenaries and Their Masters. London, 1974.Google Scholar
Mansi, Giovan Domenico. Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova, et Amplissima Collectio. 53 vols. in 58. Venice, 1758–98.Google Scholar
McLean, Paul D. The Art of the Network: Strategic Interaction and Patronage in Renaissance Florence. Durham, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menniti Ippolito, Antonio. Il tramonto della Curia nepotista: Papi, nipoti e burocrazia curiale tra XV e XVII secolo. Rome, 1999.Google Scholar
Murphy, Caroline P. The Pope’s Daughter: The Extraordinary Life of Felice della Rovere. Oxford, 2005.Google Scholar
Nevola, Fabrizio. Siena: Constructing the Renaissance City. New Haven, 2007.Google Scholar
Nunziante, Emilio. “Alcune lettere di Joviano Pontano.Archivio Storico per le Province Napoletano 11 (1886): 518–53.Google Scholar
Emily, O’Brien. “Arms and Letters: Julius Caesar, the Commentaries of Pope Pius II, and the Politicization of Papal Imagery.” Renaissance Quarterly 62.4 (2009): 1057–97.Google Scholar
O’Malley, John W. A History of the Popes: From Peter to the Present. Lanham, 2009.Google Scholar
L’Ordine che si tiene nel creare il sommo pontefice, con le cerimonie che si fanno della coronazione in S. Giovanni Laterano. N.p., 1555.Google Scholar
Pagliucchi, Pio. I Castellani del Castel Sant’Angelo di Roma: Con documenti inediti relativi alla storia della Mole Adriana. Rome, 1906.Google Scholar
Paravicini-Bagliani, Agostino. The Pope’s Body. Trans. David S. Peterson. Chicago, 2000.Google Scholar
Partner, Peter. The Papal State under Martin V: The Administration and Government of the Temporal Power in the Early Fifteenth Century. London, 1958.Google Scholar
Partner, Peter. The Lands of St. Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance. Berkeley, 1972.Google Scholar
Partner, Peter. “Colonna, Giordano.” In Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 27 (1982): http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giordano-colonna_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/.Google Scholar
Pastor, Ludwig von. The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages. 40 vols. London, 1891–1952.Google Scholar
Patronage and Dynasty: The Rise of the Della Rovere in Renaissance Italy. Ed. Ian F. Verstegen. Kirksville, 2007.Google Scholar
Patronage in the Renaissance. Ed. Guy Fitch Lytle and Stephen Orgel. Princeton, 1981.Google Scholar
Pattenden, Miles. Pius IV and the Fall of the Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter-Reformation Rome. Oxford, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pellegrini, Marco. “Corte di Roma e aristocrazie italiane in età moderna: Per una lettura storico-sociale della curia romana.Rivista di storia e letteratura religiosa 30 (1994): 543602.Google Scholar
Pellegrini, Marco. “Da Iacopo Ammannati Piccolomini a Paolo Cortesi: Lineamenti dell’ethos cardinalizio in età rinascimentale.” Roma nel Rinascimento (1998): 23–44.Google Scholar
Pellegrini, Marco. “A Turning Point in the History of the Factional System in the Sacred College: The Power of the Pope and the Cardinals in the Age of Alexander VI.” In Court and Politics in Papal Rome (2002), 8–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pellegrini, Marco. Il Papato nel Rinascimento. Bologna, 2010.Google Scholar
Phillips, Mark. Francesco Guicciardini: The Historian’s Craft. Toronto, 1977.Google Scholar
Pius II Piccolomini. Commentaries. 2 vols. Ed. and trans. Margaret Meserve and Marcello Simonetta. Cambridge, MA, 2003–07.Google Scholar
Prodi, Paolo. The Papal Prince: One Body and Two Souls: The Papal Monarchy in Early Modern Europe. Trans. Susan Haskins. Cambridge, 1987.Google Scholar
Puglia, Ilaria. I Piccolomini d’Aragona duchi di Amalfi 1461–1610: Storia di un partimonio nobiliare. Naples, 2005.Google Scholar
Rehberg, Andreas. “Etsi Prudens paterfamilias ... pro pace suorum sapienter providet: Le ripercussioni del nepotismo di Matino V a Roma e nel Lazio.” In Alle origini della nuova Roma: Martino V (1417–1431): Atti del convegno: Roma, 2–5 marzo 1992, ed. Maria Chiabò, Giusi D’Alessandro, Paola Piacentini, Concetta Ranieri, 225–82. Rome, 1992.Google Scholar
Reinhard, Wolfgang. Papstfinanz und Nepotismus unter Paul V. (1605–1621). Stuttgart, 1974.Google Scholar
