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Food and Religious Identities in the Venetian Inquisition, ca. 1560–ca. 1640

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2021

Eleanor Barnett
Eleanor Barnett*
Affiliation:
Christ's College, University of Cambridge
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Abstract

Through Venetian Inquisition trials relating to Protestantism, witchcraft, and Judaism, this article illuminates the centrality of food and eating practices to religious identity construction. The Holy Office used food to assert its model of post-Tridentine piety and the boundaries between Catholics and the non-Catholic populations in the city. These trial records concurrently act as access points to the experiences and beliefs—to the lived religion—of ordinary people living and working in Venice from 1560 to 1640. The article therefore offers new insight into the workings and impacts of the Counter-Reformation.

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Articles
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 74 , Issue 1 , Spring 2021 , pp. 181 - 214
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2021. Published by the Renaissance Society of America

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Footnotes

With warm thanks to my PhD supervisors Ulinka Rublack and Craig Muldrew, and to Irene Galandra Cooper, Mary Laven, Valerio Zanetti, and Giulia Zanon for their help with Italian sources. Thanks are also due to the staff at the Archivio di Stato in Venice, where I carried out the research for this article. I gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the AHRC-DTP and the Levy-Plumb Fund at Christ's College, University of Cambridge, Grant Number 1796905.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Barnett, Eleanor. “Reforming Food and Eating in Protestant England, c. 1560–c. 1640.” Historical Journal 63.3 (2020): 507–27.10.1017/S0018246X19000426CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, Christopher. Church, Religion and Society in Early Modern Italy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.10.1007/978-0-230-80196-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boer, Wietse de. “The Counter-Reformation of the Senses.” In The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation (2013), 243–60.Google Scholar
Boer, Wietse de, and Göttler, Christine, eds. Religion and the Senses in Early Modern Europe. Leiden: Brill, 2012.Google Scholar
Boerio, Giuseppe. Dizionario del dialetto Veneziano. 3rd ed. Venice: G. Cecchini, 1867.Google Scholar
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Bynum, Caroline Walker. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Bynum, Caroline Walker. Christian Materiality: An Essay on Religion in Late Medieval Europe. New York: Zone Books, 2011.Google Scholar
Calimani, Riccardo. L'inquisizione a Venezia: Eretici e processi 1548–1674. 2nd ed. Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 2002.Google Scholar
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Corry, Maya, Howard, Deborah, and Laven, Mary, eds. Madonnas and Miracles: The Holy Home in Renaissance Italy. London: Philip Wilson Publishers, 2017.Google Scholar
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Douglas, Mary. “Deciphering a Meal.” Daedalus 101.1 (1972): 61–81.Google Scholar
Douglas, Mary. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concept[s] of Pollution and Taboo. Revised ed. London: Routledge, 2002.Google Scholar
Earle, Rebecca. “‘If You Eat Their Food . . .’: Diets and Bodies in Early Colonial Spanish America.” American Historical Review 115.3 (2010): 688–713.10.1086/ahr.115.3.688CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Grignon, Claude. “Commensality and Social Morphology: An Essay of Typology.” In Food, Drink and Identity: Cooking, Eating and Drinking in Europe Since the Middle Ages, ed. Scholliers, Peter, 23–34. Oxford: Berg, 2001.10.5040/9781350044845-ch-002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacke, Daniela. Women, Sex and Marriage in Early Modern Venice. Farnham: Ashgate, 2004.Google Scholar
Haigh, Christopher. “‘A Matter of Much Contention in the Realm’: Parish Controversies over Communion Bread in Post-Reformation England.” History 88.3 (2003): 393–404.10.1111/1468-229X.00269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, Peter Iver. “Fasting in England in the 1560s: ‘A Thinge of Nought’?” Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 94 (2003): 176–93.Google Scholar
