INDEX

• acatry 31

• Adolphus XI, count of Schaumburg 279

• Ailesbury and Elgin, Anne, dowager countess of (née Lady Anne Cecil) 81

• Ailesbury, Robert Bruce, 2nd earl of Elgin and 1st earl of 81

• Ailesbury sale (1687) 81–82

• Alabaster, William 276

• Albert, Archduke 37, 72, 143, 189, 209, 235, 238, 250

• Aldobrandini, Cardinal Pietro 135

• Allen, Cardinal William 114–116, 192

• Alvey, Henry 41–42

• Amurath III, sultan 175

• Anna of Austria, archduchess and queen of Poland 174

• Anne of Denmark, queen of Scotland 272

• Anton, George 254

• archdukes, the, see Albert and Isabella

• Armstrong, William (‘Kinmount Willie’) 233n, 275n

• Aston, Roger 55–56, 192

• Auchinross, John 98

• Ayscough family 138

• Azores expedition (1597) 245, 246, 252, 254, 257, 274–275

• Bacon, Anthony 56, 193, 237–238, 276

• Bacon, Francis 45

• Bagenal, Mabel 96

• Bagenal, Samuel 292

• Bagenal, Sir Henry, lord president of Munster 69, 96, 99

• Baines, Roland 114–115

• Baker, Thomas 76–79, 299

• Bancroft, Richard, bishop of London 42, 44, 45

• Barnekow, Christian 272

• Baro, Peter 42, 78n, 79n

• Barton, Edward 16–17, 19, 175, 178–179

• Bassadonna, Giovanni 121, 167

• Báthory, Cardinal Andrew 174

• Báthory, Sigismund, voivode of Transylvania 174

• Beale, Sir Robert 14, 17, 27, 28, 281

• Beaufort, Lady Margaret 41

• Beauvoir la Nocle, Pregent de la Fin, lord of, vidame of Chartres 88, 92, 134, 147, 151

• Becher, Sir William, 67n, 121n, 254

• Bede, the Venerable 75n, 78

• Bellevue, John 176

• Bellott, Thomas 105–106

• Bernard, Edward 75–77, 297

• Berwick-upon-Tweed 24, 25, 34, 39, 50, 57, 68, 91n, 116–117, 166, 212–213, 243n, 246, 248, 271, 276n, 284n, 286n

• Beverly, George 97, 149, 285, 288

• Billingsley, Sir Henry 107–108, 145, 251

• Bingham, Sir Richard 63, 168, 199

• Black (Cadell), James 199

• Blount, Sir Michael 131

• Bodley, Sir Thomas 19, 59, 60, 144, 156–157, 163, 165, 171, 178, 185

• Boon, Peter 195

• Boulogne 5, 34, 36, 48, 88, 90, 176, 228

• Bowes, Sir Robert 15, 19, 21, 46–47, 49, 51, 54, 56, 90, 97, 98, 102, 126, 152, 166, 180, 192–193, 198, 246, 277

• Bowes, Sir William 286–287

• Bowyer, Sir Robert 117

• Brancas, André de, sieur de Villar (Leaguer governor of Dieppe) 132

• Bremen 280

• Brest 111, 127–129, 144, 174, 224

• Briac 90

• Brittany 19, 38, 61, 67, 90, 105, 110, 112, 121, 129, 135, 146, 147, 151, 172, 192, 199, 203

• Bromley, Sir Thomas 212

• Brooke, Henry, 11th Baron Cobham 95, 172

• Brooke, William, 10th Baron Cobham 6, 36, 39, 44, 88, 89, 90, 95, 204, 275

• Brounker (Bronker), Henry 95

• Brunswick 279

• Burghley House (Strand), later Exeter House 7–8, 12–13, 20, 81–84

• Burghley House, Stamford Baron (now in Lincolnshire) 82–84

• Burghley, Lord, see Cecil

• Butler, Thomas, 10th earl of Ormonde 176

• Cadiz (1596) 8, 26, 218, 228, 232, 247, 250, 256

• Caen 105–106

• Caesar, Sir Julius 280n

• Calais 5–6, 30–31, 33, 34, 55, 59, 60, 63, 89n, 188, 197, 199, 209n, 223, 225, 228, 232, 235, 239n, 247n, 252n

• Calvinism 42

• Cambridge University, manuscripts 21, 73–78

• Campagnol 89, 176

• Campbell, Archibald, 7th earl of Argyll 52–53, 98, 143

• Campbell, Dioness, dean of Limerick 52–53

• Carew, Sir Francis 231

• Carew, Sir George, master of the Ordnance 18, 38, 71, 120, 125, 131, 136, 151, 280

• Carew, Peter 38

• Carey, George, 2nd Baron Hunsdon 248n

• Carey, Henry, 1st Baron Hunsdon 49, 51, 91n, 116, 117, 153, 161, 248n, 265n, 267, 276, 287

• Carey, Sir John, 3rd Baron Hunsdon 91n, 161, 192, 248n

• Carey, Sir Robert 276n, 284

• Carlisle 25, 57, 233; castle 139n, 324, 275n; Treaty of (1597) 286

• Carmarthen, Richard, officer of the London Customs and merchant 107–108, 145, 161–162, 252–254

• Carmichael, Sir Hugh 180

• Caron, Sir Noel de 59, 72n, 105n, 151n, 164–165, 185, 238

• Cave, Sir Edmund 269; Cecil and 40

• Cecil, Lady Anne, later countess of Ailesbury and Elgin 81

• Cecil, Lady Elizabeth 8, 95

• Cecil, John (alias Snowden, spy) 44, 46, 56, 237

• Cecil, John, 5th earl of Exeter 82–84

• Cecil, Mildred, Lady Burghley 6–8

• Cecil, Sir Robert, later 1st earl of Salisbury: and Burghley:

  audiences of the Queen proposing or relating business from Burghley 3–4, 90, 98, 102, 113, 116–117, 119, 122, 123, 131, 135–136, 144, 146, 151, 153, 155, 157–158, 160, 162, 164, 170, 171, 185, 186, 188, 190, 194, 195, 196, 198, 203, 206, 208, 209, 211, 213, 216, 218, 219, 220, 229–230, 230, 232–233, 233, 236, 240, 242, 247, 249–250, 253, 255, 256, 262, 265, 271, 276, 285–287, 287–288, 290

• Burghley, close working relationship with 3–29;

• to give Burghley's counsel on the Irish rebellion to the Queen and Council 61–71, 96–98, 99, 120, 135–136, 147–148, 151, 157–158, 169, 186, 198–199, 206, 206–207, 214–215, 226–227, 236, 242, 269–270, 271, 274, 285;

• forwarding his father's instructions on domestic military supply and fortifications 106, 116–117, 161, 166–167, 173, 211–212, 243, 271, 291–292

• Burghley's ideas of governance, training in 33–35

• Burghley's failing health requires assistance from 8, 100, 108, 164, 181, 200, 203, 215, 221, 223, 227, 260, 283, 287–288

• Burghley's control of intelligence to (1596) 17–18, 27, 28

• Burghley shares intelligence with 88–90, 100–101, 111–112, 114–116, 117 (trial of Dr Lopez), 119, 126–127, 129–129, 143–144, 152, 156–157, 164–165, 172, 176, 178–180, 185, 187, 188–189, 190, 191–193, 196, 199, 204, 209, 223, 226–227, 232, 236–237, 244–245, 246, 249, 259, 266–267, 276

• shared intimacy with his father and the Queen 3–4, 9–10, 203, 262–3

• papers joined with Burghley's 17–19, 22–23

• follows Burghley's directions on patronage 40–45; carries out Burghley's patronage 91, 102, 103–104, 107–108, 121–122, 129, 130, 131, 141, 167–168, 200–201, 212, 219, 230, 231, 268, 289, 290–291;

• Burghley requires Privy Council deliberation 88, 124, 138, 162, 190, 196–197, 213, 220–221, 234–235, 276, 285, 291–292;

• receives secretarial instructions from Burghley 17–19, 133, 144, 166–167, 170, 182, 210–211, 211–212, 215–216, 234–235, 243

• correspondence 264–265, 282; achieves control of correspondence, Scottish 45–49; drafts correspondence with Queen and Council 17; foreign correspondence: oversees packets of letters to be sent 105n, 142, 147–148; retains official minutes of correspondence 17

• domestic intimacy of Theobalds, 1591–1594 10; residence in Burghley House, Strand 12–13

• and earl of Essex, wariness of 71–72

• and Sir Geoffrey Fenton, alliance with 62–63

• foreign military expenditures, requested to discuss with the Queen and Council 20, 25–26, 88–90, 105, 120–121, 121–122, 124, 127, 132, 134–135, 146, 151, 157–158, 164–165, 184, 190, 200–201, 206–207, 224–225, 226–227, 227–228, 231–232, 238–239, 242, 246, 250, 253, 256, 264–265, 266, 274, 275–276, 282, 287–288

• managing as liaison between Queen and Council 3–4

• marriage to Elizabeth Brooke 8

• secretariat 20–22; assumes secretaryship and control of seals 26; oath of a Secretary 9; control of the Signet seal 14–15, 16; training for the secretaryship 1–9

• physical weakness 3

• relationship with the Queen 3–4, 10

• relief of France, preparations for 34–35

• Cecil, Sir Thomas, 1st earl of Exeter 8, 9, 12, 83–84, 105n, 134n

• Cecil, William, 1st Baron Burghley:

• and Cambridge University: St John's College 194–195

• and Sir Robert Cecil: dynastic ambitions for Sir Robert 1–3; training of Sir Robert in the secretaryship 3–9; drafts of foreign correspondence required of 88–90, 93, 109–113, 122, 124, 132, 139, 163, 171, 174–175, 185, 220–221; letters to, in which intelligence forwarded and discussed 88–90, 100–101, 111–112, 114–116, 117 (trial of Dr Lopez), 119, 126–127, 129–129, 143–144, 152, 156–157, 164–165, 172, 176, 178–180, 185, 187, 188–9, 190, 191–193, 196, 199, 204, 209, 223, 226–227, 232, 236–237, 244–245, 246, 249, 259, 266–267, 276

• on the Church 94, 118–19, 122, 137, 152–3

• master of Court of Wards and Liveries 92, 95–6

• and earl of Essex: care for 257–258, 261, 263; opposition to 11, 26–27, 31, 32, 45, 56, 58, 60, 63, 64, 65, 67, 71–72, 146, 284

• and equity in court of Exchequer 208

• family of 158–159, 177, 269; widower 6–8; last will and testament 93

• and financial matters of accounts 145, 147–148, 247, 248, 264–265

• and genealogies of Scottish families 49

• health of 100, 108, 164, 181, 200, 203, 215, 221, 223, 227, 260, 283, 287–288; diet 284

• and Henry IV, opinion of 59–60, 70–71, 134–135, 188–189, 209, 229, 259

• and Irish rebellion 96–98, 99, 120, 135–136, 147–148, 151, 157–158, 169, 186, 198–199, 206, 206–207, 214–215, 226–227, 236, 242, 269–270, 271, 274, 285

• and judicial causes 138, 148–149, 133, 162, 170, 232–234, 241, 251, 286–287

• and military supply, domestic 106, 116–117, 161, 166–167, 173, 211–212, 243, 271, 291–292

• and military supply, foreign 88–90, 105, 120–121, 121–122, 124, 127, 132, 134–135, 146, 151, 157–158, 164–165, 184, 190, 200–201, 206–207, 224–225, 226–227, 227–228, 231–232, 238–239, 242, 246, 250, 253, 256, 264–265, 266, 274, 275–276, 282, 287–288

• and patronage 91, 102, 103–104, 107–108, 121–122, 129, 130, 131, 141, 167–168, 200–201, 212, 219, 230, 231, 268, 289, 290–291

• and merchants and traders in military supply 107–108, 121–122, 178–179, 181, 205, 252, 255, 272–273, 278, 279, 280–281, 288

• and the Queen: cultivation of 10; intelligence, Queen's attitudes towards and use of 48–50; relationship with 3–11; writes of the Queen 113, 121–122, 122–123, 125–126, 140, 150, 177, 203, 218, 229, 240, 262, 292–293

• secretarial instructions from 133, 144, 166–167, 170, 182, 210–211, 211–212, 215–216, 234–235, 243, 264–265, 282

• on the States General 35, 38, 40, 59–60, 70–71, 72, 184, 156, 185, 239, 253

• and supply for the Borders 285, 286

• and violence of military men 183

• Cecil, William, 2nd earl of Exeter 182

• Cecil, William, Lord Ros 124, 182

• Charles of Lorraine, duke of Aumale 110

• Charles of Lorraine, duke of Mayenne 185

• Chatte, Aymar de 89

• Cheke, Mary 161

• Cheke, Sir John 8

• Chester 18, 31, 35, 65, 97, 103–104, 169, 173, 226, 286, 288, 292

• Chester, bishopric of 243

• Chester, vice–chamberlain of the county palatine 102

• Chiswell, Richard (printer) 80–81, 84

• Christian I, prince of Anhalt–Bernberg 20

• Christian II, duke of Lower Saxony 280

• Christian IV, king of Denmark 273, 280

• Cicero, Marcus Tullius 8, 32, 38, 40, 48, 258

• Clapham, John (secretary) 7, 12, 14, 164, 252, 257, 262, 272, 277, 278, 290

• Clara Isabella Eugenia infanta of Spain, rights as duchess of Brittany to English crown 54

• Clayton, Richard 41

• Clement VIII, Pope 55, 174

• Clifford, George, 3rd earl of Cumberland 269

• Clifford, Lady Margaret, countess of Cumberland (née Lady Margaret Russell) 114n, 269n

• Clifford, Sir Conyers 228

• Clifford, Sir Nicholas 173

• Clinton, Edward Fiennes, 1st earl of Lincoln 138

• Clinton, Edward, 2nd earl of Lincoln 138, 179, 222, 236, 279

• Cobham, see Brooke

• Cockburn, Samuel 180

• Cockburn, Sir Robert 126

• Coke, Sir Edward 108, 153

• Collins, Arthur 74, 76n, 308

• Colville, John, of Easter Wemyss 128

• Connor Roe Maguire, see Maguire

• Constable, Sir Robert 24, 91

• Conyers, John 219

• Conyers, Tristram 241

• Cope, Sir Walter 12,

• Coppin, George, Chancery official 12, 14, 23, 170, 212

• Cornaro, Marco 205

• Cornwallis, Sir William 41, 194

• Council of the North 38, 210, 238

• Coventry, Thomas 289

• Crane, John 116–117

• Creswell, Joseph, SJ 46, 114

• Croft, Sir Herbert 154

• Cure, Cornelius 230

• Danvers, Lady 155

• Danvers, Sir Charles 154–155

• Danvers, Sir John 155

• Danyell, William 118

• Danzig 174

• Darcy family 244

• Darcy, Edward 160, 244, 262

• D'Arques, Thomas 100

• Darrell (Dorrell), Marmaduke 261, 264, 266

• Dawson, Miles 237–238

• Day, William, bishop of Winchester 139

• Daybell, James 3

• Dee, John 273

• Denny, Sir Edward 153

• Desmond Rebellion 69

• Devereux, see Essex

• Deventer 100

• Dieppe 89, 90, 105, 132

• Docwra, Sir Henry 97

• Douai 114

• Douglas family 48–49

• Douglas, Archibald 180

• Douglas, James, laird of Spott 180

• Douglas, William, 10th earl of Angus 98

• Dover Castle 88, 163

• Dover, mayor of, James Baggervas 235

• Drury, Sir Dru 131

• Duart Castle, Mull 52

• Dublin 52, 62, 68, 97, 120, 151, 226, 288, 292

• Dudley, Anne, countess of Warwick 95, 130

• Dudley, Robert, 1st earl of Leicester 26, 44, 68, 95, 265

• Dymoke family 138

• Dzialynski, Paul 272, 280–281

• Edinburgh 198, 272; castle 126n

• Edmondes, Sir Thomas 19, 134, 146, 171, 195–196

• Edward VI, king of England 29

• Egerton, Sir Thomas, lord keeper of the great seal 26, 66, 103, 153, 212, 264, 265, 278

• Elbing 174

• Elizabeth I, queen of England: audiences of the Queen proposing or relating to business from Burghley 3–4, 90, 98, 102, 113, 116–117, 119, 122, 123, 131, 135–6, 144, 146, 151, 153, 155, 157–8, 160, 162, 164, 170, 171, 185, 186, 188, 190, 194, 195, 196, 198, 203, 206, 208, 209, 211, 213, 216, 218, 219, 220, 229–30, 230, 232–3, 233, 236, 240, 242, 247, 249–50, 253, 255, 256, 262, 265, 271, 276, 285–7, 287–8, 290; care for aging Burghley 7; anxieties over Ireland 68–72; jokes with Burghley 203, 262–3; mentioned most frequently in Burghley's letters to Sir Robert Cecil 4–5; ‘Parente’ to Burghley and Cecil 10–11; patronage, balance of 40–45; secret plots, disavows 46–57; prerogative 42–4; presentation of her letters by Cecil to Henry IV 4; relationship with the Cecils 3–11; Theobalds circle, brought into 10

• Épernon, Jean Louis, duke of 36, 89n, 135n, 176

• Ernest, Archduke 164, 167

• Errington, Nicholas 117

• Essex, Sir Robert Devereux, 2nd earl of 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 66, 90, 105, 112, 124, 166, 173, 178, 180, 182, 185, 187, 188, 196, 198–200, 205, 209, 212, 220, 222, 223, 225, 228, 238, 245, 252, 255, 256, 257–261, 266, 269; conflict with Sir John Norris 200, 207, 227; Essex House circle 10, 42, 44, 45, 115, 186, 275; expeditions: Azores (1597) 245, 246, 252, 254, 257, 274–275; Cadiz (1596) 8, 26, 218, 228, 232, 247, 250, 256; Rouen (1592) 45; intelligence network in opposition to the Cecils 11, 115; associated with military disorder 183, 274; policies against Spain 38–39, 71–72;

• Étaples 89

• Eton College 42–43

• Eure, Ralph, 3rd Baron Eure 51, 57, 243–244, 268

• Eusebius 81

• Exchequer, the 11, 12, 14, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 34, 35, 39, 66, 68, 71, 95, 98, 107, 111–112, 120, 154–155, 208, 214, 247, 264, 282, 286, 290; expenditure merges with secretarial office 27, 34; foreign accounts 23, 219; fortifications 25, 26, 33–34, 35, 38, 39, 125, 181, 190, 198, 200, 228, 284, 286; Irish 68–69, 70–71, 213, 219, 270, 288; Pipe Rolls 20; prests 24, 69; Queen's works 219; victuals 261, 265, 288; war 24, 59, 66–67, 187, 219, 250, 262, 270, 288

• Exeter House (Strand) 12–13, 83–84; see also Burghley House (Strand)

• Fane, Sir Thomas, lieutenant of Dover Castle 89, 163

• Fanshawe, Thomas 107, 154–155

• Faunt, Nicholas 14

• Farnese, Alessandro, duke of Parma 36

• Fenner, Geoffrey 88

• Fenton, Sir Geoffrey 52–53, 62–63, 214, 226, 292

• Ferrers, Thomas 220–221

• Finch, Daniel, 2nd earl of Nottingham 83

• Finglas, Thomas 199

• Fitton (Fytton), Alice (nee Holcroft) 269

• Fitton (Fytton), Sir Edward 8, 269

• Fitzwilliam, Sir William, lord deputy of Ireland 15, 99, 109, 120, 125

• Fleetwood, William 130

• Fleetwood, Sir William, of Missenden 130

• Fleming, Sir Thomas 289

• Flood, Sir Thomas 228

• Flushing 26, 60, 113, 117, 151, 157, 183, 187, 218, 236, 239, 250, 253

• Fontaine, Robert le Maçon, dit de la 222n, 275n

• Forster, Sir John 139, 161

• Fortescue, Sir John 14, 25, 66, 95, 180, 202, 253

• France: Burghley's book on 18, 112–113; Cecil's embassy, 1598 4, 67, 72; Cecil's treatises on 33, 36–37; embassies 11, 19, 20–21, 133, 188, 209; English forces 58, 61, 89, 109, 111, 228, 250, 275; forces in France 6, 59, 70, 71, 89, 90, 127, 176, 199, 209, 228; intelligence 20, 30, 36, 39, 89, 173, 176, 188, 223, 224–225, 250; military aid from England 2, 11, 20, 24, 55, 213; peace initiatives with Spain 30, 54–55, 89, 134–135, 156, 180, 209, 259, 275; royal correspondence 20–21

• Franklin, Capt. 122

• Frederick IV, elector palatine 279

• Frederick-William, duke of Upper Saxony 280

• Freeman, Ralphe 252

• Freeman, William 252

• Frobisher, Sir Martin 129

• Gardener, Sir Robert 69, 214

• Gerenier (agent in France) 92n

• Gertruidenberg 89

• Gilpin, George 114–115, 143, 151, 163–164, 171, 181, 185, 235

• Glamis Castle 49

• Glanville, John 289

• Godolphin, Sir Francis 161, 173, 199, 212

• Gonzaga, Louis, duke of Nevers 185

• Gordon, George, 1st marquess of Huntly 48–49, 50, 98, 152, 180

• Gorges, Sir Ferdinando 169, 274

• Goring, George, son of Sir Georgr 162

• Goring, Sir George 162

• Gorme, of Sleat 42

• Grahams, reiver family 233–234

• Gravenor, Thomas 149

• Greencloth, Board of 31n, 265n

• Greenwich Palace 62

• Gresham, Sir Thomas 87

• Greville, Fulke, 1st Baron Brooke of Beauchamps Court 261

• Grey, Zachary 76, 77

• Grimani, Marino, 89th doge of Venice 205

• Groningen 127

• Guston, Francis 23, 219–220

• Habsburg family 175, 178, 179

• Hacket, William 118

• Hamburg 192n, 193n, 194n, 221n, 279n

• Hamilton family 49

• Hanseatic League 35, 78, 179, 193–194, 221, 272, 279–281

• Harborne, William 17

• Harlay, Nicolas de, sieur de Sancy 228

• Harrington, Sir Henry 186

• Harrington, Sir John 236

• Hatton, Sir Christopher 1–2, 42, 44–45

• Hawkins, Sir John 121

• Hay, Francis, 9th earl of Errol 48, 49, 50, 98n, 180n

• Hebrides 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56

• Hele, Sir John, as above 167, 289

• Heneage, Sir Thomas 24, 161, 189

• Henry IV, king of France and Navarre 4, 18, 21, 29, 36–37, 55, 59–60, 67, 71, 110, 113, 132, 134–135, 146, 165, 176, 179, 188, 204, 209, 235, 238, 239, 275, 281

• Henry, duke of Brunswick–Luneburg 174, 280

• Henry-Julius, duke of Brunswick 280

• Hepburn, Francis, 5th earl of Bothwell 15, 47–50, 55, 90–91, 98, 120, 127–128, 139, 152, 179–180, 193

• Herbert, Henry, 2nd earl of Pembroke 39, 173, 181

• Herbert, John 70, 134

• Hesketh, Richard 100, 114–116

• Hickes, Sir Michael (patronage secretary) 8, 12, 22, 24, 80–81, 102, 105, 107, 133, 218. 253, 264, 266, 270, 272, 277

• Hickes, Sir William, 2nd baronet 81

• Hoby, Elizabeth 260

• Hoby, Sir Edward 7, 12, 260

• Hoffman, Andreas 221

• Holt, William, SJ 114–115

• Home family 49

• Houghton, Alderman Peter 241

• Household accounts 31, 285

• Houston, Col. 157

• Howard, Catherine (née Carey) 263

• Howard, Lord Admiral, Charles, baron of Effingham, earl of Nottingham 64, 66, 90, 111, 128, 218, 220, 223, 225, 228, 235, 261, 264

• Howland, Richard, bishop of Peterborough 137

• Hudson, James 175

• Huguenots 18, 38, 113

• Hungary 144

• Hunsdon, 1st Baron, see Carey, Henry,

• Hunsdon, 2nd Baron, see Carey, George

• Huntingdon, earl of 15, 57, 137, 148, 183, 210

• Hutton, Matthew, archbishop of York 44 51, 56, 57, 137, 153, 216, 237–238, 287

• Hvitfeldt, Arvid 272

• Inverary 52

• Isabella, Archduke 72

• Ireland 2, 10, 15, 16, 19, 24, 26, 28, 30, 34, 35, 37, 38, 49, 51–57, 58–73, 95, 97–8, 101, 120, 125, 136, 147, 149, 151, 158, 166, 172–173, 186, 191–193, 199, 214, 225–226, 236–237, 238, 242–243, 247–248, 270, 274, 278, 282–283, 287–288, 292; Irish Council 97n, 135n, 169n, 206n, 215n, 242n, 288n

• James VI, king of Scotland 7, 25

• Jaques, Lieut. 157

• Jean VI d'Aumont 109n, 112n, 151n

• Jean Louis, see Épernon

• Jegon, John, bishop of Norwich 78n–79

• John, duke of Pomerania 279

• Jolles, James 285–286, 288

• Killigrew family 160, 244

• Killigrew, William, groom of the Chamber 244

• Killigrew, Sir William 161, 169, 230–231, 245

• Kingsmill, William 289

• Kirk, the (Church of Scotland) 30, 47, 49, 98, 180

• Kyffin, Maurice 70, 274

• La Fère 185

• Lake, Thomas, clerk of the Signet 183

• Lamb, Gilbert 198

• Lane, Sir Ralph 70, 97, 104, 274

• Le Grenier (secretary to the duke of Parma, 1588) 36

• Lea [Lee], Capt. Thomas 64, 135, 186

• Lee, Sir Henry 186

• Leicester, George 255

• Leicestershire 269

• Leigh, Henry 287

• Leighton, Sir Thomas 15, 21, 121, 228

• Lesieur, Stephen 280

• Levant Company 16

• Leyva, Lanco de 199

• Limerick 52–53

• Linch, Mark 199

• Lindley, Henry 259

• Lisman (Liesman), George 272, 280–281

• Lock (Locke, Lok), Henry 48, 51, 90, 152

• Loe, Sheriff 241

• Lomenie, Antoine de 55

• London Customs House 21, 95–96, 105, 108, 145, 162

• Long, Henry 154–155, 157

• Lopez, Rodrigo 11, 28, 114, 117–118, 124–125, 167

• Lord Admiral Howard, see Howard

• Lorraine, Charles of, duke of Aumale 110

• Lorraine, Charles of, duke of Mayenne 185

• Lorraine, Philippe-Emanuel de, see Mercoeur

• Louis V, landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 221, 279

• Lovelace, Mr., messenger of the Chamber 132

• Low Countries, United Provinces of: English forces in 16, 24, 55, 60, 66, 67, 122, 130, 132, 143, 185, 197, 214, 218, 222, 232, 248, 253–254; Council of State 59, 61, 114, 243, 144, 185; States General of, Treaty agreements with England 34, 55, 58, 60, 67, 122, 163, 169, 185, 245, 248, 250, 253

• Lowther, Richard 233, 287

• Luineach, Turlough 96

• Luxembourg, Charles of 36, 88n, 89n

• Luxembourg, Marie of 109n

• Lyme 111

• Mac Aodh Ui Broin, Fiach, or Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne, see McHugh

• Macguire, see Maguire

• Machell, Thomas, Capt. 200–201

• McHugh, Feagh 53, 169, 236

• MacLean, Sir Lachlan Mor of Duart 50, 52–53, 98

• Madox, Gryffyn 183

• Magdalene College, Cambridge 41

• Maguire, Conor Roe 69, 109n, 99n, 120n

• Maitland, John, 1st lord Maitland of Thirlestane 152, 180

• Manners, Roger, 5th earl of Rutland 182, 194

• Mansfeld, Count Peter Ernst von 89n, 271n

• Margitts, George 95, 108

• Marie of Luxembourg 109n

• Martin, Revd Robert 82–84

• Martin, Sir Richard 241

• Marwood, contractor 167

• Mary I, queen of England 29, 37

• Mary, Queen of Scots 161n

• Matthew, Tobie, bishop of Durham 44, 51, 57, 139, 153, 216, 268

• Maynard, Henry 8, 12–14, 18, 20, 66, 85–86 (as amanuensis); as amanuensis, 88–91, 93, 100–101, 106, 114–117, 118–119, 120–122, 123–124, 138, 139, 143–144, 146–147, 147–148, 148–149, 149–150, 160–161, 170, 172, 174, 177, 178–181, 182–183, 187–188, 191–193, 200–201, 202, 210–211, 211–212, 215–216, 219, 222, 223, 230–231, 231–232, 232–233, 233–234, 237–239, 242–243, 243–244, 246, 251, 254, 264–265, 273–275, 277, 279, 280–281, 282, 285–287, 287–288, 291–292

• Medici, Cardinal Alessandro de’ 259

• Mehmed III, Sultan 175

• Merchant Adventurers 55, 78n, 174, 178n, 220n, 221n, 272n, 279

• Mercoeur, Philippe-Emanuel de Lorraine, duke of 61, 109

• Meredith, William 25, 66–67, 254

• Meyrick, Sir John 178

• Milford Haven 39, 125, 181, 190, 198, 200

• Moldavia 144

• Molyneux, Thomas 95

• Montpensier duke of 89–90, 112, 132

• Montpensier, duke of 15, 89–90, 112, 132

• Monsieur de St Marie 105

• Moody, Michael 157

• Moore, John, bishop of Ely and Norwich, library of 75–85, 296

• Moro, Cristoforo, Portuguese pretender 209

• Mouett, (agent in France) 93

• Moulay Ahmed IV, of Barbary 174

• Mull 52

• Munck, Levinus 22

• Munster 65, 69, 108, 109, 207

• Muscovy Company 178

• Musgrave, Sir Simon 184

• Musters 16, 35, 66, 68, 97, 116, 183, 247, 278, 284–287

• Mylar, Edward, see Fitton, Sir Edward

• Nassau, Count Maurice of 15

• Nassau, Count William of 15, 144, 172

• Naunton, Robert 256, 275

• Neufville, Nicholas de, lord of Villeroy 55, 134, 223

• Nevyl de Latimer, Dorothy, countess of Exeter 154

• Nevyl de Latimer, Sir Edmund 204

• Newcastle upon Tyne 25, 57, 166n

• Newcommen, Robert 288

• Nicolson, George 175

• Noel, Henry 91

• Norreys (Norris), Sir Thomas 65, 69, 107, 109

• Norris, Sir Edward 164, 172, 246

• Norris, Sir John 15, 18, 19, 35, 58–59, 68, 69, 96–97, 105, 106, 109, 114, 121–122, 134, 147, 151, 158, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 173, 199, 200, 207, 214, 216, 227

• North, Roger, 2nd Lord North 66, 281, 285, 286

• Ó Néill, Aodh Mór, or Hugh O'Neill, earl of Tyrone 18, 52, 55, 69–71, 96–97, 100, 120, 136, 147, 149, 168, 176, 196, 199, 203, 215, 226, 236, 271, 292

• O'Byrnes, Irish family 169, 186, 236

• Ó Domhnaill, or, O'Donnell, Sir Niall Garbh 18n, 59, 63, 67, 69, 97n

• O'Malley, Grainne (Grace) 267

• O'Toole family 186

• Ordnance office 34, 39, 105, 131

• Osborne, Peter 154

• Ostend 36, 129, 164–165, 213, 238, 246

• Outlawe, Richard 148

• Owen, Francis 157

• Owen, George 181

• Owen, Hugh 114–115

• Oxford University, New College 43

• Palavicino, Sir Horatio 106, 165

• Palmer, Sir Henry 223–224

• Pantry, 31

• Paris, 3, 18

• Parkins, Christopher (later Sir) 16–17, 19, 144, 174–175, 179, 193, 201, 279–281

• Peck, Francis 74, 76n, 79, 299

• Pempole, (Paimpol) 90, 109–113, 122, 127, 228

• Percival, Richard 21–22, 104, 218, 240, 246, 248, 249, 250, 251, 253, 255, 256, 258, 260, 261, 263, 266, 267, 268, 276, 284

• Percy, Henry, 9th earl of Northumberland 99

• Perez, Antonio 4, 209, 256, 275

• Periam, Sir William 66, 250

• Persons, Robert 46, 53, 55, 56, 57, 114n, 192–193

• Peyton, Sir Christopher 213

• Phayre, William 78, 87

• Philip II, king of Spain 47, 59, 67, 72, 114, 167, 198, 199, 203, 209

• Philippe-Emanuel de Lorraine, see Mercoeur

• physicians, the Queen's 6–7

• Picardy 89, 185, 228, 262, 275

• Piers, John, archbishop of York 137

• Plymouth 39, 71, 111, 167, 169, 232, 264, 266, 274

• Poland (Poland-Lithuania) 12, 16, 17, 55, 144, 174, 178–179, 280–281

• Pontrieux 64, 109, 121

• Poole 111

• Popham, Sir John 153

• Presence Chamber 226

• principal secretary in Irish Council, see Fenton, Sir Geoffrey

• Principal Secretary, office of: emolument 27, 36; intelligence 6, 11, 13, 17–18, 21, 25, 27–29, 38–39, 44, 46–57, 61, 56, 88, 89–90, 98,100–101, 105, 108, 114–116, 120, 124–125, 126–127, 132, 139, 143, 151, 152, 154, 169, 172–173, 176, 179–80, 189, 198–199, 204–205, 221, 226, 237, 245–246, 267; letters patent 26; signet seal 13–16, 20, 22, 23, 25–26, 93, 105, 144, 151, 161, 173, 176, 182, 216, 220, 243; Sir Robert Cecil obtains 235; Sir Robert Cecil's preparation for 12–29

• Privy Chamber 4, 19, 25, 31, 33, 57, 161, 189, 190, 212, 226, 231, 263

• Privy Council, Burghley's management of materials relating to 1–3, 10, 15, 19, 22, 23–25, 27–28, 30, 32, 45, 52, 57, 58, 61–62, 66, 69, 71, 88, 90, 91, 100, 108, 109, 112, 114, 115, 116, 128, 132, 135, 138, 139, 146, 149, 166, 172, 175, 181, 185, 189, 193, 201, 202, 204, 223, 226, 233, 234, 238, 241, 248, 251, 253, 265, 268, 275, 276, 278, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 292

• Privy Seals, warrants for Exchequer expenditure 20, 22, 25, 26, 59, 68, 111, 149, 152–153, 167, 173, 228, 243, 244, 250, 254, 263, 264, 270, 282–283; Burghley's instructions on signing warrants 24; for levies of troops 88, 225, 247; loans under Privy Seal for France 111, 185, 213, 244; loans under Privy Seal for the Low Countries 156, 165, 185, 189, 248–249; for victualling 108, 121, 285, 292; warrants for the Low Countries, 59, 129, 250, 253; warrants for money for Ireland 61, 66–67, 68–69, 97, 98, 120, 149, 166, 213, 214, 242, 270, 285, see also Sir Henry Wallop; warrants under Privy Seal for the provisioning of the Channel Islands 173

• Proby, Peter 18, 20, 31, 39, 65, 226

• Psalms 5, 8, 11, 203, 259, 260

• Puckering, Sir John 15, 16, 93, 114, 153, 169, 190

• Quarles, Edward 254

• Quarles, John 108, 121, 253–235, 260, 265, 274, 278

• Raleigh, Sir Walter 66, 188, 261

• Reagh, Kedagh MacPhelim 186

• Reims 114

• Reynolds, Edward 259

• Richardot, Jean Gusset dit 36

• Rieux, René, sieur de Sourdeac 15

• Rome. No. 15 (fn 69, 70, 72, 74), No. 34 (Fn 133), No. 65 (Fn 245), No. 101 (fn 142), No. 116 (fn 372)

• Rouen 18, 20, 132; expedition (1592) 21, 45

• Rouillac, Mme de, Governess of Boulogne 36, 89, 92

• Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor 167, 174, 179, 204, 279

• Russell, Lady Elizabeth 227

• Russell, Sir William 19, 53, 55, 56, 61–65, 69, 95, 97–98, 120, 125, 135–136, 143, 147, 158, 166, 168, 186, 199–200, 203, 206–207, 215, 226–227, 236, 242, 244, 284

• Russia 179–180

• Sackville, Thomas, 1st Baron Buckhurst 66, 128, 163, 204, 241, 271

• St Catharine's College, Cambridge 82

• St John's College, Cambridge 4, 41–42, 43, 45, 76, 194–195

• St Malo 132

• Saldaigne, Charles de, sieur d'Incarville 176, 185

• Saltonstall, Sir Richard 252

• Sandars, Nicholas 235

• Sanderson, Henry 166

• Savage, Sir Arthur 262, 275

• Savage, Sir John 34, 114

• Savile, Sir Henry 42–43

• Savile, Sir John 289

• Scilly Islands 64, 173, 212

• Scotland 11, 13, 15, 16, 18–19, 23, 28, 30, 37–38, 39, 44, 46–57, 115, 126–127, 143, 152, 156, 179–180, 191–192, 198, 200, 221, 233, 237, 286

• Scott family 49

• Scott, Walter, of Buccleuch 233, 276, 287

• Scrope, Henry, 10th lord Scrope of Bolton 57, 139, 233, 234, 243–244, 246, 251, 275, 276

• Scrope, Philadelphia, Lady, (Carey) 51, 277

• Semphill/Semple, Sir James 102

• Sherley, Sir Thomas (the elder) 24, 66–67, 68, 90, 122n, 129n, 229n, 250n, 253n–254n

• Sidney, Sir Robert 11, 18, 19, 25, 55, 60, 113, 117, 132, 187–189, 228, 239, 253–254, 266–267

• Sigismund IV Vasa, king of Poland 174

• Simanchi, Michel 205

• Skinner, Vincent, auditor of prests 66, 208

• Slovenia 55

• Smaithwaite, Revd 268

• Smith, Sir Thomas 108

• Smyth, Otywell 132, 176, 185

• Snowden, John (spy), see Cecil, John

• Somerset, George 157

• Sotherton, George 241

• Sourdeac, Rieux, René, sieur de 15

• Southampton 39, 111, 182

• Southwell, Elizabeth 263

• Southwell, Frances 263

• Spain 30, 36, 38, 46–47, 52, 53, 54 (53–54 and the Conference on the Succession) 55, 57, 59, 72, 90, 98, 114, 120, 146, 164, 172, 174, 176, 188, 189, 192–193, 196, 223, 237, 246, 259, 266, 267, 271, 275; armadas 196, 198, 200, 217, 225, 244, 247; Franco-Spanish peace 36, 60, 67, 71, 72, 178, 185, 250, 271, 275, 281; imperial politics and 174, 189, 221; intelligence 114–115, 120, 172, 199; Irish rebellion and 52–57, 58–61, 67, 101, 120; Scottish policy and 46–47, 49, 98, 157, 198, 299; Spanish Netherlands and the Low Countries 37, 59, 89, 100, 143, 238; royal court 88

• Spain, king of 96n, 157n, 192, 245n; see also Philip II

• Spanish Blanks 47, 49

• Speciamo, Cardinal Cesare 174

• Spott, James Douglas, laird of 180

• Stade 220, 279, 280

• Stallenge, William 264, 274

• Standen, Anthony 115

• Stanhope, Edward 47n

• Stanhope family 19, 244

• Stanhope, Sir John 19, 25, 47n, 57, 161, 212, 238, 263, 265, 272

• Stanley, Alice, countess dowager, widow of 5th earl of Derby 158

• Stanley, Elizabeth, countess of 6th earl of Derby (Vere) 8, 142, 159, 176, 269

• Stanley family 54, 100, 192

• Stanley, Ferdinando, 5th earl of Derby 28, 103, 114, 116, 172

• Stanley, Henry, 4th earl of Derby 103

• Stanley, William, 6th earl of Derby 8, 103; marriage 142; 150, 158, 172, 269

• Stanley, Sir William 100

• Stapleton, Thomas, SJ 46, 114

• Star Chamber 170

• Stewart, James, earl of Moray 98, 156

• Strype, John 76–85, 87, 114n, 115n, 237n, 296, 299

• Stuart, Henry, Lord Darnley 48

• Stuart, Ludovic, 2nd duke of Lennox 50, 98, 152

• Swinnerton, John 107

• Symons, James 132

• Tacitus 48

• Tenison, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury 83

• Theobalds 8, 9, 11, 20; 10, 13, 24, 105, 113, 257, 260, 262, 263, 266, 286

• Thornborough, John, bishop of Limerick 52–53, 143

• Thornton, Captain George 53, 98

• Tour d'Auvergne, Henry de la, duke of Bouillon 110

• Trinity College, Cambridge 74–75

• Troughton, Capt. 37

• Troughton, John 111, 121

• Turkey Company 16

• Tyrconnell 97

• Tyrell, Anthony 100

• Tyrwhitt, Tristram 182

• Udall, William 52

• Union of Brest 174

• Unton, Sir Henry 11, 19, 20–21, 180, 195–196, 208–209, 222

• Uvedale, Sir Edmund (Uvdall, Udall) 59, 157, 187

• Vere family 7

• Vere, Sir Francis 144, 159, 177, 225, 239, 253, 269

• Vernon, Robert 166

• Verstegan, Richard 46, 53, 114–115

• Vidausan (Widessan), sieur de 223

• Villar, André de Brancas, sieur de (Leaguer governor of Dieppe) 132

• Visconti, Gaspare, cardinal archbishop of Milan 178

• Vladyslaus IV Vasa, king of Poland 174

• Waad, William, clerk of the Privy Council 114, 201, 204, 265

• Wallachia 144

• Wallop, Sir Henry 24, 66–67, 69–71, 95, 97, 108, 120, 148–149, 214, 242, 247, 267, 283, 288

• Walsingham, Frances, countess of Essex 141

• Walsingham, Sir Francis 1, 14, 17, 26, 27–28, 45, 115, 139, 244

• Walton, Roger 88–89

• Warburton, Sir Peter 79, 102, 103–104, 289

• Waynman, Edmund, Capt. 172, 204

• Webb, Sir William 241

• Wellor, Alexander 241

• Welsh, Sir Hugh 267

• West, James 80n, 81n, 295

• Westminster 6, 13, 19, 28, 40, 85

• Westminster Abbey 6

• Whitgift, John, archbishop of Canterbury 41, 42, 44, 194

• Wickham, William, bishop of Lincoln 152–153

• Wight, Isle of 39, 243

• Wilford, Sir Thomas 170, 212–213

• Wilkes, Sir Thomas 134, 167–168

• Williamson, Nicholas 169, 238

• Willis, Simon 20–22, 58, 70, passim

• Willoughby d'Eresby, Lord 138

• Wilson, Sir Thomas 90

• Winchester College 43

• Winchester, diocese of 152–153, 231n

• Windebanke, Thomas 29, 124, 220, 243–244

• Wogan, Sir John 106

• Wolley, Sir John, secretary of the French tongue 16, 21, 90, 175, 179

• Wotton, Sir Henry 56, 279

• Wright, Thomas (c.1561–1623) 56, 193n, 237, 276

• Wright, Thomas 74, 299

• Wroth, John 221, 279, 280

• Wyat, spy 209

• Yelverton, Sir Christopher 154, 289

• Yonge, Edward, master mason 230

• Yonge, Richard, council servant and Middlesex JP 100, 145

• York, Edmund, spy 11

• Zamoyski, John Sarius, chancellor of Poland-Lithuania 174

• Zouche, Edward, 11th Lord Zouche 15, 47, 49, 50–52, 119, 280