Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T06:48:11.991Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A survey on snake robot modeling and locomotion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2009

Aksel Andreas Transeth*
Affiliation:
SINTEF ICT, Applied Cybernetics, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
Kristin Ytterstad Pettersen
Affiliation:
Department of Engineering Cybernetics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, O.S. Bragstadsplass 2D, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
Pål Liljebäck
Affiliation:
Department of Engineering Cybernetics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, O.S. Bragstadsplass 2D, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: Aksel.A.Transeth@sintef.no

Summary

Snake robots have the potential to make substantial contributions in areas such as rescue missions, firefighting, and maintenance where it may either be too narrow or too dangerous for personnel to operate. During the last 10–15 years, the published literature on snake robots has increased significantly. The purpose of this paper is to give a survey of the various mathematical models and motion patterns presented for snake robots. Both purely kinematic models and models including dynamics are investigated. Moreover, the different approaches to biologically inspired locomotion and artificially generated motion patterns for snake robots are discussed.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Miller, G., “Snake Robots for Search and Rescue,” In: Neurotechnology for Biomimetic Robots (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2002) pp. 271284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Gray, J., “The mechanism of locomotion in snakes,” J. Exp. Biol., 23 (2), 101120 (1946).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Hirose, S., Biologically Inspired Robots: Snake-Like Locomotors and Manipulators. (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993).Google Scholar
4.Wiriyacharoensunthorn, P. and Laowattana, S., “Analysis and Design of a Multi-Link Mobile Robot (Serpentine),” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, Bangkok, Thailand, Vol. 2 (Dec. 2002) pp. 694699.Google Scholar
5.Lewis, M. and Zehnpfennig, D., “R7: A Snake-Like Robot for 3-D Visual Inspection,” Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Munich Germany, Vol. 2 (Sept. 1994) pp. 13101317.Google Scholar
6.Worst, R. and Linnemann, R., “Construction and Operation of a Snake-Like Robot,” Proceedings of IEEE International Joint Symposium on Intelligence and Systems, Rockville, MD (Nov. 1996) pp. 164169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Ma, S., “Analysis of Snake Movement Forms for Realization of Snake-Like Robots,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Detroit, MI, Vol. 4 (May 1999) pp. 30073013.Google Scholar
8.Ma, S., Araya, H., and Li, L., “Development of a Creeping Snake-Robot,” Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation, Banff, Alberta, Canada (Jul.–Aug. 2001) pp. 7782.Google Scholar
9.Lu, Y., Ma, S., Li, B. and Chen, L., “Ground Condition Sensing of a Snake-Like Robot,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics, Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing, Changsha, Hunan, China, Vol. 2 (Oct. 2003) pp. 10751080.Google Scholar
10.Xinyu, L. and Matsuno, F., “Control of Snake-Like Robot Based on Kinematic Model with Image Sensor,” Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Robotics, Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing, Changsha, Hunan, China, Vol. 1 (Oct. 2003) pp. 347352.Google Scholar
11.Kamegawa, T., Yarnasaki, T., Igarashi, H. and Matsuno, F., “Development of the Snake-Like Rescue Robot ‘Kohga’,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Barcelona, Spain, Vol. 5 (Apr. 2004) pp. 50815086.Google Scholar
12.Chirikjian, G. and Burdick, J., “A modal approach to hyper-redundant manipulator kinematics,” IEEE Trans. Robot. Autom. 10 (3), 343354 (Jun. 1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Krishnaprasad, P. and Tsakiris, D., “G-snakes: Nonholonomic Kinematic Chains on Lie Groups,” Proceedings of 33rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Lake Buena Vista, FL, Vol. 3 (Dec. 1994) pp. 29552960.Google Scholar
14.Ostrowski, J. and Burdick, J., “Gait Kinematics for a Serpentine Robot,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, Vol. 2 (Apr. 1996) pp. 12941299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Ma, S., Tadokoro, N., Li, B. and Inoue, K., “Analysis of Creeping Locomotion of a Snake Robot on a Slope,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Taipei, Taiwan (Sep. 2003) pp. 20732078.Google Scholar
16.Shan, Y. and Koren, Y., “Design and motion planning of a mechanical snake,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cyb. 23 (4), 10911100 (Jul.–Aug. 1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Ohno, H. and Hirose, S., “Design of Slim Slime Robot and Its Gait of Locomotion,” Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Wailea, Hawaii, Vol. 2 (Nov. 2001) pp. 707715.Google Scholar
18.Ma, S., “Analysis of creeping locomotion of a snake-like robot,” Adv. Rob. 15 (2), 205224 (2001).Google Scholar
19.Saito, M., Fukaya, M. and Iwasaki, T., “Serpentine locomotion with robotic snakes,” IEEE Contr. Syst. Mag. 22 (1), 6481 (Feb. 2002).Google Scholar
20.Grabec, I., “Control of a Creeping Snake-Like Robot,” Proceedings of 7th International Workshop on Advanced Motion Control, Maribor, Slovenia (Jul. 2002) pp. 526–513.Google Scholar
21.McIsaac, K. and Ostrowski, J., “Motion planning for anguilliform locomotion,” IEEE Trans. Robot. Autom. 19 (4), 637–625 (Aug. 2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Chirikjian, G. and Burdick, J., “The kinematics of hyper-redundant robot locomotion,” IEEE Trans. Robot. Autom. 11 (6), 781793, (Dec. 1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Mattison, C., The Encyclopaedia of Snakes (Cassell Paperbacks, London, 2002).Google Scholar
24.Bauchot, R., Snakes: A Natural History, New York, USA (Sterling Publishing Company, 1994).Google Scholar
25.Dowling, K. J., ‘Limbless Locomotion. Learning to Crawl with a Snake Robot Ph.D. Dissertation (Carnegie Mellon University, Dec. 1997).Google Scholar
26.Burdick, J., Radford, J. and Chirikjian, G., “A ‘Sidewinding’ Locomotion Gait for Hyper-Redundant Robots,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Atlanta, GA, USA (May 1993) pp. 101106.Google Scholar
27.Murray, R. M., Li, Z. and Sastry, S. S., A Mathematical Introduction to Robotic Manipulation, 1st ed. (CRC Press, Florida, USA, 1994).Google Scholar
28.Poi, G., Scarabeo, C. and Allotta, B., “Traveling Wave Locomotion Hyper-Redundant Mobile Robot,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Lueven, Belgium, Vol. 1 (May 1998) pp. 418423.Google Scholar
29.Liljebäck, P., Stavdahl, Ø. and Pettersen, K. Y., “Modular Pneumatic Snake Robot: 3D Modelling, Implementation and Control,” Proceedings of 16th IFAC World Congress, Prague, Czech Republic (Jul. 2005).Google Scholar
30.Kolmanovsky, I. and McClamroch, N., “Developments in nonholonomic control problems,” IEEE Contr. Syst. Mag. 15 (6), 2036, (Dec. 1995).Google Scholar
31.Bloch, A. M., Baillieul, J., Crouch, P. and Marsden, J., Nonholonomic Mechanics and Control, New York, USA (Springer-Verlag, 2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Kelly, S. and Murray, R. M., “Geometric phases and robotic locomotion,” J. Rob. Syst. 12 (6), 417431 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Chirikjian, G. and Burdick, J., “Kinematics of Hyper-Redundant Robot Locomotion with Applications to Grasping,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Sacramento, CA, USA (Apr. 1991) pp. 720725.Google Scholar
