Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T11:53:54.959Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Rethinking national temporal orders: the subaltern presence and enactment of the political

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2016

Tarja Väyrynen
Tarja Väyrynen*
Affiliation:
Professor of Peace and Conflict Research and Director of Tampere Peace Research Institute (TAPRI), University of Tampere
*
* Correspondence to: Tarja Väyrynen, Professor of Peace and Conflict Research and Director of Tampere Peace Research Institute (TAPRI) at the University of Tampere, Finland. Author’s email: tarja.vayrynen@uta.fi
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

How the past is remembered is fundamental to the production and reproduction of postwar sovereign political power. However, Internation Relations’ (IR) explicit interest in the practices of remembrance, and particularly in time remains a relatively new one. This article seeks to show how Jacques Rancière’s discussion of temporality, subaltern history, and politics – which allows the study of parallel and enmeshing temporal universes – contributes to the IR literature on time. In this view, when speech is acquired by those whose right to speak is not recognised they can produce temporalities that disturb hegemonic representations of time constellations and reorganise the nation’s relationship to its past. The article analyses the moment of Kaisu Lehtimäki’s telling her war story in public, and understands it to be a material and symbolic event that shatters the hegemonic distribution of the Finnish postwar national history and truth.

Keywords

Temporal OrdersSovereign PowerSubaltern HistoryPolitics
Type
Articles
Information
Review of International Studies , Volume 42 , Issue 4 , October 2016 , pp. 597 - 612
Copyright
© British International Studies Association 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Kaisu Lehtimäki in the documentary film by Suutari, Virpi, Auf Wiedersehen Finnland (Helsinki: ForReal Productions, 2010)Google Scholar; Kaisu Lehtimäki in a discussion that followed the release of the documentary, ‘Saksalaissotilaiden matkaan lähteneet avaavat kipeitä muistojaan’, Yle aamu-tv (28 January 2010), available at: {http://yle.fi/uutiset/saksalaissotilaiden_matkaan_lahteneet_avaavat_kipeita_muistojaan/5498851} accessed 12 September 2014; Kaisu Lehtimäki in a major newspaper interview, Anna-Stina Nykänen, ‘Saksalaisten matkaan 1944 lähteneet naiset epäröivät yhä puhua’, Helsingin Sanomat (21 March 2010). Rens van Munster and Casper Sylvest discuss the truth claims documentary films make. In this article I am not interested in the truth claims of Suutari’s film as such, but rather in Kaisu’s corporeal performance. van Munster, Rens and Sylvest, Casper, ‘Documenting international relations: Documentary film and the creative arrangement of perceptibility’, International Studies Perspective, 16:3 (2015), pp. 229–245 Google Scholar.

2 Kivimäki, Cf. Ville, ‘Between defeat and victory: Finnish memory culture of the Second World War’, Scandinavian Journal of History, 37:4 (2012), pp. 482–504 Google Scholar; Kinnunen, Tiina and Kivimäki, Ville (eds), Finland in World War II: History, Memory, Interpretations (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2012)Google Scholar; Meinander, Henrik, ‘A separate story? Interpretations of Finland in the Second World War’, in Henrik Stenius, Mirja Österberg, and Johan Östling (eds), Nordic Narratives of the Second World War: National Histographies Revisited (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2011), pp. 55–78 Google Scholar. The consensual view of history has been advanced also by the national core curriculum. The public school system with its highly homogenised national core curriculum has reinforced a widely shared desire for national consensus regarding its history and a belief in the unifying potential of the Second World War. The materials used for teaching history have been published by the major publishers and have been homogenous in their content. The unifying potential is thought to be particularly important in the country that was divided in the bloody civil war in 1918.

3 For the relationship between obsession, power, and dominance see Brivic, Shelly, Joyce Through Lacan and Žižek: Explorations (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), pp. 65–76 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 Lunde, Henrik, Finland’s War of Choice: The Troubled Finnish-German Alliance in World War II (Havertown, Newbury: Casemate Publishers, 2011)Google Scholar; Kivimäki, ‘Between defeat and victory’, pp. 490–491 Google Scholar.

