Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T03:29:47.619Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Aging in the plant and animal kingdoms – the role of cell death

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

Howard Thomas*
Affiliation:
AFRC Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, UK
*
Howard Thomas, Cell Biology Department, AFRC Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3EB, UK.

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Biological gerontology
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Howarth, CJ, Ougham, HJ.Gene expression under temperature stress. New Phytol 1993; 125: 126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Thomas, H. Canopy survival. In: Baker, NR, Thomas, H eds. Crop photosynthesis: spatial and temporal determinants. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992: 1141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3Harper, JL.Population biology of plants. London, New York: Academic Press, 1977.Google Scholar
4Oinonen, E.The correlation between the size of Finnish bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) clones and certain periods of site history. Acta Forest Fenn 1967; 83: 151.Google Scholar
5Noodén, LD, Guiamét, JJ.Regulation of assimilation and senescence by the fruit in monocarpic plants. Physiol Plant 1989; 77: 267–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6Noodén, LD. Whole plant senescence. In: Noodén, LD, Leopold, AC eds. Senescence and aging in plants. San Diego: Academic Press, 1988: 391439.Google Scholar
7Watt, AS.Pattern and process in the plant community. J Ecol 1947; 35: 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Ewers, FW, Schmid, R.Longevity of needle fascicles of Pinus longaeva (bristlecone pine) and other North American pines. Oecologia 1981; 51: 107–15.Google Scholar
9Molisch, H.The longevity of plants. Lancaster, PA: Science Press, 1938.Google Scholar
10Stebbins, GL.Longevity, habitat and release of genetic variability in the higher plants. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1958; 23: 365–78.Google Scholar
11Harper, JL, Rosen, BR, White, J eds. The growth and form of modular organisms. London: Royal Society, 1986.Google Scholar
12Harakrishna, K, Paul, E, Darby, R, Draper, J.Wound response in mechanically isolated asparagus mesophyll cells: a model monocotyledon system. J Exp Bot 1991; 42: 791–99.Google Scholar
13Nisbet, GS, Webb, KJ. Transformation in legumes. In: Bajaj, YPS ed. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Volume 10, Legumes and oilseed crops. Berlin: Springer, 1990: 3848.Google Scholar
14Nagata, T, Takebe, I.Plating of isolated tobacco mesophyll protoplasts on agar medium. Planta 1971; 99: 1220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Joarder, OI, Joarder, NH, Dale, PJ.In vitro response of leaf tissues from Lolium multiflorum - a comparison with leaf segment position, leaf age and in vitro mitotic activity. Theor Appl Genet 1986; 73: 286–91.Google Scholar
16Thomas, H, Stoddart, JL.Leaf senescence. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 1980; 31: 83111.Google Scholar
17Crafts-Brandner, SJ.Nonstructural carbohydrate metabolism during leaf ageing in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Physiol Plant 1991; 82: 299305.Google Scholar
18Mothes, K, Baudisch, W.Untersuchungen über die Reversibilität der Ausbleichung grüner Blätter. Flora 1958; 146: 521–31.Google Scholar
19Dyer, TA, Osborne, DJ.Leaf nucleic acids. II. Metabolism during senescence and the effect of kinetin. J Exp Bot 1971; 22: 552–60.Google Scholar
20Smart, CM, Scofield, SR, Bevan, MW, Dyer, TA.Delayed leaf senescence in tobacco plants transformed with tmr, a gene for cytokinin production in Agrobacterium. Plant Cell 1991; 3: 647–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Ougham, HJ, Francis, D. The molecular basis of mesophyll cell development. In: Baker, NR, Thomas, H eds. Crop photosynthesis: spatial and temporal determinants. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992: 313–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22Nagata, T, Takebe, I.Cell wall regeneration and cell division in isolated tobacco mesophyll protoplasts. Planta 1970; 92: 201208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Poethig, S, Sussex, IM.The cellular parameters of leaf development in tobacco: a clonal analysis. Planta 1985; 165: 170–84.Google Scholar