Reinhard, Wolfgang. “Nepotismus: Der Funktionswandel einer papstgeschichtlichen Konstanten.Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte 86 (1975): 146–85.Google Scholar
Reinhard, Wolfgang. “Struttura e significato del Sacro Collegio tra la fine del XV e la fine del XVI secolo.” In Città italiano del ‘500 tra Riforma e Controriforma: Atti del convegno internazionale di studi, Lucca, 13–15 ottobre 1983, ed. Marino Berengo, 257–65. Lucca, 1988.Google Scholar
Reinhard, Wolfgang. “Papal Power and Family Strategy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.” In Princes, Patronage and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age c. 1450–1650, ed. Ronald Asch and Adolf M. Burke, 329–58. Oxford, 1991.Google Scholar
Reinhard, Wolfgang. Paul V. Borghese (1605–1621): Mikropolitische Papstgeschichte. Stuttgart, 2009.Google Scholar
Richardson, Carol M. Reclaiming Rome: Cardinals in the Fifteenth Century. Leiden, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, Clare. “Il Gran Cardinale”: Alessandro Farnese, Patron of the Arts. New Haven, 1992.Google Scholar
Sabatini, Rafael. The Life of Cesare Borgia. Teddington, 2006.Google Scholar
Sanudo, Marin. I Diarii. Eds. Federico Stefani, Guglielmo Berchet, and Nicolò Barozzi. 58 vols. Venice, 1879–1903.Google Scholar
Segarizzi, Arnaldo ed. Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato. 4 vols. Bari, 1912–16.Google Scholar
Sessa, Kristina. The Formation of Papal Authority in Late Antiquity: Roman Bishops and the Domestic Sphere. Cambridge, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Christine. Julius II: the Warrior Pope. Oxford, 1993.Google Scholar
Sorní, Miguel Navarro. “De homo regis a homo Ecclesiae: Reflexiones en torno al frentamiento entre al papa Calisto 3 y el rey Alfonso Magnánimo en la política italiana.” In Roma e il papato. Studi in onore di Massimo Miglio. Vol. 1: Percezioni, scambi, pratiche, ed. Amedeo de Vincentiis and Anna Modigliani, 475–90. Rome, 2012.Google Scholar
Stump, Phillip H. The Reforms of the Council of Constance 1414–1418. Leiden, 1993.Google Scholar
Tanner, Norman P., ed. Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils. Vol. 1. London, 1990.Google Scholar
Tomalio, Raffaele. Francesco Gonzaga di Guastalla cardinale alla corte romana di Pio IV: Nel carteggio privato con Mantova (1560–1565). Guastalla, 2004.Google Scholar
Tomas, Natalie R. The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence. Aldershot, 2003.Google Scholar
Unger, Miles J. Machiavelli: A Biography. New York, 2011.Google Scholar
Verstegen, Ian. “Francesco Maria and the Duchy of Urbino, between Rome and Venice.” In Patronage and Dynasty: The Rise of the Della Rovere in Renaissance Italy, ed. Ian F. Verstegen, 141–60. Kirksville, 2007.Google Scholar
Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. “Burocrazia, mobilità sociale e patronage alla corte di Roma tra Cinque e Seicento: Alcuni aspetti del recente dibattito storiografico e prospettive di ricerca.Roma moderna e contemporanea 3 (1995): 1155.Google Scholar
Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. “Factions in the Sacred College in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.” In Court and Politics in Papal Rome (2002), 99–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. “The Pope’s Household and Court in the Early Modern Age.” In Royal Courts in Dynastic States and Empires, ed. Jeroen Duindam, Tülay Artan, Metin Kunt, 239–64. Leiden, 2011.Google Scholar
Von Ranke, Leopold. The History of the Popes, their Church and State. Trans. E. Fowler. 3 vols. New York, 1901–07.Google Scholar
Weissman, Ronald. “Taking Patronage Seriously: Mediterranean Values and Renaissance Society.” In Patronage, Art and Society in Renaissance Italy, ed. F. W. Kent, Patricia Simons, and John Christopher Eade, 25–45. Oxford, 1987.Google Scholar
Whaley, Daniel P. The Papal State in the Thirteenth Century. New York, 1961.Google Scholar
Whitford, David M. “The Papal Antichrist: Martin Luther and the Underappreciated Influence of Lorenzo Valla.” Renaissance Quarterly 61.1 (2008): 26–52.Google Scholar
Williams, George L. Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. Jefferson, 1998.Google Scholar