Kissane, Christopher. Food, Religion and Communities in Early Modern Europe. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. “The Culinary Triangle.” In Food and Culture: A Reader, ed. Counihan, Carole and Esterik, Penny Van, 36–43. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2008.Google Scholar
Macfarlane, Alan. Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A Regional and Comparative Study. London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1970.10.4324/9780203259481CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, John. “Out of the Shadow: Heretical and Catholic Women in Renaissance Venice.” Journal of Family History 10.1 (1985): 21–33.10.1177/036319908501000102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, Ruth. Witchcraft and the Inquisition in Venice, 1550–1650. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.Google Scholar
Mayer, Thomas F. The Roman Inquisition on the Stage of Italy, c. 1590–1640. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.10.9783/9780812209341CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mintz, Sidney W., and Du Bois, Christine M.. “The Anthropology of Food and Eating.” Annual Review of Anthropology 31 (2002): 99–119.10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.032702.131011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Modena, Leon. The Autobiography of a Seventeenth-Century Venetian Rabbi: Leon Modena's Life of Judah. Trans. and ed. Cohen, Mark R.. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Monter, E. William, and Tedeschi, John. “Toward a Statistical Profile of the Italian Inquisitions, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries.” In The Inquisition in Early Modern Europe: Studies on Sources and Methods, ed. Henningsen, Gustav and Tedeschi, John with Amiel, Charles, 130–57. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Moryson, Fynes. An itinerary written by Fynes Moryson Gent. London, 1617.Google Scholar
Orsi, Robert. The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880–1950. 3rd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Plakotos, Giorgos. “Christian and Muslim Converts from the Balkans in Early Modern Venice: Patterns of Social and Cultural Mobility and Identities.” In Developing Cultural Identities in the Balkans: Convergence vs. Divergence, ed. Detrez, Raymond and Plas, Pieter, 125–45. Bern: Peter Lang, 2005.Google Scholar
Plakotos, Giorgos. “Interrogating Conversion: Discourses and Practices in the Venetian Inquisition (Sixteenth–Seventeenth Centuries).” In The Roman Inquisition (2018), 268–99.Google Scholar
Pollmann, Judith. “Being a Catholic in Early Modern Europe.” In The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation (2013), 165–82.Google Scholar
Pullan, Brian. The Jews of Europe and the Inquisition of Venice, 1550–1670. Oxford: Blackwell, 1983.Google Scholar
Ravid, Benjamin. “Cum Nimis Absurdum and the Ancona Auto-da-Fé Revisited: Their Impact on Venice and Some Wider Reflections.” Jewish History 26.1–2 (2012): 85–100.10.1007/s10835-012-9158-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravid, Benjamin. “Venice and Its Minorities.” In A Companion to Venetian History, 1400–1797, ed. Dursteler, Eric, 449–85. Leiden: Brill, 2013.Google Scholar
The Roman Inquisition: Centre versus Peripheries. Ed. Aron-Beller, Katherine and Black, Christopher. Leiden: Brill, 2018.10.1163/9789004361089CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruggiero, Guido. Binding Passions: Tales of Magic, Marriage, and Power at the End of the Renaissance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Ryrie, Alec. Being Protestant in Reformation Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565726.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salzberg, Rosa. “Mobility, Cohabitation and Cultural Exchange in the Lodging Houses of Early Modern Venice.” Urban History 46.3 (2019): 398–418.10.1017/S0963926818000536CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santosuosso, Antonio. “Religious Orthodoxy, Dissent and Suppression in Venice in the 1540s.” Church History 42.4 (1973): 476–85.10.2307/3164968CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, H. J., ed. Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent. Charlotte, NC: Tan Books and Publishers, 2011.Google Scholar
Seitz, Jonathan. Witchcraft and Inquisition in Early Modern Venice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.10.1017/CBO9780511894886CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sgroi, R. C. L. “Piscatorial Politics Revisited: The Language of Economic Debate and the Evolution of Fishing Policy in Elizabethan England.” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 35.1 (2003): 1–24.10.1017/S0095139000069143CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sodi, Manlio, and Flores Arcas, Juan Javier, eds. Rituale Romanum: Editio Princeps (1614). Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004.Google Scholar
