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Lacan in the US cyber defence: Between public discourse and transgressive practice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 March 2020

Jeppe T. Jacobsen Open the ORCID record for Jeppe T. Jacobsen [Opens in a new window]
Jeppe T. Jacobsen*
Affiliation:
Institute for Military Technology, Royal Danish Defence College
*
*Corresponding author. Email: jeja@fak.dk
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Abstract

Edward Snowden exposed the discrepancy between the official US defence discourse of liberal values in cyberspace and secret surveillance and cyber exploitation practices. Situated in the critical literature on security and surveillance, the article proposes that more attention needs to be paid to the constitutive role of transgressive practices for security communities. The article introduces a Lacanian strategy for studying transgression in the US cyber defence community. Through this strategy, a transgressive other – in this case, China in cyberspace – enters the fantasy of the US cyber defence community as the symptom that conceals more fundamental tensions in the US cyber defence. But the community's representation of China in cyberspace represents more than that; China is a fantasmatic object that structures and gives content to a desire for transgressing the official ideals of the US cyber defence. This is why the excessive cyber practices that China is criticised for conducting mirror the secret, disavowed transgressions of the US cyber defence. Transgressions, the article concludes through Lacan, provide the necessary (partial) enjoyment that sustains the US cyber defence community as a solidarity-in-guilt and the official US cyber defence discourse.

Keywords

TransgressionUS Cyber DefenceJacques LacanSlavoj ŽižekSurveillanceCritical Security Studies
Type
Research Article
Information
Review of International Studies , Volume 46 , Issue 5 , December 2020 , pp. 613 - 631
Copyright
Copyright © British International Studies Association 2020

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34 To capture this process, Lacan introduces the notion objet petit a, which stands for the process through which our desire becomes attached to objects, as well as a structural position that ensures that the objects remain unattainable.

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44 Ibid.

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46 Žižek, Tarrying with the Negative, p. 203, fn. 7.

47 Lacan's matrix for the Four Discourses, and particularly the Master Discourse, offers a useful methodological entry point into this initial step of the symptomal reading. Without expressively engaging in a symptomal reading, Arfi's discussion on Wendtian constructivism provides an excellent illustration of how the structural relations in the Master Discourse inevitably lead to the construction of a fantasy. Arfi, ‘Fantasy in the discourse of “social theory of international politics”’. For another discursive reading of Lacan. See also Solomon, The Politics of Subjectivity in American Foreign Policy Discourses.

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56 Supplementing the reading of official sources, the article draws here on eight interviews with US officials working with defending the US in cyberspace, two from the US Cyber Command, four from the US Military Academy, West Point, one from US Indo-Pacific Command, and one from NATO Headquarters. One conversation took place in 2015, while the others took place in late 2016 and early 2017. Two additional interviews have been made with employees at FireEye and Crowdstrike. None of the individuals were willing to be quoted with name and rank and have thus been anonymised.

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66 Ibid.

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80 Ibid.

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85 Joye, ‘Interview transcript’.

86 Žižek, The Metastases of Enjoyment, p. 55.

87 Darren Samuelsohn, ‘Inside the NSA's hunt for hackers’, Politico (9 December 2015), available at: {http://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2015/12/federal-government-cyber-security-technology-worker-recruiting-000330} accessed 20 November 2018.

88 Cheryl Pellerin, ‘Carter unveils new DoD cyber strategy in Silicon Valley’, DoD News (23 April 2015), available at: {https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/604511/} accessed 20 November 2018.

89 Interviews with FireEye and CrowdStrike employees.

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91 Grosrichard, The Sultan's Court, p. 11.

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94 Ibid.

95 Michael Daniel, ‘Heartbleed: Understanding when we disclose cyber vulnerabilities’, White House Blog (28 April 2014), available at: {https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/04/28/heartbleed-understanding-when-we-disclose-cyber-vulnerabilities} accessed 20 November 2018.

96 Ibid.

97 Ellen Nakashima and Craig Timberg, ‘NSA officials worried about the day its potent hacking tool would get loose. Then it did’, Washington Post (16 May 2017), available at: {https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/nsa-officials-worried-about-the-day-its-potent-hacking-tool-would-get-loose-then-it-did/2017/05/16/50670b16-3978-11e7-a058-ddbb23c75d82_story.html?utm_term=.1a0da5176c99} accessed 20 November 2018.

98 Peter Maass, ‘The hunter – he was a hacker for the NSA and he was willing to talk. I was willing to listen’, The Intercept (28 June 2016), available at: {https://theintercept.com/2016/06/28/he-was-a-hacker-for-the-nsa-and-he-was-willing-to-talk-i-was-willing-to-listen/} accessed 20 November 2018.

99 Gibney (dir.), Zero Days, 1:45:25–1:46:25.