Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:50:24.690Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The effect of sarcopenic obesity on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in older people

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 April 2015

Janice L Atkins  and
S Goya Wannamethee
Janice L Atkins*
Affiliation:
Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
S Goya Wannamethee
Affiliation:
Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
*
Address for correspondence: Mrs JL Atkins, Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. Email: janice.atkins.11@ucl.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Obesity is a major public health problem with increasing prevalence worldwide. It is well recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adult populations. Obesity prevalence is also increasing with age, and this may be particularly important in an ageing population. Ageing is associated with an increase in visceral fat and a progressive loss of muscle mass. Sarcopenia has been defined as the age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and has been associated with metabolic impairment, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, physical disability and mortality. Sarcopenia is often associated with obesity. Sarcopenic obesity is a new category of obesity in older adults who have high adiposity coupled with low muscle mass. Thus sarcopenia with obesity may synergistically increase their effect on metabolic disorders, CVD and mortality. This review focuses on the effects of sarcopenic obesity on the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in older adults.

Keywords

obesitymusclesarcopeniacardiovascular diseasemortalityolder adults
Type
Review Article
Information
Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , Volume 25 , Issue 2 , May 2015 , pp. 86 - 97
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 World Health Organisation. Obesity and Overweight. Fact Sheet Number 311. August 2014. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ (accessed 17 October 2014).Google Scholar
2 Department of Health. Healthy Lives, Healthy People: A call to action on obesity in England. London; Department of Health, 2011.Google Scholar
3 Scarborough, P, Bhatnagar, P, Wickramasinghe, K et al. Coronary Heart Disease Statisitcs. British Heart Foundation: London, 2010.Google Scholar
4 Zamboni, M, Mazzali, G, Fantin, F, Rossi, A, Di Francesco, V. Sarcopenic obesity: a new category of obesity in the elderly. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 18: 388–95.Google Scholar
5 Myint, PK, Welch, AA. Healthier ageing. BMJ 2012; 344: e1214.Google Scholar
6 Zamboni, M, Mazzali, G, Zoico, E et al. Health consequences of obesity in the elderly: a review of four unresolved questions. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29: 1011–29.Google Scholar
7 Choi, KM. Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2013; 28: 86–89.Google Scholar
8 Kohara, K. Sarcopenic obesity in aging population: current status and future directions for research. Endocrine 2014; 45: 15–25.Google Scholar
9 Stenholm, S, Harris, TB, Rantanen, T et al. Sarcopenic obesity: definition, cause and consequences. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008; 11: 693–700.Google Scholar
10 Baumgartner, RN. Body composition in healthy aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 904: 437–48.Google Scholar
11 Baumgartner, RN, Koehler, KM, Gallagher, D et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147: 755–63.Google Scholar
12 Filippin, LI, Teixeira, VN, MP, da Silva, Miraglia, F, da Silva, FS. Sarcopenia: a predictor of mortality and the need for early diagnosis and intervention. Aging Clin Exp Res 2014 (4 Nov, Epub ahead of print).Google Scholar
13 Han, K, Park, YM, Kwon HS, et al. Sarcopenia as a Determinant of Blood Pressure in Older Koreans: Findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) 2008–2010. PLoS One 2014; 9: e86902.Google Scholar
14 Snijder, MB, Henry, RM, Visser, M, et al. Regional body composition as a determinant of arterial stiffness in the elderly: The Hoorn Study. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 2339–47.Google Scholar
15 Prado, CM, Wells, JC, Smith, SR, Stephan, BC, Siervo, M. Sarcopenic obesity: a critical appraisal of the current evidence. Clin Nutr 2012; 31: 583–601.Google Scholar
