Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T03:00:46.817Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Clinical immunology of aging

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

Howard Fillit*
Affiliation:
The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, USA
*
Howard Fillit, Departments of Geriatrics, Medicine and Neurobiology, Box 1070, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA.

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Biological gerontology
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Silverstein, AM. History of imunology. In: Paul, WE ed. Fundamental immunology. New York: Raven Press, 1984: 2342.Google Scholar
2Walford, RL.The immunologic theory of aging. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1969.Google Scholar
3Fillit, H.Reversible acquired immunodeficiency in the elderly: a review. Age 1991; 14: 8389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4Goidl, EA.Aging and the immune response. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1987.Google Scholar
5Doria, G, Adorini, L, Sabbadini, E, Mancini, C, Frasca, D.Immunoregulation in aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 521: 182–88.Google Scholar
6Miller, RA. Aging and the immune response. In: Schneider, EL, Rowe, JW eds. Handbook of the biology of aging, third edition. San Diego: Academic Press. 1991: 157–80.Google Scholar
7Fillit, H, Mayer, L, Bona, C. Immunology of aging. In: Brocklehurst, JC, Tallis, R, Fillit, H eds. Textbook of geriatric medicine and gerontology, fourth edition. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1992: 7190.Google Scholar
8Boyd, E.The weight of the thymus gland in health and disease. Am J Dis Child 1932; 43: 1162–214.Google Scholar
9Lewis, VM, Twomey, JJ, Bealmear, P, Goldstein, G, Good, RA.Age, thymic involution and circulating thymic hormone activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978; 47: 145–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Weksler, ME, Innes, JB, Goldstein, G.Immunological studies of aging. IV. The contribution of thymic involution to the immune deficiencies of aging mice and reversal with thymopoietin. J Exp Med 1978; 148: 9961006.Google Scholar
11Gravenstein, S, Duthie, EH, Miller, BA et al. Augmentation of influenza antibody response in elderly men by thymosin alpha one: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12Barcellini, W, Borghi, MO, Sguotti, C et al. Heterogeneity of immune responsiveness in healthy elderly subjects. Clin Immunol Immunopath 1988; 47: 142–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Thompson, JS, Wekstein, DR, Rhoades, JL et al. The immune status of healthy centenarians. J Am Geriatr Soc 1984; 32: 274–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Nagel, JE, Chrest, FJ, Adler, WH.Enumeration of T lymphocytes subsets by monoclonal antibodies in young and aged humans. J Immunol 1981; 127: 2086–88.Google Scholar
15Schwab, R, Staiano-Coico, L, Weksler, ME.Immunological studies of aging. IX. Quantitative differences in T lymphocyte subsets in young and old individuals. Diagn Immunol 1983; 1: 195201.Google Scholar
16Weksler, ME, Hutteroth, TH.Impaired lymphocyte function in aged humans. J Clin Invest 1974; 53: 99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Gupta, S, Good, RA.Subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. X. Alterations in T, B, third population cells, and T cells with receptors for immunoglobulin M or G in aging humans. J Immunol 1979; 122: 1214–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Murasko, DM, Nelson, BJ, Silver, R, Matour, D, Kaye, D.Immunologic response in an elderly population with a mean age of 85. Am J Med 1986; 81: 612–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Bender, BS, Nagel, JE, Adler, WH, Andres, R.Absolute peripheral blood lymphocyte count and subsequent mortality of elderly men. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 649–54.Google Scholar
