Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T02:39:41.699Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Delirium

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

Brice Pitt
Brice Pitt*
Affiliation:
St Charles Hospital, London
*
Professor B Pitt, Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, St Charles Hospital, Exmoor Street, London W10 6DZ, UK.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Psychiatry of old age
Information
Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , Volume 1 , Issue 2 , May 1991 , pp. 147 - 157
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Roca, RP. Delirium: a diagnostic dilemma. Clinical Reports on Aging (American Geriatrics Society) 1988; 2: 3–5.Google Scholar
2World Health Organization. Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death, ninth revision. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1977.Google Scholar
3Lishman, WA. Organic psychiatry, second edition. Oxford: Blackwell, 1987.Google Scholar
4Mesulam, MM. Attention, confusional states and neglect. In: Mesulam, MM ed. Principles of behavioural neurology. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1985.Google Scholar
5Lipowski, ZJ. Delirium (acute confusional states). JAMA 1987; 258: 1789–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Lipowski, ZJ. Transient cognitive disorders (delirium, acute confusional states) in the elderly. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 140: 1426–36.Google Scholar
7MacDonald, AJD, Simpson, A, Jenkins, D. Delirium in the elderly: a review and a suggestion for a research programme. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1990; 4: 311–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Brayne, C, Ames, D. The epidemiology of mental disorders in old age. In: Gearing, B, Johnson, M, Heller, T eds. Mental Health Problems in Old Age. Chichester: The Open University, Wiley, 1988.Google Scholar
9Hodkinson, HM. Mental impairment in the elderly. J R Coll Phys 1973; 7: 305–17.Google ScholarPubMed
10Bergmann, K, Eastham, EJ. Psychogeriatric ascertainment and assessment for treatment in an acute medical ward setting. Age Ageing; 1974; 3: 174–88.Google Scholar
11Seymour, DG, Henschke, PJ, Cape, RDT. Acute confusional states and dementia in the elderly: the role of dehydration/volume depletion, physical illness and age. Age Ageing 1980; 9: 137–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Johnson, J, Sullivan, E, Gottlieb, G et al. Delirium in elderly patients on internal medicine services [Abstract]. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1988.Google Scholar
13Anthony, JC, Leresche, L, Niaz, U, von, Korff MR, Folstein, MF. Limits of the ‘Mini Mental State’ as a screening test for dementia and delirium among hospital patients. Psychol Med 1982; 12: 397–408.Google Scholar
14Folstein, MF, Folstein, SE, McHugh, PR. Mini-mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for clinicians. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12: 189–98.Google Scholar
15Feldman, E, Mayou, R, Hawton, K, Ardern, M, Smith, EBO. Psychiatric disorders in medical in-patients. Q J Med 1987; 240: 301–308.Google Scholar
16Wing, J, Cooper, J, Sartorius, N. The measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.Google Scholar
17MacDonald, AJD, Mann, AH, Jenkins, R, Richard, L, Godlove, C, Rodwell, G. An attempt to determine the impact of four types of care upon the elderly in London by the study of matched groups. Psychol Med 1982; 12: 193–200.Google Scholar
18Cameron, DJ, Thomas, RJ, Mulvihill, M, Bronheim, H. Delirium: a test of the Diagnostic and statistical manual III on medical in-patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987; 35: 1007–10.Google Scholar
19American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual, third edition. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1980.Google Scholar
20Rockwood, K. Acute confusion in elderly medical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 150–54.Google Scholar
21Gustafson, Y, Berggren, D, Brannstrom, B et al. Acute confusional states in elderly patients treated for femoral neck fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36: 525–30.Google Scholar
22Pitt, B. Delirium and dementia. In Pitt, B ed. Dementia in old age. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1987.Google Scholar
23Evans, LK. Sundown syndrome in institutionalised elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987; 35: 101–108.Google Scholar
24Wade, JPH, Hachinski, VC. Multi-infarct dementia. In: Pitt, B ed. Dementia in old age. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1987.Google Scholar
25Koponen, H, Stenback, U, Mattila, E, Soininen, H, Reinikainen, K, Riekkinen, PJ. Delirium among elderly persons admitted to a psychiatric hospital: clinical course during the acute stage and a one-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 79: 579–85.Google Scholar
26Marsden, C. The diagnosis of dementia. In: Isaacs, A, Post, F eds. Studies in geriatric psychiatry. New York: Wiley, 1978.Google Scholar
27Silver, Pitt B. The combined approach to geriatrics and psychiatry: evaluation of a joint unit in a teaching hospital district. Age Ageing 1980; 9: 9–16.Google Scholar
28Trzepacz, PT, Teague, GB, Lipowski, ZJ. Delirium and other organic mental disorders in a general hospital. Gen Hasp Psychiatry 1985; 7: 101–106.Google Scholar
29Rabins, P, Folstein, MF. Delirium and dementia: diagnostic criteria and fatality rates. Br J Psychiatry 1982; 140: 149–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Davison, K. Acute organic brain syndromes. Br J Hosp Med 1989; 41: 89–92.Google ScholarPubMed
31Koponen, H, Partanen, J, Paakkonen, A, Mattila, E, Riekkinen, PJ. EEG spectral analysis in delirium. J Neural Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52: 980–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Seymour, DG, Pringle, R. Post-operative complications in the elderly surgical patient. Gerontology 1983; 29: 262–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Seymour, DG, Vaz, FG. Aspects of surgery in the elderly: pre-operative medical assessment. Br J Hosp Med 1987; 37: 102–108.Google Scholar
34Burrows, J, Briggs, RS, Elkington, AR. Cataract extraction and confusion in elderly patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Gerontology 1985; 7: 51–70.Google Scholar
35Kopenen, H, Hurri, L, Stenback, U, Mattila, E, Soininen, H, Riekkinen, PJ. Computed tomography findings in delirium. J Nerv Ment Dis 1989; 177: 226–31.Google Scholar
36Foy, A, Drinkwater, V, March, S, Mearrick, P. Confusion after admission to hospital in elderly patients using benzodiazepines. Br Med J 1986; 293: 1072.Google Scholar
37Evans, JG. The psychiatric aspects of physical disease. In: Levy, R, Post, F eds. The psychiatry of late life. Oxford: Blackwell, 1982.Google Scholar
38Wolff, HG, Curran, D. Nature of delirium and allied states: the dysergastic reaction. Arch Neural Psychiatry 1935; 33: 1175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39Levkoff, SE, Safran, C, Cleary, PD, Gallop, J, Phillips, RS. Identification of factors associated with diagnosis of delirium in elderly hospitalised patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36: 1099–104.Google Scholar
40Pascuzzi, RM, Roos, KL, Davis, TE Jr. Mental state abnormalities in temporal arteritis: a treatable cause of dementia in the elderly. Arthritis and Rheumatology 1989; 32: 1308–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41Jarvis, EH. Drugs and the elderly patient. Adverse Drug Reaction Bulletin 1981; 86: 312–15.Google Scholar
42Tune, LE, Holland, A, Folstein, M, Damlouji, NJ, Gardner, TJ, Coyle, LT. Association of post-operative delirium with raised levels of anticholinergic drugs. Lancet 1981; ii: 651–53.Google Scholar
43Blazer, DG, Federspiel, CF, Ray, WA. The risk of anticholinergic toxicity in the elderly: a study of prescribing practices in two populations. J Gerontol 1983; 38: 31–35.Google Scholar
44Engel, GL, Romano, J. A syndrome of cerebral insufficiency. J Chron Dis 1959; 9: 260–70.Google Scholar
45Blass, JP, Plum, F. Metabolic encephalopathies. In: Katzman, R, Terry, RD eds. The neurology of aging. Philadelphia: Davis, 1983.Google Scholar
46Duvoisin, RC, Katz, RD. Reversal of central anticholinergic syndrome in man by physostigmine. JAMA 1968; 290: 1963–65.Google Scholar
47Giacobini, E, Izikowiyz, S, Wegmann, A. Urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion in delirium. tremens. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1960; 3: 289–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48Petrie, WM, Ban, TA. Propanolol in organic agitation. Lancet 1981; i: 324.Google Scholar
49Banks, CM, Vojnik, M. Comparative simultaneous measurement of CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and blood serotonin levels in delirium tremens and clozapine-induced delirious reaction. J Neural Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978; 41: 420–24.Google Scholar
50Hebenstreit, GF, Fellerer, K, Twerdy, B, Pfeiffer, KP, Zadravec, S, Ferdinand, P. L-tryptophan in pre-delirium and delirium conditions. Infusionsther Klin Ernahr 1989; 16: 92–96.Google Scholar
51Koponen, H, Stenback, U, Mattila, E, Reinikainen, K, Soininen, H, Riekkinen, PJ. Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin in delirium. Psychol Med 1989; 19: 605–609.Google Scholar
52Kopenen, H et al. CSF beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in delirium. Biol Psychiatry 1989; 25: 938–44.Google Scholar
53Pitt, B. Psychogeriatrics: an introduction to the psychiatry of old age, second edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1982.Google Scholar
54Bedford, PD. General medical aspects of confusional states in elderly people. Br Med J 1959; 2: 185–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Pitt, B, Naguib, M. Delirium and dementia in old age: how different are they? International Psychogeriatrics Supplement 1991 (in press).Google Scholar
56Anderson, WF, Carlton-Ashton, JR eds. Brain failure in old age. Age Ageing (Suppl) 1980.Google Scholar