Starr-LeBeau, Gretchen. “Gendered Investigations in Roman Inquisition Tribunals.” In The Roman Inquisition (2018), 352–72.Google Scholar
Stow, Kenneth. Catholic Thought and Papal Jewry Policy, 1555–1593. New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1977.Google Scholar
Terpstra, Nicholas, ed. Global Reformations: Transforming Early Modern Religions, Societies, and Cultures. London: Routledge, 2019.10.4324/9780429399152CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villani, Stefano. “Unintentional Dissent: Eating Meat and Religious Identity among British Residents in Early Modern Livorno.” In The Roman Inquisition (2018), 373–94.Google Scholar
Walsham, Alexandra. Catholic Reformation in Protestant Britain. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014.Google Scholar
Whaley, Leigh. Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400–1800. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.10.1057/9780230295179CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Jillian. Food and Religious Identities in Spain, 1400–1600. London: Routledge, 2017. Retrieved from https://cam.ldls.org.uk.10.4324/9781315212920CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zannini, Andrea. Venezia città aperta: Gli stranieri e la Serenissima XIV–XVIII sec. Venice: Marcianum Press, 2009. Kindle.Google Scholar
Zorattini, Pier Cesare Ioly, ed. Processi del S. Uffizio contro Ebrei e giudaizzanti. 14 vols. Florence: Olschki, 1980–99.Google Scholar
Zorattini, Pier Cesare Ioly. “Jews, Crypto-Jews, and the Inquisition.” In The Jews of Early Modern Venice, ed. Davis, Robert C. and Ravid, Benjamin, 97–116. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Archivio di Stato di Venezia (ASV), Venice, Santo Uffizio. Cited as ASV, SU, with the busta (b.), processo (proc.) name, date, and page numbers wherever known and applicable.Google Scholar
Albala, Ken. Food in Early Modern Europe. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Albala, Ken. “The Ideology of Fasting in the Reformation Era.” In Food and Faith in Christian Culture, ed. Albala, Ken and Eden, Trudy, 41–58. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.10.7312/columbia/9780231149976.003.0002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antoniano, Silvio. Tre libri dell'educatione Christiana dei figliuoli. Verona, 1584.Google Scholar
The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation. Ed. Bamji, Alexandra, Janssen, Geert H., and Laven, Mary. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.Google Scholar
Barnett, Eleanor. “Reforming Food and Eating in Protestant England, c. 1560–c. 1640.” Historical Journal 63.3 (2020): 507–27.10.1017/S0018246X19000426CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, Christopher. Church, Religion and Society in Early Modern Italy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.10.1007/978-0-230-80196-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boer, Wietse de. “The Counter-Reformation of the Senses.” In The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation (2013), 243–60.Google Scholar
Boer, Wietse de, and Göttler, Christine, eds. Religion and the Senses in Early Modern Europe. Leiden: Brill, 2012.Google Scholar
Boerio, Giuseppe. Dizionario del dialetto Veneziano. 3rd ed. Venice: G. Cecchini, 1867.Google Scholar
Bolognetti, Alberto. “Dello stato et forma delle cose ecclesiastiche nel dominio dei signori Venetiani, secondo che furono trovate et lasciate dal nunzio Alberto Bolognetti.” In Chiesa e stato nelle relazioni dei nunzi Pontifici a Venezia: Ricerche sul giurisdizionalismo Veneziano dal XVI al XVIII secolo, ed. Stella, Aldo, 105–318. Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1964.Google Scholar
Brundin, Abigail, Howard, Deborah, and Laven, Mary, eds. The Sacred Home in Renaissance Italy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.10.1093/oso/9780198816553.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buttes, Henry. Dyets dry dinner. London, 1599.Google Scholar
Bynum, Caroline Walker. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Bynum, Caroline Walker. Christian Materiality: An Essay on Religion in Late Medieval Europe. New York: Zone Books, 2011.Google Scholar
Calimani, Riccardo. L'inquisizione a Venezia: Eretici e processi 1548–1674. 2nd ed. Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 2002.Google Scholar
