Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T06:58:10.430Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

‘Most Fit for a Wounded Conscience” The Place of Luther's “Commentary on Galatians” in Grace Abounding*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Vera J. Camden*
Affiliation:
Kent State University

Extract

After a score of years, filled with fear and trembling and temptations, which were so terrible that — note well! — scarcely one individual in each generation experiences… this as Luther did.

— Kierkegaard

Many critics of John Bunyan's Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, perhaps “embarrassed by the rawness and repetitive misery of his lived experience,” have structured Bunyan's obsessive vacillations between hope and despair through identifying conventional stages in his autobiography, as if the intensity of Bunyan's narrative might be contained by placing him within a set of literary or theological conventions. Patricia Caldwell questions this critical focus on “thought” and doctrine, noting that “it is almost as if the literary people themselves are taking their cue from the Puritans themselves” by denying the affective power of a text which appears to follow conventional stages.

Type
Studies
Copyright
Copyright © Renaissance Society of America 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

A version of this essay was read at the Bunyan Session of the International Milton Symposium, Bangor, Wales, 1995. I would like to thank Michael J.B. Allen and the Renaissance Quarterly reviewers, as well as Professor Richard Greaves, for their helpful suggestions.

References

Adams, James Luther. “Paul Tillich on Luther.” Interpreters of Luther: Essays in Honor of Wilhelm Pauck. Ed. Pelikan, Jaroslav. Philadelphia, 1968.Google Scholar
Allison, Joel. “Religious Conversion: Regression and Progression in Adolescent Experience.” The Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 8 (1969): 2327.Google Scholar
Baker, Wayne. “ Sola Fide, Sola Gratia: The Battle for Luther in Seventeenth Century England.” The Sixteenth Century Journal 16:50 (1985): 115-33.Google Scholar
Baxter, Richard. The Saints Everlasting Rest. 4th ed. London, 1653.Google Scholar
Beal, Rebecca. “Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners: John Bunyan's Pauline Epistle.” Studies in English Literature 21 (1981): 145-60.Google Scholar
Berry, Philippa. “Women and Space According to Kristeva and Irigaray.” In Shadow of Spirit: Postmodernism and Religion, ed. Berry, Philippa and Warnick, Andrew. London and New York, 1992.Google Scholar
Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence. New York, 1973.Google Scholar
Bottral, Margaret. Every Man a Phoenix: Studies in Seventeenth Century Autobiography. London, 1958.Google Scholar
Brown, Peter. The Making of Late Antiquity. Cambridge, MA, 1978.Google Scholar
Brown, Peter. The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity. New York, 1988.Google Scholar
Bunyan, John. “A Map Shewing the Order and Causes of Salvation and Damnation.” In The Complete Works. 2d ed. 3 vols. Ed. Offor, George. London, 1860-62.Google Scholar
Bunyan, John. Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners. Ed. Sharrock, Roger. Oxford, 1962.Google Scholar
Bunyan, John. “The Author's Apology” to The Pilgrim's Progress from this World to that which is to Come. Ed. Wharey, James Blanton. 2d ed. by Sharrock, Roger. Oxford, 1975.Google Scholar
Bynum, Caroline Walker. Fragmentation and Redemption: Essays on Gender and the Human Body in Medieval Religion. New York, 1991.Google Scholar
Caldwell, Patricia. The Puritan Conversion Narrative: The Beginnings of American Expression. Cambridge, 1983.Google Scholar
Camden, Vera J.Blasphemy and the Problem of the Self in Grace Abounding .” Bunyan Studies: John Bunyan and His Times; 1 (1989): 521.Google Scholar
Camden, Vera J.Bunyan and the Quaker Doctrine of the ‘Inner Light’.” Presented at the George Fox Tercentenary Conference, Lancaster, England, 1991.Google Scholar
Carlton, Peter J.Bunyan: Language, Convention, Authority.” English Literary History 51 (1984): 1732.Google Scholar
Cavel, Stanley. “The Avoidance of Love: A Reading of King Lear .” In Must We Mean What We Say? Cambridge, MA, 1976.Google Scholar
Clover, Carol. Men, Women and Chain Saws: Gender and the Modern Horror Film. Princeton, 1992.Google Scholar
Damrosch, Leopold Jr. God's Plots and Man's Stories: Studies in the Fictional Imagination. Chicago, 1985.Google Scholar
Paul, Delaney. British Autobiography in the Seventeenth Century. London, 1969.Google Scholar
Ebner, Dean. Autobiography in the Seventeenth Century. The Hague, 1971.Google Scholar
Felman, Shoshana, and M.D., DoriLaub Testimony: Crisis of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis and History. New York, 1992.Google Scholar