20Proust, J, Rosenzweig, P, Debouzy, C, Moulias, R.Lymphopenia induced by acute bacterial infections in the elderly: a sign of age-related immune dysfunction of major prognostic significance. Gerontology 1985; 31: 178–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Hallgren, HM, Kersey, JH, Dubey, DP, Yunis, EJ.Lymphocyte subsets and integrated immune function in aging humans. Cell Immunol 1978; 10: 6578.Google ScholarPubMed
22Hallgren, HM, Bergh, N, Rodysill, KJ, O'Leary, JJ.Lymphocyte proliferative response to PHA and anti-CD3/Ti monoclonal antibodies, T cell surface marker expression, and serum IL-2 receptor levels as biomarkers of age and health. Mech Ageing Dev 1988; 43: 175–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23DePaoli, P, Battistin, S, Santini, GF.Age-related changes in human lymphocyte subsets: progressive reduction of the CD4 CD45R (suppressor inducer) population. Cell Immunol 1988; 48: 290–96.Google Scholar
24Nagel, JE, Chopra, RK, Chrest, FJ et al. Decreased proliferation, interleukin 2 synthesis, and interleukin 2 receptor expression are accompanied by decreased mRNA expression in phytohemeagglutinin-cells from elderly donors. J Clin Invest 1988; 81: 1096–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Fauci, AS, Masur, H, Gelmann, EP et al. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: an update. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 800–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Schwab, R, Hausman, PB, Rinnooy-Kan, E, Weksler, ME.Immunological studies of aging. X. Impaired T lymphocytes and normal monocyte response from elderly humans to the mitogenic antibodies OKT3 and Leu4. Immunology 1985; 55: 677–84.Google Scholar
27Roberts-Thompson, IC, Whittingham, S, Youngchaiyud, U, Mackay, IR.Ageing, immune response, and mortality. Lancet 1974; 11: 368–70.Google Scholar
28Burke, BL, Steele, RW, Beard, OW, Wood, JS, Cain, TD, Marmer, DJ.Immune responses to varicella-zoster in the aged. Arch Intern Med 1982; 142: 291–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Miller, AE.Selective decline in cellular immune response to varicella-zoster in the elderly. Neurology 1980; 30: 582–87.Google Scholar
30Antel, J, Oger, JJF, Dropcho, E, Richman, DP, Kuo, HH, Arnason, BG.Reduced T lymphocyte cell reactivity as a function of human aging. Cell Immunol 1980, 54: 184–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Hefton, JM, Darlington, GJ, Casazza, BA, Weksler, ME.Immunologic studies of aging. V. Impaired proliferation of PHA-responsive human lymphocytes in culture. J Immunol 1980; 125: 1007–10.Google Scholar
32Rivnay, B, Bergman, S, Shinitzky, M, Globerson, A.Correlations between membrane viscosity, serum cholesterol, lymphocyte activation and aging in man. Mech Ageing Dev 1980; 12: 119–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Kennes, B, Hubert, C, Brohee, D, Neve, P.Early biochemical events associated with lymphocyte activation in aging. I. Evidence that Ca2+-dependent processes induced by PHA are impaired. Immunology 1981; 42: 119–26.Google Scholar
34Gutkowski, JK, Innes, J, Weksler, ME, Cohen, S.Induction of DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei by cytoplasmic factors. II. Normal generation of cytoplasmic stimulatory factors by lymphocytes from aged human with depressed proliferative responses. J Immunol 1984; 132: 559–62.Google Scholar
35Staiano-Coico, L, Darsynkiewicz, Z, Melamed, MR, Weksler, ME.Immunological studies of aging. IX. Impaired proliferation of T lymphocytes detected in elderly humans by flow cytometry. J Immunol 1984; 132: 1788–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Gillis, S, Kozak, R, Durante, M, Weksler, ME.Immunological studies of aging. Decreased production of and response to T cell growth factor by lymphocytes from aged humans. J Clin Invest 1981; 67: 937–42.Google Scholar
37Rabinowich, H, Goses, Y, Reshef, T, Klajman, A.Interleukin-2 production and activity in aged humans. Mech Ageing Dev 1985; 32: 213–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Orson, FM, Saadeh, CK, Lewis, DE, Nelson, DL.Interleukin 2 receptor expression by T cells in human aging. Cell Immunol 1989; 124: 278–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39McElhaney, JE, Beattie, BL, Devine, R, Grynoch, R, Toth, EL, Bleackley, RC.Age-related decline in interleukin-2 production in response to influenza vaccine. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38: 652–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40McElhaney, JE, Meneilly, GS, Beattie, GL et al. The effect of influenza vaccination on IL2 production in healthy elderly: implications for current vaccination procedures. J Gerontol 1992; 47: M38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41Powers, DC.Influenza A virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity declines with advancing age. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Goodwin, JS.Changes in lymphocyte sensitivity to prostaglandin E, histamine, hydrocortisone and x-irradiation with age: studies in a healthy elderly population. Clin Immunol Immunopath 1982; 25: 243–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43Goodwin, JS, Messner, RP.Sensitivity of lymphocytes to prostaglandin E2 increases in subjects over age 70. J Clin Invest 1979; 64: 434–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Mooradian, AD, Reed, RL, Osterweil, D, Scuderi, P.Detectable serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha may predict early mortality in elderly institutionalized patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 891–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Mooradian, AD, Reed, RL, Scuderi, P.Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 alpha and beta in healthy elderly subjects. Age 1991; 14: 6164.Google Scholar
46Zweiman, B, Levinson, AI. Cell-mediated immunity. In: Middleton, E, Reed, CE, Ellis, EF eds. Allergy: principles and practice, second edition. St Louis: Mosby, 1983; 75101.Google Scholar
47Dorken, E, Grzybowski, S, Allen, EA.Significance of the tuberculin test in the elderly. Chest 1987; 92: 237–40.Google Scholar
48Marrie, TJ, Johnson, S, Durant, H.Cell-mediated immunity of healthy adult Nova Scotians in various age groups compared with nursing home and hospitalized senior citizens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988; 81: 836–44.Google Scholar
49Castle, S, Perls, T, Chang, M et al. Correlation of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) with in vitro tests of cell-mediated immunity in elderly nursing home patients. Gerontology 1989; 29: 195 (abstract).Google Scholar
50Murasko, DM, Weiner, P, Kaye, D.Association of lack of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation with increased mortality in the elderly. Aging: imunology and infectious disease 1988; 1: 16.Google Scholar
51Cohn, JR, Hohl, CA, Buckley, CE.The relationship between cutaneous cellular immune responsiveness and mortality in a nursing home population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1983; 32: 808809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52Stead, WW, To, T.The significance of the tuberculin skin test in elderly persons. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107: 837–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53Wayne, SJ, Rhyne, RL, Garry, PJ, Goodwin, JS.Cell-mediated immunity as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in subjects over 60. J Gerontol 1990; 45: M4548.Google Scholar
54Creditor, MC, Smith, EC, Gallai, JB, Baumann, M, Nelson, KE.Tuberculosis, tuberculin reactivity, and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in nursing home residents. J Gerontol 1988; 43: M97–M100.Google Scholar
55Barry, MA, Regan, AM, Kunches, LM, Harris, ME, Bunce, SA, Craven, DE.Two stage tuberculin testing with control antigens in patients residing in two chronic disease hospitals. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987; 35: 147–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Van den Brande, P, Demedts, M.Four-stage tuberculin testing in elderly subjects induces age-dependent progessive boosting. Chest 1992; 101: 447–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57Nagel, JE, Adler, WH. Immunology. In: Kent, B, Butler, RN eds. Human aging research: concepts and techniques. New York: Raven Press, 1988: 299309.Google Scholar
