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Dalit cosmopolitans: Institutionally developmental global citizenship in struggles against caste discrimination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 October 2016

Luis Cabrera
Luis Cabrera*
Affiliation:
Associate Professor, Griffith Asia Institute and School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University
*
*Correspondence to: Luis Cabrera, Griffith Asia Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia. Author’s email: l.cabrera@griffith.edu.au
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Abstract

Besides stating that global or cosmopolitan citizenship is an incoherent concept in the absence of a global state, some critics assert that it represents a form of Western-centric moral neoimperialism. This article develops some responses to such objections through examining the efforts of Indian activists who have undertaken intensive international engagement in their struggles against caste discrimination. The National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights has sought to close domestic rights-implementation gaps for Dalits (formerly called untouchables) in part through vertical outreach to United Nations human rights bodies. This mode of outreach is shown to represent an important practice of global citizenship, and to challenge a view of South agent as primarily passive recipients of moral goods within a global citizenship frame. Further, the Dalit activists’ global citizenship practice is shown to be significantly ‘institutionally developmental’, in that it highlights implementation gaps in the global human rights regime and can contribute to pressures for suprastate institutional transformation and development to address them. NCDHR actions are, for example, highly salient to the recently renewed dialogue on creating a World Court of Human Rights.

Keywords

Global citizenshipDalit Rights, B. R. AmbedkarHuman RightsCosmopolitanism
Type
Articles
Information
Review of International Studies , Volume 43 , Issue 2 , April 2017 , pp. 280 - 301
Copyright
© British International Studies Association 2016 

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References

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2 Author interview, August 2013. The author conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with more than thirty leaders and numerous other supporters of the National Campaign for Dalit Human Rights, at its New Delhi headquarters and at ten cities or villages in seven Indian states, from 2010 to 2016. Also interviewed from 2014–16 were 25 officials of the Bharatiya Janata Party, which headed the governing coalition from 1998–2004. The Party had a sole majority in the lower house Lok Sabha and thus was independently the national ruling party from May 2014.

3 Author interview, March 2016.

4 India’s caste system is comprised of four main groupings or varnas: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras, the latter traditionally found in service occupations. Below these varnas, and formerly marked as ‘untouchable’, are Dalits. Extensive codes of conduct for members of the various groupings are found in the canonical Laws of Manu (c. 200 bce). See Doniger, Wendy and Smith, Brian K. (eds), The Laws of Manu (London: Penguin, 1991)Google Scholar.

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20 Cabrera, Practice.

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22 See Jaffrelot, Dr. Ambedkar and Untouchability, ch. 2.

23 Notably Jotirao Phule (1827–90). See Doctor, Adi H., Political Thinkers of Modern India (New Delhi: Mittal, 1997), pp. 115–120 Google Scholar; Jaffrelot, Dr. Ambedkar, pp. 15–17.

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25 See Cabrera, ‘“Gandhiji, I Have No Homeland”’.

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28 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, ‘An Appeal to the World: A Statement on the Denial of Human Rights to Minorities in the Case of Citizens of Negro Descent in the United States of America and an Appeal to the United Nations for Redress’ (1947), available at: {http://www.blackpast.org/1947-w-e-b-Du Bois-appeal-world-statement-denial-human-rights-minorities-case-citizens-n}.

29 W. E. B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, ‘Letter from B. R. Ambedkar to W. E. B. Du Bois’, available at: {https://www.saada.org/item/20140415-3544}. Du Bois sent the petition in July of the same year, with a letter to Ambedkar stating that ‘I have often heard of your name and work and of course have every sympathy with the Untouchables of India.’ W. E. B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, ‘Letter from W. E. B. Du Bois to B. R. Ambedkar’, 31 July 1946, available at: {https://www.saada.org/item/20140415-3544}.

30 In his resignation speech, Ambedkar expressed bitter disappointment that the Constitution had not brought major improvements for Dalits. Ambedkar, B. R., ‘Statement by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in explanation of his resignation’, in Vasant Moon (ed.), Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, Volume 14, Part 2 (Bombay: Education Department, Government of Maharashtra, 1995 [orig. pub. 1951]), pp. 1317–1327 Google Scholar, available at: {http://mea.gov.in/Images/attach/amb/Volume_14_02.pdf}.

31 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘Status of Ratification: Interactive Dashboard’ (2015), available at: {http://indicators.ohchr.org/}.

32 See Bob, ‘Dalit rights’, pp. 37–8; Waughray, Annapurna, ‘Caste discrimination and minority rights: the case of India’s Dalits’, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 17:2 (2010), pp. 327–353 CrossRefGoogle Scholar (pp. 335–7).

33 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, ‘Fourteenth Periodic Reports of State Parties Due in 1996: India’, CERD/C/299/Add.3 (State Party Report, 1996a), p. 3.

34 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, ‘Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, India’, CERD/C/304/Add.13 (1996b), para. 32.