Calvin, John. Calvin's Tracts. Trans. Beveridge, Henry. 3 vols. Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society, 1844–51.Google Scholar
Castelvetro, Giacomo. The Fruit, Herbs and Vegetables of Italy: An Offering to Lucy, Countess of Bedford. Trans. Riley, Gillian. Totnes: Prospect Books, 2012.Google Scholar
Cohn, Norman. Europe's Inner Demons: An Enquiry Inspired by the Great Witch-Hunt. London: Heinemann for Sussex University Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Corry, Maya, Howard, Deborah, and Laven, Mary, eds. Madonnas and Miracles: The Holy Home in Renaissance Italy. London: Philip Wilson Publishers, 2017.Google Scholar
Counihan, Carole M. The Anthropology of Food and Body: Gender, Meaning, and Power. London: Routledge, 1999.Google Scholar
Davis, Robert C. “The Police and the Pugni: Sport and Social Control in Early-Modern Venice.” Stanford Humanities Review 6.2 (1998): n.p.Google Scholar
Douglas, Mary. “Deciphering a Meal.” Daedalus 101.1 (1972): 61–81.Google Scholar
Douglas, Mary. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concept[s] of Pollution and Taboo. Revised ed. London: Routledge, 2002.Google Scholar
Earle, Rebecca. “‘If You Eat Their Food . . .’: Diets and Bodies in Early Colonial Spanish America.” American Historical Review 115.3 (2010): 688–713.10.1086/ahr.115.3.688CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elton, G. R. “Piscatorial Politics in the Early Parliaments of Elizabeth I.” In Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government, 4:109–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.10.1017/CBO9780511560538.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gentilcore, David. Food and Health in Early Modern Europe: Diet, Medicine and Society, 1450–1800. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015.Google Scholar
Grignon, Claude. “Commensality and Social Morphology: An Essay of Typology.” In Food, Drink and Identity: Cooking, Eating and Drinking in Europe Since the Middle Ages, ed. Scholliers, Peter, 23–34. Oxford: Berg, 2001.10.5040/9781350044845-ch-002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacke, Daniela. Women, Sex and Marriage in Early Modern Venice. Farnham: Ashgate, 2004.Google Scholar
Haigh, Christopher. “‘A Matter of Much Contention in the Realm’: Parish Controversies over Communion Bread in Post-Reformation England.” History 88.3 (2003): 393–404.10.1111/1468-229X.00269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, Peter Iver. “Fasting in England in the 1560s: ‘A Thinge of Nought’?” Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 94 (2003): 176–93.Google Scholar
Kissane, Christopher. Food, Religion and Communities in Early Modern Europe. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. “The Culinary Triangle.” In Food and Culture: A Reader, ed. Counihan, Carole and Esterik, Penny Van, 36–43. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2008.Google Scholar
Macfarlane, Alan. Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A Regional and Comparative Study. London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1970.10.4324/9780203259481CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, John. “Out of the Shadow: Heretical and Catholic Women in Renaissance Venice.” Journal of Family History 10.1 (1985): 21–33.10.1177/036319908501000102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, Ruth. Witchcraft and the Inquisition in Venice, 1550–1650. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.Google Scholar
Mayer, Thomas F. The Roman Inquisition on the Stage of Italy, c. 1590–1640. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.10.9783/9780812209341CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mintz, Sidney W., and Du Bois, Christine M.. “The Anthropology of Food and Eating.” Annual Review of Anthropology 31 (2002): 99–119.10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.032702.131011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Modena, Leon. The Autobiography of a Seventeenth-Century Venetian Rabbi: Leon Modena's Life of Judah. Trans. and ed. Cohen, Mark R.. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Monter, E. William, and Tedeschi, John. “Toward a Statistical Profile of the Italian Inquisitions, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries.” In The Inquisition in Early Modern Europe: Studies on Sources and Methods, ed. Henningsen, Gustav and Tedeschi, John with Amiel, Charles, 130–57. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Moryson, Fynes. An itinerary written by Fynes Moryson Gent. London, 1617.Google Scholar