58Buckley, CEI, Buckley, EG, Dorsey, FC.Longitudinal changes in serum immunoglobulin levels in older humans. Fed Proc 1974; 33: 2036–39.Google ScholarPubMed
59Phair, JP, Kauffman, CA, Bjornson, A, Gallagher, J, Adams, L, Hess, EV.Host defenses in the aged: evaluation of components of the inflammatory and immune responses. J Infect Dis 1978; 138: 6773.Google Scholar
60Makinodan, T, Adler, W.The effects of aging on the differentiation and proliferation potentials of cells of the immune system. Fed Proc 1975; 34: 153–58.Google ScholarPubMed
61Antel, JP, Oger, JJF, Wrabetz, LG, Arnason, BGW, Hopper, JE.Mechanisms responsible for reduced in vitro immunoglobulin secretion in aged humans. Mech Ageing Dev 1983; 23: 1119.Google Scholar
62Kishimoto, S, Tomino, S, Mitsuya, H, Fujiwara, H, Tsuda, H.Age related decline in the in vitro and in vivo synthesis of anti-tetanus toxoid antibody in humans. J Immunol 1980; 125: 2347–52.Google Scholar
63Antonaci, S, Jirillo, E, Lucivero, G, Gallitelli, M, Garofalo, AR, Bonomo, L.Humoral immune response in aged humans: suppressor effect of monocytes on spontaneous plaque forming cell generation. Clin Exp Immunol 1983; 52: 387–92.Google ScholarPubMed
64Phawa, SG, Pahwa, RN, Good, RA.Decreased in vitro humoral immune responses in aged humans. J Clin Invest 1981; 67: 1094–102.Google Scholar
65Kjeldsen, K, Simonsen, O, Heron, I.Immunity against diphtheria and tetanus in the age group 30–70 years. Scand J Infect Dis 1988; 20: 177–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Waldorf, DS, Willkens, RF, Decker, JL.Impaired delayed hypersensitivity in an aging population: association with antinuclear reactivity and rheumatoid factor. JAMA 1968; 203: 111–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67Shapiro, ED, Berg, AT, Austrian, R et al. The protective effector polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1453–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68Huang, Y, Gauthey, L, Martine, M et al. The relationship between influenza vaccine-induced specific antibody responses and vaccine-induced nonspecific autoantibody responses in healthy older women. J Gerontol 1992; 47: M5055.Google Scholar
69Hooper, B, Whittingham, S, Mathews, JD, Mackay, IR, Curnow, DH.Autoimmunity in a rural community. Clin Exp Immunol 1972; 12: 7987.Google Scholar
70Rosenthal, M.Age and immunity: III. Circulating immune complexes in different age groups. Blut 1978; 37: 271–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Hijmans, W, Radl, J, Bottazzo, GF, Doniach, D.Autoantibodies in highly aged humans. Mech Ageing Dev 1984; 26: 8389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72Pandey, JP, Fudenberg, JJ, Ainsworth, SK, Loadholt, CB.Autoantibodies in healthy subjects of different age groups. Mech Ageing Dev 1979; 10: 399404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Goodwin, JS, Searles, RP, Tung, KSK.Immunological responses of a healthy elderly population. Clin Exp Immunol 1982; 48: 403–10.Google Scholar
74Hallgren, HM, Buckley, CE, Gilbersten, VA, Yunis, EJ.Lymphocyte phytohemagglutinin responsiveness, immunoglobulins, and autoantibodies in aging humans. J Immunol 1973; 111: 1101–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75Manousskakis, MN, Tziosfas, AG, Silis, MP, Pange, PJE, Goudevenos, J, Moutsopoulos, HM.High prevalence of anti-cardiolipin and other autoantibodies in a healthy elderly population. Clin Exp Immunol 1987; 69: 557–65.Google Scholar
76Siskind, GW, Weksler, ME.The effect of aging on the immune resonse. Ann Rev Geriatr Gerontol 1982; 3: 326.Google Scholar
77Delespesse, G, Gausset, PH, Sarfati, KM, DubiRucquoy, M, Debisschop, MJ, van, Haelst L.Circulating immune complexes in old people and in diabetics: correlation with autoantibodies. Clin Exp Immunol 1980; 40: 96101.Google ScholarPubMed
78Hollingsworth, JW, Otte, RG.B lymphocyte maturation in cultures from blood of elderly men: a comparison of plaque-forming cells, cells containing intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin and cell proliferation. Mech Ageing Dev 1981; 15: 918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
79Ceuppens, JL, Goodwin, JS.Regulation of immunoglobulin production in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cultures of lymphocytes from young and old adults. J Immunol 1982; 128: 2429–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Rodriquez, MA, Ceuppens, JL, Goodwin, JS.Regulation of IgM rheumatoid factor production in lymphocyte cultures from young and old subjects. J Immunol 1982; 128: 2422–28.Google Scholar
81Whisler, RL, Williams, JW Jr, Newhouse, YG.Human B cell proliferative responses during aging. Reduced RNA synthesis and DNA replication after signal transduction by surface immunoglobulins compared to B cell antigenic determinants CD20 and CD40. Mech Ageing Dev 1991; 61: 209–22.Google Scholar
82Kipps, TJ.The CD5+ B cell. Adv Immunol 1989; 47: 117–86.Google Scholar
83Delfraissy, JF, Galanaud, P, Dormont, J, Wallon, C.Age related impairment of the in vitro antibody response in the human. Clin Exp Immunol 1980; 39: 208–14.Google Scholar
84Kay, MMB. Immunological aspects of aging. In: Makinodan, T ed. Aging, immunity and arthritic disease. New York: Raven Press, 1980; 3378.Google Scholar
85Cohen, IR.Autoimmunity: physiologic and pernicious. Adv Intern Med 1984; 29: 147–65.Google Scholar
86MacLennan, WJ, Andrews, GR, Macleod, C, Caird, FI.Anemia in the elderly. Q J Med 1973; 42: 113.Google Scholar
87Blumenthal, HT, Perlstein, IB.The aging thyroid. II. An immuncytochemical analysis of the age associated lesions. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987; 35: 855–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
88Blumenthal, HT, Perlstein, IB.The aging thyroid. I. A description of lesions and an analysis of their age and sex distribution. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987; 35: 843–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
89Tunbridge, WMG, Evered, DC, Hall, R et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol 1977; 7: 481–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
90Rook, AJ, Waddington, E.Pemphiqus and pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol 1953; 65: 425–31.Google Scholar
91Pope, RM, Talal, N.Autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis. Concepts Immunopathol 1985; 1: 219–50.Google Scholar
92Trentham, DE, Dynesius, RA, Rocklin, RE, David, JR.Cellular sensitivity to collagen in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 1978; 299: 327–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93Machado, EBV, Gabriel, SE, Beard, CM, Michet, CJ, O'Fallon, WM, Ballard, DJ.A population-based case-control study of temporal arteritis: evidence for an association between temporal arteritis and degenerative vascular disease? Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18: 836–41.Google Scholar
94Mathews, JD, Whittingham, S, Mackay, IR.Autoimmune mechanisms in human vascular disease. Lancet 1974; 11: 1423–27.Google Scholar
95Boesen, P, Sorensen, SF.Giant cell arteritis, temporal arteritis, and polymyalgia rheumatica in a Danish county. Arthritis Rheum 1987; 30: 294–99.Google Scholar
96Minick, CR, Alonso, DR, Rankin, L.Role of immunologic arterial injury in atherogenesis. Thromb Haemost 1978; 39: 304–11.Google ScholarPubMed
97Beaumont, JL. Immunological factors in atheroscleriosis. In: Blumenthal, HT ed. Handbook of diseases of aging. New York: Van Nostrand, 1982: 317–35.Google Scholar
98Fillit, HM, Kemeny, E, Luine, V, Weksler, ME, Zabriskie, JB.Antivascular antibodies in the sera of patients with senile dementia-Alzheimer's type. J Gerontol 1987; 42: 180–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
99Faaber, P, Rijke, TPM, van de, Putte LBA, Capel, PJA, Berden, JHM.Cross-reactivity of human and murine anti-DNA antibodies with heparan sulfate. The major glycosoaminoglycan in glomerular basement membrane. J Clin Invest 1986; 77: 1824–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
100Fillit, HM, Mulvihill, M.Association of autoimmunity to vascular heparan sulfate proteoglycan and vascular disease in the aged. Gerontology 1993; 177–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101Cines, DB.Disorders associated with antibodies to endothelial cells. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11: s70511.Google Scholar