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36 ‘About NCDHR: Phase III: (Holding State Accountable)’, available at: {http://www.ncdhr.org.in/aboutncdhr}.

37 Quoted in Bob, ‘Dalit rights’, p. 39.

38 Hardtmann, Eva-Maria, The Dalit Movement in India: Local Practices, Global Connections (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 233–239 Google Scholar; see Smith, Peter Jay, ‘Going global: the transnational politics of the Dalit movement’, Globalizations, 5:1 (2008), pp. 13–33 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

39 International Dalit Solidarity Network, ‘About Us’ (2015), available at: {http://idsn.org/about-us/} accessed 1 September 2015.

40 Lennox, Corinne, ‘Reviewing Durban: Examining the outputs and review of the 2001 World Conference Against Racism’, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 27:2 (2009), pp. 191–235 CrossRefGoogle Scholar (pp. 213–16).

41 Bob, ‘Dalit rights’, pp. 183–4.

42 See European Parliament, ‘European Parliament Resolution of 13 December 2012 on Caste Discrimination in India’, 2012/2909 (RSP).

43 H.Con.Res.139 – ‘Expressing the Sense of the Congress that the United States Should Address the Ongoing Problem of Untouchability in India’ (2007), available at: {https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-concurrent-resolution/139}; H.Res.158 – ‘Condemning Dalit Untouchability, the Practice of Birth-Descent Discrimination against Dalit People …’ (2015), available at: {https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/158}.

44 United Nations Human Rights Council, ‘Final Report of Mr. Yozo Yokota and Ms. Chin-Sung Chung, Special Rapporteurs on the Topic of Discrimination Based on Work and Descent’, A/HRC/11/CRP.3 (18 May 2009).

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47 Some individual leaders have indicated less resistance publicly. In 2006, the then Congress Party Prime Minister Manmohan Singh (2004–14) gained attention for comparing discrimination against Dalits to South African apartheid. ‘Indian leader likens caste system to apartheid regime’, The Guardian (28 December 2006).

48 United Nations, ‘Report of the Durban Review Conference’, A/CONF.211/8 (2009).

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50 IDSN noted that none of the 18 other member states on the Committee had posed a question.

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53 Ambedkar had similarly chastised Left liberals in the UK and United States for offering uncritical support to the independence struggle of Gandhi’s Congress Party, which he saw as perpetuating Dalit exclusion. Ambedkar, B. R., What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables (New Delhi: Gautam, 2009 [orig. pub. 1945]), p. 229 Google Scholar.

54 See also Isin, ‘Claiming European citizenship’, pp. 39–40.

55 Author interview, August 2013. Dalit activists are not named in this article, given the specific government criticisms of their actions.

56 Author interview, August 2013.

57 Author interview, August 2013. Manual scavenging involves the removal by hand of excrement from dry toilets, an occupation typically imposed on lower-caste persons. It is barred by law in India, but the 2011 Census of India recorded more than 700,000 persons still engaged in the practice. See United Nations in India, ‘Breaking Free: Rehabilitating Manual Scavengers’ (2016), available at: {http://in.one.un.org/page/breaking-free-rehabilitating-manual-scavengers}.

58 Author interview, September 2013.

59 An honorific for Ambedkar.

60 Author interview, September 2013. Manusmriti is another name for the Laws of Manu. See fn. 3.

61 Author interview, August 2013.

62 Author interview, August 2013.

63 Author interview, September 2013.

64 Author interview, R. Balashankar, New Delhi, India, February 2014.

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66 Author interview, Yashwant Sinha, Noida, National Capital Region, India, March 2014.

67 Author interview, Sambit Patra, New Delhi, India, March 2016.

68 Author interview, Nalin Kohli, New Delhi, India, February 2014.

69 Author interview, Chandan Mitra, New Delhi, India, March 2014.

70 Author interview, Vijendra Gupta, New Delhi, India, March 2016.

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75 Deveaux, ‘The global poor’, p. 9; Cabrera, Practice, pp. 157–64; see also Schattle, Hans, The Practices of Global Citizenship (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008)Google Scholar. Schattle sought out for interviews dozens of people in North and South countries who had declared themselves to be global citizens; and see Ypi, Lea, Global Justice and Avant-Garde Political Agency (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)Google Scholar.

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78 Author interview August 2013; on Dalit activists’ sometimes-assertive tactics at the WCAR Durban meeting, see Davinder Kumar, ‘Grumble of distant drums’, Outlook (17 September, 2001), available at: {http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/grumble-of-distant-drums/213165}.

79 Author interview, August 2013.

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82 Author interview, March 2016.

83 Author interview, August 2013.

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86 Author interview, August 2013.

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90 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘Human Rights Council Advisory Committee Discusses New Priorities and Research Initiatives’ (15 August 2013), available at: {http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=13633&LangID=E}.

91 Panel on Human Dignity, ‘Protecting Dignity’.

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