24Klekowski, EJ.Progressive cross- and self-sterility associated with aging in fern clones and perhaps other plants. Heredity 1988; 61: 247–53.Google Scholar
25Klekowski, EJ, Kazarinova-Fukshansky, N, Mohr, H.Shoot apical meristems and mutations: stratified meristems and angiosperm evolution. Am J Bot 1985; 72: 1788–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26Soyfer, VN.DNA damage, repair and mutagenesis in higher plants. Isr J Bot 1987; 36: 114.Google Scholar
27Salter, AH, Virgin, I, Hagman, A, Andersson, B.On the molecular mechanism of light-induced D1 protein degradation in photosystem II core particles. Biochemistry 1992; 31: 3990–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Templeton, MD, Lamb, CJ.Elicitors and defence gene activation. Plant Cell Environ 1988; 11: 395401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29Price, A, Lucas, PW, Lea, PJ.Age dependent damage and glutathione metabolism in ozone fumigated barley: a leaf section approach. J Exp Bot 1990; 41: 1309–17.Google Scholar
30Droillard, MJ, Bureau, D, Paulin, A.Changes in activities of superoxide dismutase during aging of petals of cut carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus). Physiol Plant 1989; 76: 149–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31Gahan, PB. Reversible and irreversible damage in plant cells of different ages. In: Davies, I, Sigee, DC eds. Cell ageing and cell death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984: 155–69.Google Scholar
32Thomas, H, Matile, P.Photobleaching of chloroplast pigments in leaves of a non-yellowing mutant genotype of Festuca pratensis. Phytochemistry 1988; 27: 345–48.Google Scholar
33Thomas, H, Smart, CM.Crops that stay green. Ann Appl Biol 1993; 123: 193219.Google Scholar
34Thomas, H. Foliar senescence mutants and other genetic variants. In: Thomas, H, Grierson, D eds. Developmental mutants in higher plants. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987: 245–65.Google Scholar
35Smart, CM. Gene expression in leaf senescence. New Phytol 1994 (in press).Google Scholar
36Strother, S.The role of free radicals in leaf senescence. Gerontology 1988; 34: 151–56.Google Scholar
37Leshem, YY.Plant senescence processes and free radicals. Free Rad Biol Med 1988; 5: 3950.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Woolhouse, HW. Senescence in plant cells. In: Davies, I, Sigee, DC eds. Cell ageing and cell death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984: 123–53.Google Scholar
39Tucker, WQJ, Warren, Wilson J, Gresshof, PM.Determination of tracheary element differentiation in lettuce pith explants. Ann Bot 1986; 57: 675–79.Google Scholar
40Zeiger, E, Schwartz, A.Longevity of guard cell chloroplasts in falling leaves: implication for stomatal function and cellular aging. Science 1982; 218: 680–82.Google Scholar
41Coen, ES, Meyerowitz, EM.The war of the whorls: genetic interactions controlling flower development. Nature 1991; 353: 5759.Google Scholar
42Hake, S.Unraveling the knots in plant development. Trends Genet 1992; 8: 109–14.Google Scholar
43Matile, P.Lytic compartment of plant cells. Cell biology monographs, Volume 1. Berlin: Springer, 1975.Google Scholar
44Thimann, KV. Plant senescence: a proposed integration of the constituent processes. In: Thomson, WW, Nothnagel, EA, Huffaker, RC eds. Plant senescence: its biochemistry and physiology. Rockville, MD: American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1987: 119.Google Scholar
45Wittenbach, VA, Lin, W, Hebert, RR.Vacuolar localization of proteases and degradation of chloroplasts in mesophyll protoplasts from senescing primary wheat leaves. Plant Physiol 1982; 69: 98102.Google Scholar
46Matile, P. Chloroplast senescence. In: Baker, NR, Thomas, H eds. Crop photosynthesis: spatial and temporal determinants. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992: 413–40.Google Scholar
47Ludevid, D, Höfte, H, Himelblau, E, Chrispeels, MJ.The expression pattern of the tonoplast intrinsic protein γ-TIP in Arabidopsis thaliana is correlated with cell enlargement. Plant Physiol 1992; 100: 1633–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Meyer, H-U, Biehl, B.Activation of latent phenolase during spinach leaf senescence. Phytochemistry 1981; 20: 955–59.Google Scholar
49Thomas, H.The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in senescence. J Plant Physiol 1986; 123: 97105.Google Scholar
50Amir, D, Goldschmidt, EE, Altman, A.Autolysis of chlorophyll in aqueous and detergent suspensions of chloroplast fragments. Plant Sci 1986; 43: 201206.Google Scholar
51Tarasenko, LG, Khodasevich, EV, Orlovskaya, KI.Location of chlorophyllase in chloroplast membranes. Photobiochem Photobiophys 1986; 12: 119–21.Google Scholar
52Thomas, H. Cell senescence and protein metabolism in the photosynthetic tissues of leaves. In: Davies, I, Sigee, DC eds. Cell ageing and cell death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984: 171–88.Google Scholar
53Berger, S, de Groot, EJ, Neuhaus, G, Schweiger, M.Acetabularia: a giant single cell organism with valuable advantages for cell biology. Eur J Cell Biol 1987; 44: 349–70.Google Scholar
54Higgins, CF.Stability and degradation of mRNA. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1991; 3: 1013–18.Google Scholar
55Aspart, L, Meyer, Y, Laroche, M, Penon, P.Developmental regulation of the synthesis of proteins encoded by stored mRNA in radish embryos. Plant Physiol 1984; 76: 664–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Woolhouse, HW. Regulation of senescence in the chloroplast. In: Thomson, WW, Nothnagel, EA, Huffaker, RC eds. Plant senescence: its biochemistry and physiology. Rockville, MD: American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1987: 132–45.Google Scholar
57Ness, PJ, Woolhouse, HW.RNA synthesis in Phaseolus chloroplasts. II. Ribonucleic acid synthesis in chloroplasts from the developing and senescing leaves. J Exp Bot 1980; 31: 235–45.Google Scholar
58Sodmergen, KS, Tano, S, Kuroiwa, T.Preferential digestion of chloroplast nuclei (nucleoids) during senescence of the coleoptile of Oryza sativa. Protoplasma 1989; 152: 6568.Google Scholar
59Bate, NJ, Rothstein, SJ, Thompson, JE.Expression of nuclear and chloroplast photosynthesis-specific genes during leaf senescence. J Exp Bot 1991; 42: 801–11.Google Scholar
60Thomas, H, Ougham, HJ, Davies, TGE.Leaf senescence in a non-yellowing mutant of Festuca pratensis: transcripts and translation products. J Plant Physiol 1992; 139: 403–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61Engvild, KC.The death hormone hypothesis. Physiol Plant 1989; 77: 282–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62Hensel, LL, Grbić, V, Baumgarten, DA, Bleecker, AB.Developmental and age-related processes that influence the longevity and senescence of photosynthetic tissues in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 1993; 5: 553–64.Google Scholar
63Kelly, MO, Davies, PJ. 1988. The control of whole plant senescence. CRC Critic Rev Plant Sci 1988; 7: 139–73.Google Scholar
64Bould, C, Hewitt, EJ, Needham, P eds. Diagnosis of mineral disorders in plants. Volume 1, Principles. London: HMSO, 1983.Google Scholar
65Feller, U, Fischer, A. Nitrogen metabolism in senescing leaves. Crit Rev Plant Sci 1993 (in press).Google Scholar
66Thomas, H.Enzymes of nitrogen mobilization in detached leaves of Lolium temulentum during senescence. Planta 1978; 142: 161–69.Google Scholar
67Kar, M, Feierabend, J.Changes in the activities of enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism during the senescence of detached wheat leaves. Physiol Plant 1986; 62: 3944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68Kamachi, K, Yamaya, T, Mae, T, Ojima, K.A role for glutamine synthetase in the remobilization of leaf nitrogen during natural senescence in rice leaves. Plant Physiol 1991; 96: 411–17.Google Scholar
69Kawakami, N, Watanabe, A.Senescence-specific increase in cytosolic glutamine synthetase and its mRNA in radish cotyledons. Plant Physiol 1988; 88: 1430–34.Google Scholar
70Thomas, H. Resource rejection by higher plants. In: Unsworth, M ed. Resource capture by crops. Proceedings of the 52nd Easter School, University of Nottingham School of Agriculture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993 (in press).Google Scholar
71Vicentini, F, Matile, P.Gerontosomes, a multifunctional type of peroxisome in senescent leaves. J Plant Physiol 1993; 142: 5056.Google Scholar
72Gut, H, Matile, P.Apparent induction of key enzymes of the glyoxylic acid cycle in senescent barley leaves. Planta 1988; 176: 548–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Landolt, R, Matile, P.Glyoxisome-like microbodies in senescent spinach leaves. Plant Sci 1990; 72: 159–63.Google Scholar
74Graham, IA, Leaver, CJ, Smith, SM.Induction of malate synthase gene expression in senescent and detached organs of cucumber. Plant Cell 1992; 4: 349–57.Google Scholar
75Davies, TGE, Thomas, H, Thomas, BJ, Rogers, LJ.Leaf senescence in a non-yellowing mutant of Festuca pratensis: metabolism of cytochrome f. Plant Physiol 1990; 93: 588–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
76Matile, P, Düggelin, T, Schellenberg, M et al. How and why is chlorophyll broken down in senescent leaves? Plant Physiol Biochem 1989; 27: 595604.Google Scholar
77Schellenberg, M, Matile, P, Thomas, H.Breakdown of Chlorophyll in chloroplasts of senescent barley leaves depends on ATP. J Plant Physiol 1990; 136: 564–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
78Thomas, H, Bortlik, K, Rentsch, D, Schellenberg, M, Matile, P.Catabolism of chlorophyll in vivo: significance of polar chlorophyll catabolites in a non-yellowing senescence mutant of Festuca pratensis. New Phytol 1989; 111: 38.Google Scholar
79van der Valk, HCPM, van Loon, LC.Subcellular localization of proteases in developing leaves of oats (Avena sativa L.). Plant Physiol 1988; 87: 536–41.Google Scholar
80Pollock, CJ, Lloyd, EJ.The distribution of acid invertase in developing leaves of Lolium temulentum L. Planta 1977; 133: 197200.Google Scholar
81Abeles, FB, Hershberger, WL, Dunn, LJ.Hormonal regulation and intracellular localization of a 33 kD cationic peroxidase in excised cucumber cotyledons. Plant Physiol 1989; 89: 664–68.Google Scholar
82Faye, L, Johnson, KD, Sturm, A, Chrispeels, MJ.Structure, biosynthesis, and function of asparagine-linked glycans on plant glycoproteins. Physiol Plant 1989; 75: 309–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83Dunecke, J, Botterman, J, Deblaere, R.Protein secretion in plant cells can occur via a default pathway. Plant Cell 1990; 2: 5159.Google Scholar
84Bouwkamp, JC, Honma, S.Physiological differences between a green and a tan dry podded line of snap bean. Hort Sci 1970; 5: 1071–73.Google Scholar
85Guiamét, JJ, Schwartz, E, Pichersky, E, Noodén, LD.Characterization of cytoplasmic and nuclear mutations affecting chlorophyll and chlorophyll-binding proteins during senescence in soybean. Plant Physiol 1991; 96: 227–31.Google Scholar
86Phillips, DA, Pierce, RO, Edie, SA, Foster, KW, Knowles, PF.Delayed senescence in soybeans. Crop Sci 1984; 24: 518–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
87Pierce, RO, Knowles, PF, Phillips, DA.Inheritance of delayed senescence in soybean. Crop Sci 1984; 24: 515–17.Google Scholar
88Ronning, CM, Bouwkamp, JC, Solomos, T.Observations on the senescence of a mutant non-yellowing genotype of Phaseolus vulgaris L. J Exp Bot 1991; 42: 235–41.Google Scholar
89Ceppi, D, Sala, M, Gentinetta, E, Verderio, A, Motto, M.Genotype-dependent leaf senescence in maize. Plant Physiol 1987; 85: 720–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90Gentinetta, E, Ceppi, D, Lepori, C, Perico, G, Motto, M, Salamini, F.A major gene for delayed senescence in maize. Pattern of photosynthates accumulation and inheritance. Plant Breed 1986; 97: 193203.Google Scholar
91Duncan, RR, Bockholt, AJ, Miller, FR.Descriptive comparison of senescent and non-senescent sorghum genotypes. Agron J 1981; 73 849–53.Google Scholar
92Thomas, H.Sid: a Mendelian locus controlling thylakoid membrane disassembly in senescing leaves of Festuca pratensis. Theor Appl Genet 1987; 73: 551–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
93Crafts-Brandner, SJ, Sutton, TG, Sims, JL.Influence of leaf grafting on leaf constituents and senescence characteristics of burley and flue-cured tobacco. Crop Sci 1988; 28: 269–74.Google Scholar
94Legg, PD, Chaplin, JF, Williamson, RE.Genetic diversity in burley and flue-cured tobacco. Crop Sci 1977; 17: 943–47.Google Scholar