5 I use the term ‘history writing’ instead of historiography in order to indicate that the consensual view of Finnish history has gone beyond history as an academic discipline.

6 Said, Edward W., Culture and Imperialism (London: Vintage, 1993), p. 51 Google Scholar.

7 The term ‘subaltern’ is elaborated in the work of Antonio Gramsci to refer to groups who are outside the established structures of political representation. I am aware of the critique presented, for example, by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak who argues that using the term too loosely is dangerous. For me, the term relates to the Rancièrian understanding of the political, namely, to those who form no part, those who are invisible.

8 Bhabha, Homi, ‘DissemiNation: Time, narrative, and the margins of the modern nation’, in Homi Bhabha (ed.), Nation and Narration (New York: Routledge, 1994), p. 148 Google Scholar.

9 Said, Culture and Imperialism, pp. 51–66. For contrapuntal method in IR see Chowdhry, Geeta, ‘Edward Said and contrapuntal reading: Implications for critical interventions in International Relations’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 36:1 (2007), pp. 101–116 Google Scholar; Krishna, Sankaran, ‘Race, amnesia and the education of International Relations’, Alternatives, 26:4 (2001), pp. 401–424 Google Scholar.

10 Hutchings, Kimberly, Time and World Politics: Thinking the Present (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2008)Google Scholar. See also Hindess, Barry, ‘The past is another culture’, International Political Sociology, 1:4 (2007), pp. 325–338 Google Scholar; Connolly, William, Pluralism (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2005)Google Scholar.

11 Hom, Andrew, ‘Hegemonic metronome: the ascendancy of Western Standard Time’, Review of International Studies, 36:1 (2010), pp. 145–170 Google Scholar. See also Hom, Andrew and Steele, Brent, ‘Open horizons: the temporal visions of reflexive realism’, International Studies Review, 12:2 (2010), pp. 271–300 Google Scholar.

12 Walker, R. B. J., After the Globe, Before the World (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010)Google Scholar.

13 Callahan, William, ‘War, shame, and time: Pastoral governance and national identity in England and America’, International Studies Quarterly, 50:2 (2006), pp. 395–419 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 Aradau, Claudia and van Munster, Rens, ‘The time/space of preparedness: Anticipating the “next terrorist attack”’, Space and Culture, 15:2 (2012), pp. 98–109 Google Scholar; de Goede, Marieke, Speculative Security: The Politics of Pursuing Terrorist Monies (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 2012)Google Scholar.

15 Bousquet, Antoine, ‘Time zero: Hiroshima, September 11, and apocalyptic revelations in historical consciousness’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 34:3 (2006), pp. 739–764 Google Scholar; Ferreira, Maria and Marcelino, Pedro, ‘Politics of trauma times: Of subjectivity, war and humanitarian intervention’, Ethics & Global Politics, 4:2 (2011), pp. 135–145 Google Scholar; Edkins, Jenny, Trauma and the Memory of Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)Google Scholar; Campbell, David, ‘Time is broken: the return of the past in the response to September 11’, Theory & Event, 5:4 (2002), pp. 1–9 Google Scholar.

16 Heath-Kelly, Charlotte, Politics of Violence: Militancy, International Politics, Killing in the Name (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013)Google Scholar; Jarvis, Lee, Times of Terror: Discourse, Temporality, and the War on Terror (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)Google Scholar.

17 See, for example, Bhabha, ‘DissemiNation’; Chakrabarty, Dipesh, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000)Google Scholar; Guha, Ranjarit, ‘The small voices of history’, in Shahid Amin and Dipesh Chakrabarty (eds), Subaltern Studies IX, Writings on South Asian History and Society (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 1–12 Google Scholar; Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999)Google Scholar.

18 Chakrabarty, , Provincializing Europe, p. 108 Google Scholar; Connolly, , Pluralism, pp. 68–92 Google Scholar.

19 , Guha, ‘The small voices’, p. 12 Google Scholar.

20 Marshall, Cf. Bill, Quebec National Cinema (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2001), p. 9 Google Scholar.

21 Chakrabarty, Cf., Provincializing Europe, p. 107 Google Scholar.

22 Rancière, Jacques, Disagreement (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), pp. 99–100 Google Scholar; Rancière, Jacques, ‘A few remarks on the method of Jacques Rancière’, Parallax, 15:3 (2009), p. 116 Google Scholar.

23 Rancière, Jacques, ‘Politics and aesthetics: an interview’, Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities, 8:2 (2003), p. 201 Google Scholar; Rancière, Jacques, The Politics of Aesthetics (London: Continuum, 2006), p. 13 Google Scholar.

24 Rancière, Jacques, ‘Ten theses on politics’, Theory and Event, 5:3 (2001)Google Scholar, thesis 7, available at: {http://www.egs.edu/faculty/jacques-ranciere/articles/ten-thesis-on-politics/} accessed 1 October 2014; Rancière, Disagreement, pp. 28–9.

25 The direct quotations are from the documentary film, although Kaisu repeats their content in her morning TV appearance and newspaper interviews.

26 Butalia, Urvashi, The Other Side of Silence, Voices from the Partition of India (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1998)Google Scholar; Ehlstain, Jean Bethke, Women and War (New York: Basic Books, 1987)Google Scholar; Enloe, Cynthia, ‘Womenandchildren: Making feminist sense of the Persian Gulf War’, The Village Voice (25 September 1990)Google Scholar; Yuval-Davis, Nira, Gender and Nation (London: Sage, 1997)Google Scholar; Yuval-Davis, Mira and Anthias, Floya, Women – Nation – State (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2002)Google Scholar; Mostov, Julie and Ivekovic, Rada (eds), From Gender to Nation (New Delhi: Zubaan Books, 2006)Google Scholar.

27 Parashar, Swati, ‘Women militants as gendered political subjects’, in Annica Kronsell and Erica Svedberg (eds), Making Gender, Making War (New York: Routledge, 2012), pp. 166–181 Google Scholar; Hayashi, Hirofumi, ‘Disputes in Japan over the Japanese “comfort women” system and its perception in history’, The Annals of the Academy of the American Political and Social Science, 617:1 (2008), pp. 23–32 Google Scholar; Sjoberg, Laura and Gentry, Caron, ’Mothers, Monsters, Whores: Women’s Violence in Global Politics (London: Zed Books, 2007)Google Scholar; Soh, Sara, The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2008)Google Scholar.

28 Sylvester, Christine, War as Experience: Contributions from International Relations and Feminist Analysis (London: Routledge, 2013)Google Scholar. See also Sylvester, Christine, ‘War experiences/war practices/war theory’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 40:3 (2012), pp. 480–503 Google Scholar; Enloe, Cynthia, Nimo’s War, Emma’s War: Making Feminist Sense of the Iraq War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010)Google Scholar.

29 For the corporeal IR see Puumala, Eeva, Väyrynen, Tarja, Kynsilehto, Anitta, and Pehkonen, Samu, ‘Events of the body politic: A Nancian reading of asylum-seekers’ bodily choreographies and resistance’, Body & Society, 17:4 (2011), pp. 83–104 Google Scholar; Puumala, Eeva and Pehkonen, Samu, ‘Corporeal choreographies between politics and the political – failed asylum-seekers moving from body politics to bodyspaces’, International Political Sociology, 4:1 (2010), pp. 50–65 Google Scholar; Väyrynen, Tarja, ‘Keeping the trauma of war open in the male body – resisting the hegemonic forms of masculinity and Finnish national identity’, Journal of Gender Studies, 22:2 (2013), pp. 137–151 Google Scholar; Väyrynen, Tarja, ‘Corporeal migration’, in Mark B. Salter and Can E. Mutlu (eds), Research Methods in Critical Security Studies (Oxon: Routledge, 2013), pp. 169–172 Google Scholar; Väyrynen, Tarja, ‘The Finnish national identity and the sacrificial male body: War, postmemory and resistance’, National Identities (2015)Google Scholar, DOI 10.1080/14608944.2015.1061489.

30 Women’s time refers to female temporality that is devided between cyclical, natural time (for example, repetition, the biological clock) and monumental time (for example, the cult of maternity). They are different from linear national time that is defined by progression and teleology. Kristeva, Julia, Jardine, Alice, and Blake, Harry, ‘Women’s time’, Signs, 7:1 (1981), pp. 13–35 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

31 Rancière, Jacques, ‘The thinking of dissensus: Politics and aesthetics’, in Paul Bowman and Richard Stamp (eds), Reading Rancière (London: Continuum, 2011), pp. 1–17 Google Scholar; On resistance, agency, and social transformation see Lovell, Terry, ‘Resisting with authority: Historical specificity, agency and the performative self’, Theory Culture Society, 20:1 (2003), pp. 1–17 Google Scholar. In Finland, the opening has been brought forth both individual calls for recognition from, for example, the children of foreign soldiers and the new generation of Finnish academic historians who have partly answered to this call.

32 Rancière, ‘Ten theses on politics’, thesis 4.

33 Bleiker, Roland and Hutchison, Emma, ‘Fear no more: Emotions and world politics’, Review of International Studies, 34 (2008), pp. 115–135 Google Scholar; Burgess, Peter, The Ethical Subject of Security: Geopolitical Reasons and the Threat against Europe (London: Routledge, 2011)Google Scholar; Edkins, Jenny, ‘Forget trauma? Responses to September 11’, International Relations, 16:2 (2002), pp. 243–256 Google Scholar; Edkins, Trauma and the Memory of Politics; Edkins, Jenny, ‘Remembering rationality: Trauma time and politics’, in Duncan Bell (ed.), Memory, Trauma and World Politics (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), pp. 99–115 Google Scholar; Shapiro, Michael, Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of War (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997)Google Scholar; Väyrynen, ‘Keeping the trauma’; Väyrynen, ‘The Finnish national identity’; Weber, Cynthia, Faking It: American Hegemony in a Post-Phallic Era (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999)Google Scholar. For a Freudian account see Schuett, Richard, Political Realism, Freud and Human Nature in International Relations (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)Google Scholar.

34 Edkins, , ‘Remembering rationality’, p. 109 Google Scholar.

35 Ibid., pp. 113–15.

36 Burgess, The Ethical Subject of Security, p. 7.

37 Duara, Prasenjit, Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), p. 29 Google Scholar. See also Hobsbawm, Eric, ‘Ethnicity and nationalism in Europe today’, Anthropology Today, 8:1 (1992), pp. 3–8 Google Scholar; Olick, Jeffrey K. and Robbins, Joyce, ‘Social memory studies: From “collective memory” to the historical sociology of mnemonic practices’, Annual Review of Sociology, 24 (1998), pp. 105–140 Google Scholar; Nora, Pierre, ‘Between memory and history: Les lieux de mémoire’, Representations, 26:2 (1989), pp. 7–24 Google Scholar.

38 Edkins, , ‘Remembering rationality’, p. 101 Google Scholar. See also Edkins, Trauma and the Memory of Politics, p. xv; Shapiro, Michael, ‘Partition blues’, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 27:2 (2002), p. 254 Google Scholar. On memory and collective identity see, for example, Bell, Duncan, ‘Memory, trauma and world politics’, in Duncan Bell (ed.), Memory, Trauma and World Politics (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), pp. 1–32 Google Scholar; Connerton, Paul, How Societies Remember (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)Google Scholar. In Finland, historiography has taken part in sedimenting a master narrative of the Second World War. The Finnish newspaper Helsingin Sanomat conducted a survey in 2008 among 28 professors of History and the results show that the historians themselves were then open to a variety of interpretations concerning, for example, the Finnish alliance with Nazi Germany. They, however, agreed that the public view of Finnish history has remained one-sided and alternative interpretations often evoke emotional responses. Professor Kirsi-Maria Vainio-Korhonen noted that ‘Finnish historiography is foremost about men’s history and particularly men’s war and combat history’ and Professor Juha Siltala suspects that ‘if one questions the consensual view of Finnish history approved by the financial, political and administrative elite, one is unlikely to get research funding’. Esa Mäkinen, ‘Suomi oli natsi-Saksan liittolainen’, Helsingin Sanomat (19 October 2008). The newspaper calls also for academic research on the close relation between the Finnish artists and researchers and the Third Reich during the 1930s and 1940s. Veijo Murtomäki, ‘Natsisuhteissa olisi penkomista’, Helsingin Sanomat (12 August 2015).

39 The narrative states that the postwar years had entailed a careful and cautious balancing act between Soviet influence and the West. The Finnish integration into the EU in 1995 was seen as a ‘return to Europe’ and to ‘European family’ of equal, free, and wealthy nations. The EU was seen to be a peace project in which Finland could easily find its place, and even take a leading role, for example in civilian crises management initiatives.

40 Westerlund, Lars (ed.), Saksalaisten ja neuvostosotilaiden lapset (Helsinki: Nord Print, 2011)Google Scholar. See similar studies on other countries: Aarnes, Helle, Tyskertjentene: Historiene vi aldri ble foralt (Oslo: Gyldendal, 2009)Google Scholar; Ericsson, Kjersti and Simonsen, Eva, Children of World War II: The Hidden Enemy Legacy (Oxford, New York: Berg, 2005)Google Scholar; Gildea, Roberta, Warring, Anette, and Wieveorka, Olivier, Surviving Hitler: Daily Life in Occupied Europe (Oxford, New York: Berg Publishers, 2006)Google Scholar; Kundrus, Birthe, ‘Forbidden company: Romantic relationships between Germans and foreigners, 1939 to 1945’, in Dagmar Herzog (ed.), Sexuality and German Fascism (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2005), pp. 201–222 Google Scholar; Maier, Clemens, Making Memories: The Politics of Remembrance in Postwar Norway and Denmark (Florence: European University Institute, 2007)Google Scholar; Virgili, Fabrice, Shorn Women: Gender and Punishment in Liberation France (Oxford, New York: Berg Publishers, 2002)Google Scholar.

41 Heiskanen, Anu, ‘“Sitä taas eletään tätä päivää”: Nuoren naisen elämä ja valinnat Kolmannen valtakunnan vaikutuspiirissä ja miehitetyssä Saksassa’, in Tiina Kinnunen and Ville Kivimäki (eds), Ihminen Sodassa (Helsinki: Minerva, 2006), pp. 261–274 Google Scholar; Junila, Marianne, Kotirintaman aseveljeyttä (Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2000)Google Scholar; Kontinen, Ville, ‘Lemmestä, pelosta ja pakostakin: Suomalaisten motiivit saksalaisjoukkojen mukaan lähtemiselle syksyllä 1944’, in Lars Westerlund (ed.), Saksalaisten ja neuvostosotilaiden lapset (Helsinki: Nord Print, 2011), pp. 159–179 Google Scholar; Virolainen, Kari, Elinikäinen taakka (Rovaniemi: Lapin yliopisto, 1999)Google Scholar.

42 Pandey, Gyanendra, Routine Violence, Nations, Fragments, Histories (Standford: Standford University Press, 2006), p. 60 Google Scholar. See also Butalia, , The Other Side of Silence, pp. 350–352 Google Scholar; Guha, , ‘Small voices’, pp. 1–12 Google Scholar.

43 Ray, Larry, ‘Mourning, melancholia and violence’, in Duncan Bell (ed.), Memory, Trauma and World Politics (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 138 Google Scholar.

44 Bhabha, , ‘DissemiNation’, p. 311 Google Scholar.

45 On national memory and forgetting from the perspective of International Relations see Bleiker, Roland and Hoang, Jung-ju, ‘Rembering and forgetting the Korean War: From trauma to reconciliation’, in Duncan Bell (ed.), Memory, Trauma and World Politics: Reflections of the Relationship between Part and Present (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), pp. 195–212 Google Scholar; Zehfuss, Maja, Wounds of Memory: The Politics of War in Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011)Google Scholar.

46 Campbell, David, National Deconstruction, Violence, Identity and Justice in Bosnia (Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1998), pp. 33–43 Google Scholar; Klinke, Ian, ‘Choronopolitics: a conceptual matrix’, Progress in Human Geography, 37:5 (2013), pp. 678–679 Google Scholar.

47 Deleuze, Gilles, Logic of Sense (London: Continuum, 2004), p. 89 Google Scholar.

48 On national time see Bhabha, ‘DissemiNation’; Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1993), pp. 24–26 Google Scholar; Duara, Rescuing History; Boyarin, James, ‘Space, time, and the politics of memory’, in James Boyarin and Charles Tilly (eds), Remapping Memory, The Politics of TimeSpace (Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1995), pp. 1–32 Google Scholar; Guha, ‘The small voices’; Kristeva, ‘Women’s time’, pp. 16–19; Martin-Jones, David, Deleuze, Cinema and the National Identity: Narrative Time in National Context (Columbia: Columbia University Press, 2008), pp. 19–39 Google Scholar.

49 Kirby, D. G., Finland in the Twentieth Century: A History and an Interpretation (London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1979)Google Scholar; Lunde, Finland’s War; Kivimäki, , ‘Between defeat and victory’, p. 483 Google Scholar.

50 Tarja Halonen, ‘Speech by President of the Republic Tarja Halonen at the French Institute of International Relations’ Paris, IFRI (1 March 2005), available at: {http://www.eilen.fi/fi/1451/?language=en} accessed 1 October 2014.

51 Klinke, , ‘Choronopolitics’, p. 675 Google Scholar.

52 Martin-Jones, , Deleuze, p. 29 Google Scholar.

53 Bergson, Henri, Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness, trans. F. L. Pogson (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1910), p. 100 Google Scholar.

54 Ibid., p. 100.

55 For the Bergsonian view see Bergson, Henri, Matter and Memory (London: Swan Sonnenschein and Co. Ltd, 1911)Google Scholar; Bergson, Time and Free Will; Deleuze, Gilles, Cinema 2: The Time Image (London: Continuum, 2005)Google Scholar; Hutchings, Kimberly, ‘What is orientation in thinking? On the question of time and timeliness in cosmopolitical thought’, Constellations, 18:2 (2011), pp. 190–204 Google Scholar; Hutchings, Time and World Politics.

56 Butler, Judith, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence (London: Verso, 2004), p. 23 Google Scholar.

57 Martin-Jones, , Deleuze, p. 30 Google Scholar.

58 Scarry, Elaine, The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 209 Google Scholar.

59 Heiskanen, Anu, ‘Kolmanteen valtakuntaan 1944 lähteneiden naisten kokemuksia äitiydestä ja selviytymisestä’, in Lars Westerlund (ed.), Saksalaisten ja neuvostosotilaiden lapset (Helsinki: Nord Print, 2011), pp. 184–198 Google Scholar; Junila, Kotirintaman aseveljeyttä; Kontinen, ‘Lemmestä, pelosta ja pakostakin’, pp. 159–79; Väyrynen, Tarja, ‘Muted national memory: When the “Hitler’s Brides” speak the truth’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 16:2 (2014), pp. 218–235 Google Scholar.

60 On corporeal memory see Becker, Gay, Beyene, Yewoubdar, and Ken, Pauline, ‘Memory, trauma, and embodied distress: the management of disruption in the stories of Cambodians in exile’, Ethos, 28:3 (2000), pp. 320–345 Google Scholar; Culbertson, Roberta, ‘Embodied memory, transcendence, and telling: Recounting trauma, re-establishing the self’, New Literary History, 26 (1995), pp. 169–195 Google Scholar; Connerton, How societies remember; Das, Veena, ‘Language and body: Transactions in the construction of pain’, in Arthur Kleinman, Veena Das, and Margaret Lock (eds), Social Suffering (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 67–92 Google Scholar; Dossa, Parin, ‘The body remembers: a migratory tale of social suffering and witnessing’, International Journal of Mental Health, 3:3 (2003), pp. 50–73 Google Scholar; Kleinman, Arthur and Kleinman, Joan, ‘How bodies remember: Social memory and bodily experience of criticism, resistance, and delegitimation following China’s cultural revolution’, New Literary History, 24 (1994), pp. 716–717 Google Scholar; McLane, Janice, ‘The voice on the skin: Self mutilation and Merleau Ponty’s theory of language’, Hypatia, 11:4 (1996), pp. 107–118 Google Scholar; Stoller, Paul, ‘Embodying colonial memories’, American Anthropologist, 96:3 (1994), pp. 638–639 Google Scholar; Spillman, Lyn and Conway, Brian, ‘Texts, bodies, and the memory of Bloody Sunday’, Symbolic Interaction, 30:1 (2007), pp. 79–103 Google Scholar.

61 Haines quote refers to a larger Deleuzian view of the ‘capitalist body’ and ‘communist body’ and their temporalities. She writes that ‘capitalist corporeality separates communist corporeality from itself, by translating the infinite and common into the equivalent and privative; it transforms time into a ticking of the clock. Communist corporeality, on the other hand, takes the form of a process distributing and redistributing the surplus of potentiality in a construction of the common, a field of equality and a domain of wealth that refuses equivalence; time becomes the very power of activity.’ Haines, Christian, ‘Corporeal time: the cinematic bodies of Arhur Rimbaud and Gilles Deleuze’, Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities, 16:2 (2011), p. 116 Google Scholar. In my view, nationalism takes hold of the human body in a similar fashion as capitalism and produces disciplined corporeality and a linear timeframe whereas Kaisu’s performance brings into being corporeality that breaks the national(istic) order of things.

62 Rancière, ‘Thinking of dissensus’, pp. 1–17; Rancière, Disagreement, p. 32.

63 Bhabha, , ‘DissemiNation’, p. 308 Google Scholar.

64 Cf. Haines, , ‘Corporeal time’, p. 103 Google Scholar.

65 Guha, , ‘The small voices’, p. 12 Google Scholar.

66 Cf. Rancière, , ‘Thinking of dissensus’, p. 2 Google Scholar; Rancière, Jacques, Disagreement: Politics and Philosophy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999)Google Scholar.

67 Rancière, ‘Ten theses’, thesis 6.

68 Rancière, ‘Ten theses’, thesis 7.

69 Cf. Rancière, ‘A few remarks on the method’, p. 116.

70 Swyngedouw, Erik, ‘Interrogating post-democratization: Reclaiming egalitarian political spaces’, Political Geography, 30:7 (2011), p. 376 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

71 Swyngedouw, , ‘Interrogating post-democratization’, p. 370 Google Scholar.

72 Butler, Cf. Judith and Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, Who Sings the Nation-State? Language, Politics, Belonging (New York: Seagull Books, 2007)Google Scholar.

73 Klinke, Cf., Chronopolitics, p. 681 Google Scholar.