16 Waters, DL, Baumgartner, RN. Sarcopenia and obesity. Clin Geriatr Med 2011; 27: 401–21.Google Scholar
17 Cruz-Jentoft, AJ, Baeyens, JP, Bauer, JM et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 2010; 39: 412–23.Google Scholar
18 World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 894. Geneva, WHO, 2000.Google Scholar
19 Janssen, I, Mark, AE. Elevated body mass index and mortality risk in the elderly. Obes Rev 2007; 8: 41–59.Google Scholar
20 Winter, JE, MacInnis, RJ, Wattanapenpaiboon, N, Nowson, CA. BMI and all-cause mortality in older adults: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99: 875–90.Google Scholar
21 World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.Google Scholar
22 Czernichow, S, Kengne, AP, Stamatakis, E, Hamer, M, Batty, GD. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: which is the better discriminator of cardiovascular disease mortality risk? Evidence from an individual-participant meta-analysis of 82,864 participants from nine cohort studies. Obes Rev 2011; 12: 680–87.Google Scholar
23 Donini, LM, Savina, C, Coletti, C et al. Obesity in the elderly. Annali di igiene 2010; 22: 499–511.Google Scholar
24 de Koning, L, Merchant, AT, Pogue, J, Anand, SS. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta-regression analysis of prospective studies. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 850–56.Google Scholar
25 Decaria, JE, Sharp, C, Petrella, RJ. Scoping review report: obesity in older adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36: 1141–50.Google Scholar
26 de Hollander, EL, Bemelmans, WJ, Boshuizen, HC et al. The association between waist circumference and risk of mortality considering body mass index in 65- to 74-year-olds: a meta-analysis of 29 cohorts involving more than 58,000 elderly persons. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 41: 805–17.Google Scholar
27 Dorner, TE, Rieder, A. Obesity paradox in elderly patients with cardiovascular diseases. Int J Cardiol 2012; 155: 56–65.Google Scholar
28 Donini, LM, Savina, C, Gennaro, E et al. A systematic review of the literature concerning the relationship between obesity and mortality in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 2012; 16: 89–98.Google Scholar
29 Wijnhoven, HA, Snijder MB, , van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren, MA, Deeg, DJ, Visser, M. Region-specific fat mass and muscle mass and mortality in community-dwelling older men and women. Gerontology 2012; 58: 32–40.Google Scholar
30 Han, SS, Kim, KW, Kim, KI et al. Lean mass index: a better predictor of mortality than body mass index in elderly Asians. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010; 58: 312–17.Google Scholar
31 Landi, F, Russo, A, Liperoti, R et al. Midarm muscle circumference, physical performance and mortality: results from the aging and longevity study in the Sirente geographic area (ilSIRENTE study). Clin Nutr 2010; 29: 441–47.Google Scholar
32 Wannamethee, SG, Shaper, AG, Lennon, L, Whincup, PH. Decreased muscle mass and increased central adiposity are independently related to mortality in older men. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86: 1339–46.Google Scholar
33 Wijnhoven, HA, van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren, MA, Heymans, MW, et al. Low mid-upper arm circumference, calf circumference, and body mass index and mortality in older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65: 1107–14.Google Scholar
34 Dominguez, LJ, Barbagallo, M. The cardiometabolic syndrome and sarcopenic obesity in older persons. J Cardiometab Syndr 2007; 2: 183–89.Google Scholar
35 Prado, CMM, Liefers, JR, McCargar, LJ et al. Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based study. Lancet Oncology 2008; 9: 629–35.Google Scholar
36 Atkins, JL, Whincup, PH, Morris, RW et al. Sarcopenic obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a population-based cohort study of older men. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62: 253–60.Google Scholar
37 Batsis, JA, Mackenzie, TA, Barre, LK, Lopez-Jimenez, F, Bartels, SJ. Sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and mortality in older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68: 1001–7.Google Scholar
38 Cesari, M, Pahor, M, Lauretani, F et al. Skeletal muscle and mortality results from the InCHIANTI Study. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64: 377–84.Google Scholar
39 Rantanen, T, Harris, T, Leveille, SG et al. Muscle strength and body mass index as long-term predictors of mortality in initially healthy men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000; 55: M168–73.Google Scholar
40 Kim, TN, Yang, SJ, Yoo, HJ et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in Korean adults: the Korean sarcopenic obesity study. Int J Obesity 2009; 33: 885–92.Google Scholar
41 Lim, S, Kim, JH, Yoon, JW et al. Sarcopenic obesity: prevalence and association with metabolic syndrome in the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA). Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 1652–54.Google Scholar
42 Chung, JY, Kang, HT, Lee, DC, Lee, HR, Lee, YJ. Body composition and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in the elderly: a focus on sarcopenic obesity. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2013; 56: 270–78.Google Scholar
43 Hwang, B, Lim, JY, Lee, J et al. Prevalence rate and associated factors of sarcopenic obesity in korean elderly population. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27: 748–55.Google Scholar
44 Park, SH, Park, JH, Song, PS et al. Sarcopenic obesity as an independent risk factor of hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens 2013; 7: 420–25.Google Scholar
45 Park, SH, Park, JH, Park, HY et al. Additional role of sarcopenia to waist circumference in predicting the odds of metabolic syndrome. Clin Nutr 2014; 33: 668–72.Google Scholar
46 Baek, SJ, Nam, GE, Han, KD et al. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and their association with dyslipidemia in Korean elderly men: the 2008–2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37: 247–60.Google Scholar
47 Kim, TN, Park, MS, Kim, YJ et al. Association of low muscle mass and combined low muscle mass and visceral obesity with low cardiorespiratory fitness. PLoS One 2014; 9: e100118.Google Scholar
48 Kim, TN, Park, MS, Lim, KI et al. Relationships between sarcopenic obesity and insulin resistance, inflammation, and vitamin D status: The Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 78: 525–32.Google Scholar
49 Lu, CW, Yang, KC, Chang, HH et al. Sarcopenic obesity is closely associated with metabolic syndrome. Obesity Res Clin Practice 2013; 7: e301–7.Google Scholar
50 Srikanthan, P, Hevener, AL, Karlamangla, AS. Sarcopenia exacerbates obesity-associated insulin resistance and dysglycemia: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. PLoS One 2010; 5: e10805.Google Scholar
51 Baumgartner, RN, Wayne, SJ, Waters, DL et al. Sarcopenic obesity predicts instrumental activities of daily living disability in the elderly. Obes Res 2004; 12: 1995–2004.Google Scholar
52 Messier, V, Karelis, AD, Lavoie, M-E et al. Metabolic profile and quality of life in class I sarcopenic overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a MONET study. Appl Physiol Nutrition Metab 2009; 34: 18–24.Google Scholar
53 dos Santos, EP, Gadelha, AB, Safons, MP et al. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity classifications and cardiometabolic risks in older women. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2014; 59: 56–61.Google Scholar
54 Helfand, M, Buckley, DI, Freeman, M et al. Emerging risk factors for coronary heart disease: a summary of systematic reviews conducted for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151: 496–507.Google Scholar
55 Jensen, GL. Inflammation: roles in aging and sarcopenia. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008; 32: 656–59.Google Scholar
56 Gregor, MF, Hotamisligil, GS. Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29: 415–45.Google Scholar
57 Schrager, MA, Metter, EJ, Simonsick, E et al. Sarcopenic obesity and inflammation in the InCHIANTI study. J Appl Physiol 2007; 102: 919–25.Google Scholar
58 Cesari, M, Kritchevsky, SB, Baumgartner, RN et al. Sarcopenia, obesity, and inflammation – results from the Trial of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors study. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 428–34.Google Scholar
59 Chin, SO, Rhee, SY, Chon, S et al. Sarcopenia is independently associated with cardiovascular disease in older Korean adults: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2009. PLoS One 2013; 8: e60119.Google Scholar
60 Stephen, WC, Janssen, I. Sarcopenic-obesity and cardiovascular disease risk in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 2009; 13: 460–66.Google Scholar