95Thomas, H, Stoddart, JL.Separation of chlorophyll degradation from other senescence processes in leaves of a mutant genotype of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis). Plant Physiol 1975; 56: 438–41.Google Scholar
96Hilditch, PI, Thomas, H, Rogers, LJ.Leaf senescence in a non-yellowing mutant of Festcua pratensis: photosynthesis and photosynthetic electron transport. Planta 1986; 167: 146–51.Google Scholar
97Hilditch, PI, Thomas, H, Thomas, BJ, Rogers, LJ.Leaf senescence in a non-yellowing mutant of Festuca pratensis: proteins of Photosystem II. Planta 1989; 177: 265–72.Google Scholar
98Hilditch, PI, Thomas, H, Rogers, LJ.Two processes for the breakdown of the QB protein of chloroplasts. FEBS Lett 1986; 208: 313–16.Google Scholar
99Nock, LP, Rogers, LJ, Thomas, H.Metabolism of protein and chlorophyll in leaf tissue of Festuca pratensis Huds. during chloroplast assembly and senescence. Phytochemistry 1992; 31: 1465–70.Google Scholar
100Thomas, H, Smart, CM, Hauck, B, Maddison, A. Controlling leaf senescence. AFRC Inst Grassland Environ Res 1992 Rep. Aberystwyth: IGER 1993: 1618.Google Scholar
101Lockshin, RA, Zakeri, Z. Programmed cell death and apoptosis. In: Tomei, DL, Cope, FO eds. Apoptosis: the molecular basis of cell death. Current communications in cell and molecular biology. Volume 3. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1991: 4760.Google Scholar
102Kerr, JFR, Wyllie, AH, Currie, AR.Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wider ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 1972; 24: 239–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
103Wyllie, AH. Cell death: a new classification separating apoptosis from necrosis. In: Bowen, ID, Lockshin, RA eds. Cell death in biology and pathology. London, New York: Chapman and Hall, 1981: 934.Google Scholar
104Wyllie, AH, Morris, RG.Hormone induced cell death: purification and properties of thermocytes undergoing apoptosis after glucocorticoid treatment. Am J Pathol 1982; 109: 7887.Google Scholar
105Juengel, JL, Garverick, HA, Johnson, AL, Youngquist, RS, Smith, MF.Apoptosis during luteal regression in cattle. Endocrinol 1993; 132: 249–54.Google Scholar
106Bowen, ID, Morgan, SM, Mullarkey, K.Cell death in the salivary glands of metamorphosing Calliphora vomitoria. Cell Biol Internat 1993; 17: 1333.Google Scholar
107Hengartner, MO, Ellis, RE, Horovitz, HR.Caenorhabditis elegans gene ced-9 protects cells from programmed cell death. Nature 1992; 356: 494–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108Yuan, J, Horovitz, HR.The Caenorhabditis elegans genes ced-3 and ced-4 act autonomously to cause programmed cell death. Dev Biol 1990; 138: 3341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
109Bowen, ID.Apoptosis or programmed cell death? Cell Biol Internat 1993; 17: 365–80.Google Scholar
110Bowen, ID. Apoptosis. In: Cuello, AC ed. Neuronal cell death and repair. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1993 (in press).Google Scholar
111Osborne, DJ, Cheah, KSE. Hormones and foliar senescence. In: Jackson, MB, Grout, B, Mackenzie, IA eds. Growth regulators in plant senescence. Monograph 8. Wantage: British Plant Growth Regulator Group, 1982: 5783.Google Scholar
112Ozanne, PG. Phosphate nutrition of plants - a general treatise. In: Khasawneh, FE, Sample, EC, Kamprath, EJ eds. The role of phosphorus in agriculture. Madison: ASA-CSSA-SSSA, 1980: 559–89.Google Scholar
113Nürnberger, T, Abel, S, Jost, W, Glund, K.Induction of an extracellular ribonuclease in cultured tomato cells upon phosphate starvation. Plant Physiol 1990; 92: 970–76.Google Scholar
114Goldstein, AH, Baertlein, DA, Danon, A.Phosphate starvation stress as an experimental system for molecular analysis. Plant Mol Biol Reporter 1989; 7: 716.Google Scholar
115Gray, J, Picton, S, Shabbeer, J, Schuch, W, Grierson, D.Molecular biology of fruit ripening and its manipulation with antisense genes. Plant Mol Biol 1992; 19: 6987.Google Scholar
116Picton, S, Barton, SL, Bouzayen, M, Hamilton, AJ, Grierson, D.Altered fruit ripening and leaf senescence in tomatoes expressing an antisense ethylene-forming enzyme transgene. Plant J 1993; 3: 469–81.Google Scholar