102Briley, DP, Coull, BM, Goodnight, SH.Neurological disease associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann Neurol 1989; 25: 221–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
103Asherson, RA, Mercey, D, Phillips, G et al. Recurrent stroke and multi-infarct dementia in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 1987; 46: 605–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104McHugh, NJ, James, IE, Plant, GT.Anticardiolipin and antineutrophil antibodies in giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 1990; 17: 916–22.Google ScholarPubMed
105Klemp, P, Cooper, RC, Strauss, FJ, Jordaan, ER, Przybojewski, Z, Nel, N.Anti-cardiolipin antibodies in ischaemic heart disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1988; 74: 254–57.Google ScholarPubMed
106Lockshin, MD.Antiphospholipid antibody and antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr Opin Rheum 1991; 3: 797802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
107Mannoussakis, MN, Tziousfas, AG, Silis, MP, Pange, PJE, Goudevenos, J, Moutsapoulos, HM.High prevalence of anti-cardiolipin and other autoantibodies in a healthy elderly population. Clin Exp Immunol 1987; 69: 557–65.Google Scholar
108Ruffatti, A, Rossi, L, Calligaro, A et al. Autoantibodies of systemic rheumatic diseases in the healthy elderly. Gerontology 1990; 36: 104–11.Google Scholar
109Alving, CR.Antibodies to liposomes, phospholipids, and cholesterol: implications for autoimmunity, atherosclerosis, and aging. Prog Clin Biol Res 1990; 343: 4151.Google Scholar
110Wight, TN.Cell biology of arterial proteoglycans. Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9: 120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Radl, J, Weis, J, Hoogeveen, CM.Immunoblotting with (sub)class-specific antibodies reveals a high frequency of monoclonal gammopathies in persons thought to be immunodeficient. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 1839–42.Google Scholar
112Kyle, RA, Robinson, RA, Katzmann, JA.Clinical aspects of biclonal gammopathies. Am J Med 1981; 71: 9991008.Google Scholar
113Buxbaum, JN, Chuba, JV, Hellman, GC, Solomon, A, Gallo, GR.Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease: light chain and light and heavy chain deposition diseases and their relation to light chain amyloidosis. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 455–64.Google Scholar
114Fine, JM, Lambin, P, Muller, JY.The evolution of asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathies. Acta Med Scand 1979; 205: 339–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
115Crawford, J, Eye, MK, Cohen, HJ.Evaluation of monoclonal gammapathies in the ‘well’ elderly. Am J Med 1987; 823: 3945.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
116Cohen, HJ.Multiple myeloma in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 1985; 1: 827–55.Google Scholar
117Stahl, RL, Silber, R.Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Geriatr Med 1985; 1: 857–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
118Antin, JH, Rosenthal, DS.Acute leukemias, myelodysplasia and lymphomas. Clin Geriatr Med 1985; 1: 795826.Google Scholar
119Dorn, HF, Cutler, SJ.Morbidity from cancer in the United States. Public Health Monographs. 1956; 56.Google Scholar
120Newell, GR, Boutwell, WB, Morris, DL, Epidemiology of cancer. In: De, Vita VTJ, Hellman, S, Rosenberg, SA eds Cancer: principles and practice of oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1982: 332.Google Scholar
121Smith, PW, Roccaforte, JS, Daly, PB.Infection and immune response in the elderly. Ann Epidemiol 1992; 2: 813–22.Google Scholar
122Herman, P, Hogan, DB, Fox, RA.The atypical presentation of infection in old age. Age Aging 1987; 16: 201207.Google Scholar
123Kohn, P.Cause of death in very old people. JAMA 1982; 247: 2793–97.Google Scholar
124Castle, SC, Norman, DC, Yeh, M, Miller, D, Yoshikawa, TT.Fever response in elderly nursing home residents: are the older truly colder? J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 853–57.Google Scholar
125Chandra, RK.Nutritional regulation of immunity and the risk of infection in old age. Immunology 1989; 67: 141–47.Google Scholar
126Chandra, RK.The relation between immunology, nutrition and disease in elderly people. Age Aging 1990; 19: s2531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
127Epstein, AM, Leighton, JR, Hoefer, M.The relation of body weight to length of stay and charges for hospital services for patients undergoing elective surgery: a study of two procedures. Am J Public Health 1987; 77: 993–97.Google Scholar
128Agarwal, M, Acevedo, F, Leighton, LS, Cayton, CG, Pichumoni, CS.Predictive ability of various nutritional variables for mortality in elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 48: 1173–78.Google Scholar
129Weinsier, RL, Hunker, EM, Krumdieck, CL, Butterworth, CE.Hospital malnutrition: a prospective evaluation of general medical patients during the course of hospitalization. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32: 418–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
130Lansey, S, Waslien, C, Mulvihill, M, Fillit, H.The role of anthropometric assessment for malnutrition in the hospitalized frail elderly. Gerontology 1993; 346–53.Google Scholar
131Gorman, LC, The relationship between nutrition, infection and immunity. Med Clin North Am 1985; 69: 519–31.Google Scholar
132Lewis, EJ, Bell, SJ. Nutritional assessment of the elderly. In: Morley, JE, Glick, Z, Rubinstein, LZ eds. Geriatric nutrition. New York: Raven Press, 1990; 7387.Google Scholar
133Levine, B, Kalman, J, Mayer, L, Fillit, HM, Packer, M.Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 236–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
134Singh, , Mulley, GP, Losowsky, MS.Why are Alzheimer patients thin? Age Aging 1988; 17: 2128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
135Sandman, P, Adolfsson, R, Nygren, C, Hallmans, G, Winblad, B.Nutritional status and dietary intake in institionalized patients with Alzheimer's disease and mulitinfarct dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987; 35: 3138.Google Scholar
136Dale, DC. Neutropenia. In: Williams, WJ, Beutler, E, Erslev, AJ, Lichtman, MA eds. Hematology, fourth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989: 807–16.Google Scholar
137Williams, WJ. Lymphocytopenia. In: Williams, WJ, Beutler, E, Erslev, AJ, Lichtman, MA eds. Hematology, fourth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989: 964–66.Google Scholar
138Plaut, M.Lymphocyte hormone receptors. Ann Rev Immunol 1987; 5: 621–69.Google Scholar
139Travin, M, Macris, NT, Block, HM, Schwimmer, D.Reversible common variable immunodeficiency syndrome induced by phenytion. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 1421–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
140Gross, PA, Quinnan, GV, Weksler, ME, Setia, U, Douglas, RG Jr. Relation of chronic disease and immune response to influenza vaccine in the elderly. Vaccine 1989; 7: 303308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
141Moss, RJ, Miles, SH.AIDS and the geriatrician. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987; 35: 460–64.Google Scholar
142Fillit, HM, Fruchtman, S, Sell, L, Rosen, N.AIDS in the elderly: a case and its implications. Geriatrics 1989; 44: 6570.Google Scholar
143Rosenzweig, R, Fillit, H.Probable heterosexual transmission of AIDS in an aged woman. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 1261–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
144Peterman, TA, Jaffe, HW, Feorino, PM.Transfusion acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States. JAMA 1985; 254: 2913–17.Google Scholar
145Weiler, PG, Mungas, D, Pomerantz, S.AIDS as a cause of dementia in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36: 139–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
146Guidi, L, Bartolini, C, Frasca, D et al. Impairment of lymphocyte activities in depressed aged subjects. Mech Ageing Dev 1991; 60: 1324.Google Scholar
147Bartrop, RW, Lazarus, L, Lockhurst, E, Kiloh, LG, Penny, R.Depressed lymphocyte function after bereavement. Lancet 1977; 1: 834–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