34.Chirikjian, G. S., Theory and Applications of Hyper-Redundant Robotic Manipulators Ph.D. Dissertation (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 1992).Google Scholar
35.Chirikjian, G. S., “Design and analysis of some nonanthropomorphic, biologically inspired robots: An overview,” J. Rob. Syst. 18 (12), 701713 (Dec. 2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Yamada, H. and Hirose, S., “Study on the 3d Shape of Active Cord Mechanism,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Orlando, FL, USA (2006) pp. 28902895.Google Scholar
37.Do Carmo, M. P., Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1976).Google Scholar
38.Wang, Y. and Chirikjian, G., “Workspace generation of hyper-redundant manipulators as a diffusion process on se(n),” IEEE Trans. Rob. Automat. 20 (3), 399408 (Jun. 2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Robinson, G. and Davies, J. B. C., “Continuum Robots – A State of the Art,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Detroit, MI, USA, Vol. 4 (May 1999) pp. 28492854.Google Scholar
40.Jones, B. and Walker, I., “Kinematics for multisection continuum robots,” IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 22 (1), 4355 (Feb. 2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Hannan, M. and Walker, I., “Kinematics and the implementation of an elephant's trunk manipulator and other continuum style robots,” J. Rob. Syst. 20 (2), 4563 (Feb. 2003).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42.Gravagne, I. and Walker, I., “Kinematic Transformations for Remotely-Actuated Planar Continuum Robots,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, San Francisco, CA, USA, Vol. 1 (2000) pp. 1926.Google Scholar
43.Gravagne, I. and Walker, I., “On the Kinematics of Remotely-Actuated Continuum Robots,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, San Francisco, CA, USA, Vol. 3 (2000) pp. 25442550.Google Scholar
44.Mochiyama, H. and Kobayashi, H., “The Shape Jacobian of a Manipulator with Hyper Degrees of Freedom,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Detroit, MI, USA, Vol. 4 (1999) pp. 28372842.Google Scholar
45.Mochiyama, H., Shimemura, E. and Kobayashi, H., “Direct Kinematics of Manipulators with Hyper Degrees of Freedom and Frenet–Serret Formula,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Lueven, Belgium, Vol. 2 (May 1998) pp. 16531658.Google Scholar
46.Mochiyama, H., Shimemura, E. and Kobayashi, H., “Shape Correspondence Between a Spatial Curve and a Manipulator with Hyper Degrees of Freedom,” Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Victoria, Canada, Vol. 1 (1998) pp. 161166.Google Scholar
47.Prautsch, P. and Mita, T., “Control and Analysis of the Gait of Snake Robots,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, Kohala Coast, HI (1999) pp. 502507.Google Scholar
48.Ma, S., Ohmameuda, Y., Inoue, K. and Li, B., “Control of a 3-Dimensional Snake-Like Robot,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Taipei, Taiwan, Vol. 2 (Sep. 2003) pp. 20672072.Google Scholar
49.Egeland, O. and Gravdahl, J. T., Modeling and Simulation for Automatic Control (Marine Cybernetics, Trondheim, Norway, 2002).Google Scholar
50.Ma, S., Ohmameuda, Y. and Inoue, K., “Dynamic Analysis of 3-Dimensional Snake Robots,” Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Sendai, Japan (2004) pp. 767772.Google Scholar
51.Transeth, A. A., Leine, R. I., Glocker, Ch. and Pettersen, K. Y., “Non-Smooth 3D Modeling of a Snake Robot with Frictional Unilateral Constraints,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, Kunming, China (Dec. 2006) pp. 11811188.Google Scholar
52.Transeth, A. A., Leine, R. I., Glocker, Ch. and Pettersen, K. Y., “Non-Smooth 3D Modeling of a Snake Robot with External Obstacles,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, Kunminga, China (Dec. 2006) pp. 11891196.Google Scholar
53.Liljebäck, P., Modular Snake-Robot: Modeling, Implementation and Control of a Modular and Pressure Based Snake-Robot Master's Thesis (Norwegian University of Technology and Science, Trondheim, Norway, 2004).Google Scholar
54.Chernousko, F., “Snake-Like Motions of Multibody Systems Over a Rough Plane,” Proceedings of Second International Conference on Control of Oscillations and Chaos, Saint-Petersburg, Russia (Jul. 2000) pp. 321326.Google Scholar
55.Chernousko, F., “Modelling of snake-like locomotion,” Appl. Math. Comput. 164 (2), 415434 (May 2005).Google Scholar
56.Ma, S., Li, W. and Wang, Y., “A Simulator to Analyze Creeping Locomotion of a Snake-Like Robot,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Seoul, Korea, Vol. 4 (2001) pp. 36563661.Google Scholar
57.McIsaac, K. and Ostrowski, J., “A Geometric Approach to Anguilliform Locomotion: Modelling of an Underwater Eel Robot,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Detroit, MI, USA, Vol. 4 (May 1999) pp. 28432848.Google Scholar
58.McIsaac, K. and Ostrowski, J., “Motion Planning for Dynamic Eel-Like Robots,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, San Francisco, CA, USA, Vol. 2 (2000) pp. 16951700.Google Scholar
59.Ayers, J., Wilbur, C. and Olcott, C., “Lamprey Robots,” Proceedings of International Symposium on Aqua Biomechanisms, Honolulu, HI, USA (2000) pp. 16.Google Scholar
60.Bloch, A., Krishnaprasad, P., Marsden, J. and Murray, R., “Nonholonomic Mechanical Systems with Symmetry,” Technical Report (California Institute of Technology, 1995).Google Scholar
61.Boyer, F., Porez, M. and Khalil, W., “Macro-continuous computed torque algorithm for a three-dimensional eel-like robot,” IEEE Trans. Robot. 22 (4), 763775 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62.Transeth, A. A., Liljebäck, P. and Pettersen, K. Y., “Snake Robot Obstacle Aided Locomotion: An Experimental Validation of a Non-Smooth Modeling Approach,” Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, San Diego, CA (Oct.–Nov. 2007) pp. 25822589.Google Scholar
63.Chirikjian, G., “Hyper-redundant manipulator dynamics: A continuum approximation,” Adv. Rob. 9 (3), 217243 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64.Mochiyama, H., “Hyper-Flexible Robotic Manipulators,” IEEE International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science, Nagoya, Japan (Nov. 2005) pp. 4146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65.Mochiyama, H. and Suzuki, T., “Kinematics and Dynamics of a Cable-Like Hyper-Flexible Manipulator,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Taipei, Taiwan, Vol. 3 (Sep. 2003) pp. 36723677.Google Scholar
66.Mochiyama, H. and Suzuki, T., “Dynamics Modelling of a Hyper-Flexible Manipulator,” Proceedings of the 41st SICE Annual Conference, Osaka, Japan, Vol. 3 (Aug. 2002) pp. 15051510.Google Scholar
67.Gravagne, I., Rahn, C. and Walker, I., “Large deflection dynamics and control for planar continuum robots,” IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron. 8 (2), 299307 (Jun. 2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68.Wilson, J., Mahajan, U., Wainwright, S. A. and Croner, L., “A continuum model of elephant trunks,” J. Biomech. Eng. 113 (1), 7984 (Feb. 1991).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69.Yamada, H. and Hirose, S., “Development of practical 3-dimensional active cord mechanism ACM-R4,” J. Rob. Mechatronics 18 (3), 17 (2006).Google Scholar
70.Masayuki, A., Takayama, T. and Hirose, S., “Development of “Souryu-III”: Connected Crawler Vehicle for Inspection Inside Narrow and Winding Spaces,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Sendai, Japan, Vol. 1 (2004), pp. 5257.Google Scholar
71.Mori, M. and Hirose, S., “Three-Dimensional Serpentine Motion and Lateral Rolling by Active Cord Mechanism ACM-R3,” Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Lausanne, Switzerland (2002) pp. 829834.Google Scholar
72.Ye, C., Ma, S., Li, B. and Wang, Y., “Turning and Side Motion of Snake-Like Robot,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Barcelona, Spain, Vol. 5 (2004) pp. 50755080.Google Scholar
73.Bayraktarouglu, Z., Butel, F., Blazevic, P. and Pasqui, V., “A Geometrical Approach to the Trajectory Planning of a Snake-Like Mechanism,” Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Kyongju, Korea (Oct. 1999) pp. 13221327.Google Scholar
74.Rincon, D. and Sotelo, J., “Ver-Vite: Dynamic and experimental analysis for inchwormlike biomimetic robots,” IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag. 10 (4), 5357 (Dec. 2003).Google Scholar
75.Yim, M., “New Locomotion Gaits,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, San Diego, CA, USA, Vol. 3 (May 1994) pp. 25082514.Google Scholar
76.Yim, M., Duff, D. and Roufas, K., “Walk on the wild side,” IEEE Rob. Automat. Mag. 9 (4), 4953 (Dec. 2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
77.Nilsson, M., “Snake Robot Free Climbing,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Albuquerque, NM, USA, Vol. 4 (Apr. 1997) pp. 34153420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
78.Nilsson, M., “Snake robot – Free climbing,” IEEE Contr. Syst. Mag. 18 (1), 2126 (Feb. 1998).Google Scholar
79.Yamada, H., Chigisaki, S., Mori, M., Takita, K., Ogami, K. and Hirose, S., “Development of Amphibious Snake-Like Robot ACM-R5,” Proceedings of 36th International Symposium on Robotics, Tokyo, Japan (Nov.–Dec. 2005).Google Scholar
80.Togawa, K., Mori, M. and Hirose, S., “Study on Three-Dimensional Active Cord Mechanism: Development of ACM-R2,” Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Takamatsu, Japan, Vol. 3 (2000) pp. 22422247.Google Scholar
81.Dowling, K., “Limbless Locomotion: Learning to Crawl,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Detroit, MI, USA, Vol. 4 (1999) pp. 30013006.Google Scholar
82.Chen, L., Wang, Y., Ma, S. and Li, B.;, “Studies on Lateral Rolling Locomotion of a Snake Robot,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Barcelona, Spain (2004) pp. 50705074.Google Scholar
83.Nilsson, M., “Serpentine Locomotion on Surfaces with Uniform Friction,” Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Sendai, Japan (2004) pp. 17511755.Google Scholar
84.Date, H., Hoshi, Y. and Sampei, M., “Locomotion Control of a Snake-Like Robot Based on Dynamic Manipulability,” Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Takamatsu, Japan (2000) pp. 22362241.Google Scholar
85.Date, H., Hoshi, Y., Sampei, M. and Shigeki, N., “Locomotion Control of a Snake Robot with Constraint Force Attenuation,” Proceedings of American Control Conference, Boston, MA, USA (2001) pp. 113118.Google Scholar
86.Ostrowski, J. and Burdick, J., “The geometric mechanics of undulatory robotic locomotion,” Int. J. Robot. Res. 17 (7), 683701 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
87.McIsaac, K. A. and Ostrowski, J. P., “A framework for steering dynamic robotic locomotion systems,” Int. J. Robot. Res. 22 (2), 8397 (Feb. 2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
88.Ma, S. and Tadokoro, N., “Analysis of creeping locomotion of a snake-like robot on a slope,” Autonom. Rob. 20, 1523 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
89.Hirose, S. and Umetani, Y., “Kinematic Control of Active Cord-Mechanism with Tactile Sensors,” Proceedings of Second RoMAnSy Symposium, Warsaw (1976) pp. 241252.Google Scholar
90.Bayraktaroglu, Z. and Blazevic, P., “Understanding snakelike locomotion through a novel push-point approach,” J. Dyn. Syst. – Trans. ASME 127 (1), 146152 (Mar. 2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
91.Bayraktaroglu, Z. Y., Kilicarslan, A., Kuzucu, A., Hugel, V. and Blazevic, P., “Design and Control of Biologically Inspired Wheel-Less Snake-Like Robot,” Proceedings of IEEE/RAS-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics, Pisa, Italy (Feb. 2006) pp. 10011006.Google Scholar
92.Hirose, S. and Mori, M., “Biologically Inspired Snake-Like Robots,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, Shenyang, China (Aug. 2004) pp. 17.Google Scholar
93.Ohmameuda, Y. and Ma, S., “Control of a 3-Dimensional Snake-Like Robot for Analysis of Sinus-Lifting Motion,” Proceedings of 41st SICE Annual Conference, Osaka, Japan, Vol. 3 (2002) pp. 14871491.Google Scholar
94.Tanev, I., Ray, T. and Buller, A., “Automated evolutionary design, robustness, and adaptation of sidewinding locomotion of a simulated snake-like robot,” IEEE Trans. Rob. 21 (4), 632645 (Aug. 2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
95.Ye, C., Ma, S., Li, B. and Wang, Y., “Twist-Related Locomotion of a 3D Snake-Like Robot,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, Shenyang, China (Aug. 2004) pp. 589594.Google Scholar
96.Erkmen, I., Erkmen, A., Matsuno, F., Chatterjee, R. and Kamegawa, T., “Snake robots to the rescue!IEEE Rob. Automat. Mag. 9 (3), 1725 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
97.Choset, H., “Snake robots at Carnegie Mellon University,” http://www.snakerobot.com/ (2007), online. Accessed September 29, 2007.Google Scholar
98.Miller, G., “Dr. Miller's snake robots,” http://www.snakerobots.com/ (2007), online. Accessed September 29, 2007.Google Scholar
99.Nilsson, M., “Ripple and Roll: Slip-Free Snake Robot Locomotion,” Proceedings of Mechatronical Computer Systems for Perception and Action, Piza, Italy (Feb. 1997).Google Scholar
100.Bayraktaroglu, Z., Butel, F., Pasqui, V. and Blazevic, P., “Snake-like locomotion: Integration of geometry and kineto-statics,” Adv. Rob. 14 (6), 447458 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
101.McIsaac, K. A. and Ostrowski, J. P., “Motion Planning for Dynamic Eel-Like Robots,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, San Francisco, CA, USA, Vol. 2 (Apr. 2000) pp. 16951700.Google Scholar
102.Ito, K. and Fukumori, Y., “Autonomous Control of a Snake-Like Robot Utilizing Passive Mechanism,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Orlando, FL, USA (May 2006) pp. 381386.Google Scholar
103.Choset, H. and Lee, J. Y., “Sensor-based construction of a retract-like structure for a planar rod robot,” IEEE Trans. Robot. Autom. 17 (4), 435449 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
104.Henning, W., Hickman, F. and Choset, H., “Motion Planning for Serpentine Robots,” Proceedings of ASCE Space and Robotics, Albuquerque, NM, USA (1998).Google Scholar
105.Sciavicco, L. and Siciliano, B., Modelling and Control of Robot Manipulators, 2nd ed. (McGraw Hill Inc., London, 1999).Google Scholar
106.Saito, M., Fukaya, M. and Iwasaki, T., “Serpentine locomotion with robotic snakes,” IEEE Contr. Syst. Mag. 22 (1), 6481 (Feb. 2002).Google Scholar
107.Spong, M. W., Hutchinson, S. and Vidyasagar, M., Robot Modeling and Control, New Jersey, USA (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006).Google Scholar
108.Transeth, A. A., Leine, R. I., Glocker, C., Pettersen, K. Y. and Liljebäck, P., “Snake robot obstacle aided locomotion: Modeling, simulations, and experiments,” IEEE Trans. Robot. 24 (1), 88104 (Feb. 2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
109.Transeth, A. A., van de Wouw, N., Pavlov, A., Hespanha, J. P. and Pettersen, K. Y., “Tracking Control for Snake Robot Joints,” Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, San Diego, CA (Oct.–Nov. 2007) pp. 35393546.Google Scholar
110.Transeth, A. A., Leine, R. I., Glocker, C. and Pettersen, K. Y., “3D snake robot motion: Non-smooth modeling, simulations, and experiments,” IEEE Trans. Rob. 24 (2), 361376 (Apr. 2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar