Differential recognition of the polypyrimidine-tract by the general splicing factor U2AF⁶⁵ and the splicing repressor sex-lethal

Abstract

The polypyrimidine-tract (Py-tract) adjacent to 3′ splice sites is an essential splicing signal and is recognized by several proteins, including the general splicing factor U2AF⁶⁵ and the highly specific splicing repressor Sex-lethal (SXL). They both contain ribonucleoprotein-consensus RNA-binding motifs. However, U2AF⁶⁵ recognizes a wide variety of Py-tracts, whereas SXL recognizes specific Py-tracts such as the nonsex-specific Py-tract of the transformer pre-mRNA. It is not understood how these seemingly similar proteins differentially recognize the Py-tract. To define these interactions, we used chemical interference and protection assays, saturation mutagenesis, and RNAs containing modified nucleotides. We find that these proteins recognize distinct features of the RNA. First, although uracils within the Py-tract are protected from chemical modification by both of these proteins, modification of any one of seven uracils by hydrazine, or any of eight phosphates by ethylnitrosourea strongly interfered with the binding of SXL only. Second, the 2′ hydroxyl groups or backbone conformation appeared important for the binding of SXL, but not U2AF⁶⁵. Third, although any of the bases (cytosine [Gt ] adenine > guanine) could substitute for uracils for U2AF⁶⁵ binding, only guanine partially substituted for certain uracils for SXL binding. The different dependence on individual contacts and nucleotide preference may provide a basis for the different RNA-binding specificities and thus functions of U2AF⁶⁵ and SXL in 3′ splice site choice.