Orsi, Robert. The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880–1950. 3rd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Plakotos, Giorgos. “Christian and Muslim Converts from the Balkans in Early Modern Venice: Patterns of Social and Cultural Mobility and Identities.” In Developing Cultural Identities in the Balkans: Convergence vs. Divergence, ed. Detrez, Raymond and Plas, Pieter, 125–45. Bern: Peter Lang, 2005.Google Scholar
Plakotos, Giorgos. “Interrogating Conversion: Discourses and Practices in the Venetian Inquisition (Sixteenth–Seventeenth Centuries).” In The Roman Inquisition (2018), 268–99.Google Scholar
Pollmann, Judith. “Being a Catholic in Early Modern Europe.” In The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation (2013), 165–82.Google Scholar
Pullan, Brian. The Jews of Europe and the Inquisition of Venice, 1550–1670. Oxford: Blackwell, 1983.Google Scholar
Ravid, Benjamin. “Cum Nimis Absurdum and the Ancona Auto-da-Fé Revisited: Their Impact on Venice and Some Wider Reflections.” Jewish History 26.1–2 (2012): 85–100.10.1007/s10835-012-9158-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravid, Benjamin. “Venice and Its Minorities.” In A Companion to Venetian History, 1400–1797, ed. Dursteler, Eric, 449–85. Leiden: Brill, 2013.Google Scholar
The Roman Inquisition: Centre versus Peripheries. Ed. Aron-Beller, Katherine and Black, Christopher. Leiden: Brill, 2018.10.1163/9789004361089CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruggiero, Guido. Binding Passions: Tales of Magic, Marriage, and Power at the End of the Renaissance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Ryrie, Alec. Being Protestant in Reformation Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565726.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salzberg, Rosa. “Mobility, Cohabitation and Cultural Exchange in the Lodging Houses of Early Modern Venice.” Urban History 46.3 (2019): 398–418.10.1017/S0963926818000536CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santosuosso, Antonio. “Religious Orthodoxy, Dissent and Suppression in Venice in the 1540s.” Church History 42.4 (1973): 476–85.10.2307/3164968CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, H. J., ed. Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent. Charlotte, NC: Tan Books and Publishers, 2011.Google Scholar
Seitz, Jonathan. Witchcraft and Inquisition in Early Modern Venice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.10.1017/CBO9780511894886CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sgroi, R. C. L. “Piscatorial Politics Revisited: The Language of Economic Debate and the Evolution of Fishing Policy in Elizabethan England.” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 35.1 (2003): 1–24.10.1017/S0095139000069143CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sodi, Manlio, and Flores Arcas, Juan Javier, eds. Rituale Romanum: Editio Princeps (1614). Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004.Google Scholar
Starr-LeBeau, Gretchen. “Gendered Investigations in Roman Inquisition Tribunals.” In The Roman Inquisition (2018), 352–72.Google Scholar
Stow, Kenneth. Catholic Thought and Papal Jewry Policy, 1555–1593. New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1977.Google Scholar
Terpstra, Nicholas, ed. Global Reformations: Transforming Early Modern Religions, Societies, and Cultures. London: Routledge, 2019.10.4324/9780429399152CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villani, Stefano. “Unintentional Dissent: Eating Meat and Religious Identity among British Residents in Early Modern Livorno.” In The Roman Inquisition (2018), 373–94.Google Scholar
Walsham, Alexandra. Catholic Reformation in Protestant Britain. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014.Google Scholar
Whaley, Leigh. Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400–1800. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.10.1057/9780230295179CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Jillian. Food and Religious Identities in Spain, 1400–1600. London: Routledge, 2017. Retrieved from https://cam.ldls.org.uk.10.4324/9781315212920CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zannini, Andrea. Venezia città aperta: Gli stranieri e la Serenissima XIV–XVIII sec. Venice: Marcianum Press, 2009. Kindle.Google Scholar
Zorattini, Pier Cesare Ioly, ed. Processi del S. Uffizio contro Ebrei e giudaizzanti. 14 vols. Florence: Olschki, 1980–99.Google Scholar
Zorattini, Pier Cesare Ioly. “Jews, Crypto-Jews, and the Inquisition.” In The Jews of Early Modern Venice, ed. Davis, Robert C. and Ravid, Benjamin, 97–116. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.Google Scholar