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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2009
It is well-known that the teachings of Marx and Lenin struck a response among those generally referred to as intellectuals. Among their most enthusiastic supporters in the countries which subsequently fell to communism may be found a long list of prominent writers, artists, scientists, even educators. Some of them, to be sure, were guided by sheer opportunism, jumping on what they took to be a band-wagon, but more joined because of misguided idealism. Some succumbed to the professed communist concern for the underdog and the inflated promises of better social justice; others wanted to register their protest against real or imaginary defects in the system under which they lived. Still others thought to uncover in the deterministic messianism and the apodictic claims of the Marxian Weltanschauung a safe-conduct through a world made uncertain by the awe-inspiring impact of modern technology with which liberal democracy seemed to be unable to cope.
1 Cf., for instance, Berggolc, Olga, “Razgovor o lirike,” Literaturnaya Gazeta, 04 16, 1953Google Scholar; Borgun, Samed, “Prava Poeta,”Google Scholaribid., May 12, 1953.
2 Pravda, 09 29, 1953.Google Scholar
3 No. 10, pp. 160 ff. A condensed English translation in the Current Digest of Soviet Press (further referred to as Digest), Vol. V, No. 52, pp. 4 ff.Google Scholar
4 “Ob iskrennosti v literature,” Novy Mir, No. 12, 12 1953, pp. 218 ff.Google Scholar
5 Condensed English text in the Digest, Vol. V, No. 41, pp. 42 ff.Google Scholar
6 No. 11, November, 1953, pp. 7 ff. English text in the Digest, Vol. V, No. 46, pp. 3 ff.Google Scholar
7 No. 1, January 1954. Condensed English translation in the Digest, Vol. V, No. 52, pp. 3 ff.Google Scholar
8 News from behind the Iron Curtain (further referred to as News), Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 28.Google Scholar
9 July 3, 1953.
10 For a fuller discussion of such trends see “Art Under the New Course” in News, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 23 ff.Google Scholar
11 Editorial in Rudé Právo, 12 8, 1953.Google Scholar
12 Jozef Grsuda's article in the Polish Youth Periodical Sztandar Mlodykh, 08 14, 1954Google Scholar. Cf. News, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 23.Google Scholar
13 Milosz, Czeslaw, “Poland: Voices of Disillusion,” Problems of Communism, Vol. V, No. 3, p. 26.Google Scholar
14 Rudé Právo, 12 13, 1953.Google Scholar
15 Reports in Pravda, 12 13, 1953Google Scholar, and Izvestia, 12 17, 1953.Google Scholar
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21 June 9, 1954.
22 Published in May 1954 issue of Znamya.
23 “Novaya povest Ilyi Erenburga,” Literaturnaya Gazeta, 07 17 and 20, 1954Google Scholar. Ehrenburg was allowed, however, to answer the criticism in the same magazine on August 3, 1954: “O Statie K. Simonova.”
24 Pravda, 05 6, 1954Google Scholar. The other three were: A. Surov, T. Galsanov, and L. Korobov.
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41 An article by Sokolov-Skalya, P. in Izvestia, 10 13, 1956Google Scholar, and Pravda, 10 15, 1956.Google Scholar
42 Izvestia, 01 8, 1957Google Scholar. Gerasimov's article, “Put nashego iskusstva,” appeared in Souetskaya Kultura on 03 27, 1956.Google Scholar
43 Among them were: P. Markish, A. Isbakh, M. D. Danin, I. Sheinin, P. G. Antokolsky, G. Brovman, I. Babel.
44 Cf. Fainsod, Merle, “What Russian students think,” Atlantic, Vol. 199, No. 2, 02 1957Google Scholar; Hangen, Welles, “Hungarian crisis felt in Soviet,” New York Times, 12 7, 1956Google Scholar; Salisbury, H. E., “Soviet students press for replies,” New York Times, 02 1, 1957.Google Scholar
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54 News, Vol. 5, No. 7, pp. 42 ff.Google Scholar
55 “Studenten -Mitstreiter für den Sozialismus,” Neues Deutschland, 12 14, 1956.Google Scholar
56 Ulbricht, Walter, “Was wir wollen und was wir nicht wollen,” Neues Deutschland, 12 30, 1956.Google Scholar
57 Wollweber, Ernst, “Schutz der Arbeiter-und-Bauern-Macht Sache all Burger der DDR,”Google Scholaribid., December 21, 1956.
58 Especially articles by Vezhinov, P., 04 5, 1956Google Scholar, and Gochev, Gocho, 09 15, 1955Google Scholar, cf. News Vol. 5, No. 7, pp. 10 ff.Google Scholar
59 Cf. Marinoff, Stefan, “Literary Ferment in Bulgaria,” Problems of Communism, Vol. V, No. 3, pp. 37 ff.Google Scholar
60 News, Vol. 5, No. 7, p. 14.Google Scholar
61 Rabotnichesko Delo, 12 2, 1956Google Scholar. Cf. Ost-Probleme, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 87–88.Google Scholar
62 News, Vol. 5, No. 7, pp. 54–55.Google Scholar
63 Ibid., Vol. 5, No. 8, p. 43.
64 Cf. Ost-Probleme, Vol. 9, No. 3, p. 89Google Scholar. Also Khrushchev's speech published in Pravda, 11 10, 1956Google Scholar, where he cited what the Rumanian workers did about the students' attitude.
65 Problems of Communism, Vol. V, No. 3, p. 39.Google Scholar
66 Ibid.