Fish, Stanley. “Literature in the Reader: Affective Stylistics.” In Is There A Text In This Class?: The Authority of Interpretive Communities. Cambridge, MA, 1980.Google Scholar
Greaves, Richard. “John Bunyan and the Covenant Theology in the Seventeenth Century.” Church History 36 (1967): 153–61.Google Scholar
Greaves, Richard. John Bunyan. Grand Rapids, 1969.Google Scholar
Haskin, Dayton. “Bunyan, Luther, and the Struggle with Belatedness in Grace Abounding .” University of Toronto Quarterly 50 (1981): 300-13.Google Scholar
Haskin, Dayton. “ The Pilgrim's Progress in the Context of Bunyan's Dialogue with the Radicals.” Harvard Theological Review 71(1984): 7394.Google Scholar
Hooker, Richard. The Complete Works. 3 vols. Ed. Keeble, John. Oxford, 1863.Google Scholar
Gilman, Ernest. Iconoclasm and Poetry in the English Reformation. Chicago, 1986.Google Scholar
James, William. Varieties of Religious Experience. London, 1935.Google Scholar
Johnson, Mark. The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination and Reason. Chicago, 1987.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, U. Milo. The Pilgrim's Progress and Traditions in Puritan Meditation. New Haven and London, 1966.Google Scholar
Kerrigan, William. The Sacred Complex: On the Psychogenesis of Paradise Lost. Cambridge, MA, 1983.Google Scholar
Knott, John. The Sword of the Spirit: Puritan Responses to the Bible. Chicago, 1980.Google Scholar
Kristeva, Julia. Strangers to Ourselves. Trans. Roudiez, Leon S.. New York, 1991.Google Scholar
Lacan, Jacques. “The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience.” Ecrits: A Selection. Trans. Sheridan, Alan. New York, 1977.Google Scholar
Lakoff, George, and Johnson, Mark. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, 1980.Google Scholar
Leites, Edmund. Puritan Conscience and Modern Sexuality. New Haven, 1986.Google Scholar
Luther, Martin. A Commentary on Saint Paul's Epistle to the Galatians. Ed. Rev. Middleton, Erasmus. London, 1893. Rpt. of English trans. ca. 1575.Google Scholar
Luxon, T.H.The Pilgrim's Passive Progress: Luther and Bunyan on Talking and Doing, Word and Way.” ELH 53 (1986): 7398.Google Scholar
Luxon, T.H. “Calvin and Bunyan on Word and Image: Is There a Text in Interpreter's House?” English Literary Renaissance (1989): 438-59.Google Scholar
Luxon, T.H.‘Other Men's Words’ and the ‘New Birth’: Bunyan's Antihermeneutics of Experience.” Texas Studies in Language and Literature 36 (1994): 259–90.Google Scholar
Luxon, T.H. Literal Figures: Puritan Allegory and the Reformation Crisis in Representation. Chicago and London, 1995.Google Scholar
Mandel, John Barrett. “Bunyan and the Autobiographer's Artistic Purpose.” Criticism 10 (Summer 1968): 225-43.Google Scholar
Marcault, Emile. “Le ‘cas Bunyan’ et le Temperament psychologique.” Melanges litteraires et philosophies. Clermont-Ferrand, 1910.Google Scholar
Masson, Margaret. “The Typology of the Female as a Model for the Regenerate: Puritan Preaching, 1690-1730.” Signs 2 (1976): 304–15.Google Scholar
McAfee, Noelle. “Abject Strangers: Toward an Ethics of Respect.” In Ethics, Politics and Difference in Julia Kristeva's Writing. Ed. Oliver, Kelly. New York and London, 1993.Google Scholar
McDonnell, Kilian. John Calvin, the Church, and the Eucharist. Princeton, 1967.Google Scholar
McGrath, Alistair E. Luther's Theology of the Cross. London, 1985.Google Scholar
Meisner, W.W.Subjectivity in Psychoanalysis.” In Kierkegaard's Truth: The Disclosure of the Self. Ed. Smith, Joseph. New Haven, 1981.Google Scholar
Nuttall, Geoffrey. The Holy Spirit in Puritan Faith and Experience. Oxford, 1946.Google Scholar
Olofson Thickstun, Margaret. Fictions of the Feminine: Puritan Doctrine and the Representation of Women. Ithaca and London, 1988.Google Scholar
Reeves, Charles Eric. “Conveniently to Nature: Literary Art and Arbitrariness.” PMLA 101 (October 1986): 798810.Google Scholar
Ricoeur, Paul. The Rule of Metaphor. Toronto, 1977.Google Scholar
Schweitzer, Ivy. The Work of Self Representation; Lyric Poetry in Colonial New England. Chapel Hill, 1991.Google Scholar
Sharrock, Roger. “Personal Vision and Puritan Tradition in Bunyan.” The Hibbert Journal 56 (1957-58): 4760.Google Scholar
Stafford, Barbara Maria. Body Criticism: Imagining the Unseen in Enlightenment Art and Medicine. Cambridge, MA, 1991.Google Scholar
Steinberg, Leo. The Sexuality of Christ. New York, 1983.Google Scholar
Stranahan, Brainerd P.Bunyan's Special Talent: Biblical Texts as ‘Events’ in Grace Abounding and The Pilgrim's Progress .” ELR 11 (1981): 329-43.Google Scholar
Tindall, William York. John Bunyan: Mechanick Preacher. New York, 1934.Google Scholar
Walzer, Michael. The Revolution of the Saints: A Study in the Origins of Radical Politics. Cambridge, MA, 1965.Google Scholar
Ziff, Larzar. Puritanism in America. New York, 1973.Google Scholar