148Schleifer, SJ, Keller, SE, Camerino, M, Thornton, JC, Stein, M.Suppression of lymphocyte stimulation following bereavement. JAMA 1983; 250: 374–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
149Thomas, RD, Goodwin, JM, Goodwin, JS.Effect of social support on stress-related changes in cholesterol level, uric acid level, and immune function in an elderly sample. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 735–37.Google Scholar
150Kiecolt-Glaser, JK, Fisher, P, Ogrocki, P, Stout, JC, Speicher, CE, Glaser, R.Marital quality, marital disruption and immune function. Psychosom Med 1987; 49: 1334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
151Kiecolt-Glaser, JK, Glaser, R, Willinger, D et al. Psychosocial enhancement of immunocompetence in a geriatric population. Health Psychol 1985; 4: 2541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
152Pahlavani, MA, Cheung, TH, Chesky, J A, Richardson, A.Influence of exercise on the immune function of rats of various ages. J Appl Physiol 1988; 64: 29973001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
153Soppi, E, Varijo, P, Eskola, J.Effect of strenuous physical stress on circulating lymphocyte number and function before and after training. J Clin Lab Immunol 1982; 8: 4346.Google Scholar
154Grieco, MH, Meriney, DK.Immunodiagnosis for clinicians. Chicago: Year Book 1983.Google Scholar
155Daynes, RA, Araneo, BA.Prevention and reversal of some age-associated changes in immunologic responses by supplemental dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate therapy. Aging Immunol Infect Dis 1992; 3: 135–55.Google Scholar
156Delafuente, JC.Immunosenescence. Clinical and pharmacologic considerations. Med Clin North Am 1985; 69: 465–86.Google Scholar
157Masoro, EJ.Dietary restriction and aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 994–99.Google Scholar
158Gershwin, ME, Beach, R, Hurley, L.Trace metals, aging, and immunity. J Am Geriatr Soc 1983; 31: 374–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
159Penn, ND, Purkines, L, Kelleher, J, Heatley, RV, Mascie-Taylor, BH, Belfield, PW.The effect of dietary supplementation with vitamins A, C and E on cell-mediated immune function in elderly long-stay patients: a randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing 1991; 20: 169–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
160Goodwin, JS, Garry, PJ.Relationship between megadose vitamin supplementation and immunological function in a healthy elderly population. Clin Exp Immunol 1983; 51: 647–53.Google Scholar
161Busby, J, Caranasos, GJ.Immune function, autoimmunity and selective immunoprophylaxis in the aged. Med Clin North Am 1985; 69: 465–74.Google Scholar
162Bentley, DW.Pneumococcal vaccine in the institionalized elderly: review of past and recent studies. Rev Infect Dis 1981; 3: s6170.Google Scholar
163Gross, PA, Quinnan, GV, Rodstein, M et al. Association of influenza immunization with reduction in mortality in an elderly population. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 562–65.Google Scholar
164Ammann, AJ, Schiffman, G, Austrian, R.The antibody responses to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides in aged individuals. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1980; 164: 312–16.Google Scholar
165Forrester, HL, Jahnigen, DW, LaForce, FM.Inefficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in a high-risk population. Am J Med 1987; 83: 425–30.Google Scholar
166Peters, NJ, Meiklejohn, G, Jahnigen, DW.Antibody response of an elderly population to a supplemental dose of influenza B vaccine. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36: 593–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
167Simberkoff, MS, Cross, AP, Al-Ibrahim, M et al. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 1318–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
168Hibberd, PL, Rubin, RH.Immunization strategies for the immunocompromised host: the need for immunoadjuvants. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 955–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed