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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 February 2009
In introducing his Dynamics of Faith, Paul Tillich speaks of ‘faith’ as one of those terms in religious language ‘which need healing before they can be used for the healing of men’. ‘Truth’ is another term that is in need of healing. Of course, it must be said that the critical reforming and refining of terms and their senses should be a perennial theological task. It can be said that we have witnessed in the twentieth century a cornucopia of linguistic analysis. However, much of this analysis has been less than productive, a fact due in part to highly restricted notions of meaning and verification. A deficiency in analysis is evident in what J. L. Austin has to say about ‘truth’:
page 201 note 1 Tillich, , Dynamics of Faith (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958), ‘Introductory Remarks’.Google Scholar
page 201 note 2 cf., e.g., logical atomism, doctrine of logical grammar, logical positivism.
page 201 note 3 Austin, J. L., Philosophical Papers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961), p. 9.Google Scholar
page 202 note 1 Wittgenstein, L., Philosophical Investigations, trans. Anscombe, G. E. M. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1953), p. 168e.Google Scholar
page 202 note 2 Polanyi, M., Personal Knowledge (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1958), p. 116.Google Scholar
page 202 note 3 cf. M. Heidegger's conception of ‘Vorhandenheit’ and ‘Zuhandenheit’ in his Being and Time.
page 203 note 1 Vogel, H., Consider Your Calling, trans. Smith, J. P. (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1962), p. 45.Google Scholar
page 203 note 2 Royce, J. R., The Encapsulated Man (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1964), p. 85.Google Scholar
page 204 note 1 Mure, G. R. G., Retreat from Truth (Oxford: Blackwell, 1958), p. 166.Google Scholar
page 205 note 1 Ogden, C. K. and Richards, I. A., The Meaning of Meaning (6th ed., London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co. Ltd., 1944), pp. 160–161.Google Scholar
page 205 note 2 Cohen, L. J., The Diversity of Meaning (London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1962), p. 81.Google Scholar
page 205 note 3 Black, M., ‘Explanations of Meaning’, Models and Metaphors (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1962), p. 24.Google Scholar
page 206 note 1 C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards, op. cit., p. 45.
page 206 note 2 Heidegger, M., An Introduction to Metaphysics, trans. Manheim, R. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959), p. 179.Google Scholar
page 208 note 1 However, it must be noted that in the biblical text ‘truth’ signifies God in his steadfastness, faithfulness, etc., whereas ‘summa veritas’ in medieval theology signifies God more in terms of his immutable, eternal, and perfect being; it must not be thought that ‘truth’ is used univocally even though it refers to God in both instances or areas of usage.
page 208 note 2 Solil., II.5.8; PL 32:889.
page 208 note 3 Joachim, H. H., The Nature of Truth (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906).Google Scholar
page 208 note 4 Heidegger, M., ‘On the Essence of Truth’, trans. Hull, R. F. C. and Crick, A., Existence and Being, introd. Brock, W. (London: Vision Press, 1949)Google Scholar
page 208 note 5 cf. truth of things in St. Anselm's De Veritate and R. Grosseteste's De Veritale.
page 208 note 6 De Vera Relig., 36.66; CCSL, 32:231.
page 208 note 7 Kierkegaard, S., Philosophical Fragments, trans. Swenson, David F. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1936), pp. 9–10, 47, 50Google Scholar; Concluding Unscientific Postscript, trans. Swenson, D. F. and Lowrie, Walter (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1941), pp. 169ff, 179, 182, 186.Google Scholar
page 209 note 1 Being and Time, trans. Macquarrie, J. and Robinson, E. (London: S.C.M. Press Ltd., 1962), H.221.Google Scholar
page 209 note 2 cf. Being and Time, ‘On the Essence of Truth’.
page 209 note 3 An Introduction to Metaphysics, p. 102.
page 209 note 4 ‘On the Essence of Truth’, p. 323.
page 209 note 5 cf. John 14.6; cf. also Torrance, T. F., Theological Science (London: Oxford University Press, 1969)Google Scholar, especially chapter 4, ‘The Nature of Truth’, pp. 141ff where a number of senses of truth are cited.
page 209 note 6 De Vera Relig., 36.66; CCSL, 32:230.
page 209 note 7 cf., in particular, De Veritate, 11.
page 210 note 1 Wood, L., ‘Knowledge, Meaning and Truth’, Contemporary Philosophic Problems, ed. Krikorian, Y. H. and Edel, A. (New York: Macmillan, 1959), p. 225.Google Scholar
page 210 note 2 H. H. Joachim, op. cit., p. 66.
page 210 note 3 Urban, W. M., Language and Reality (London: G. Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1939), p. 394.Google Scholar
page 210 note 4 ibid., p. 393.
page 210 note 5 cf., e.g., St. Augustine's quest for certainty, but especially Descartes’ and Hegel's preoccupation with certainty and certitude.
page 211 note 1 Polanyi, M., Personal Knowledge (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1958), p. 114.Google Scholar
page 212 note 1 Williams, D. D., ‘Truth in the Theological Perspective’, The Journal of Religion, XXVIII, no. 4 (October 1948), p. 246.Google Scholar
page 213 note 1 cf., e.g., Solil., II.19.33; De Vera Relig., 55.113; De Magistro, 11.38–12.40.
page 213 note 2 De Ver., 1, passim.
page 213 note 3 cf. De Ver., 1.7; for St. Thomas, this is so with respect to God as well; cf. also, the special emphasis in the Summa Philosophiae (II.5–9,) on complex (intellectual) truth and medium (signs) truth.
page 214 note 1 cf. St. Anselm's De Ver., 2, 3 and Grosseteste's De Ver.; both do use prepositional truth as a point of departure because it was a popular conception of truth.
page 214 note 2 Heidegger, Being and Time, H. 225.
page 214 note 3 Gilson, É., The Spirit of Mediaeval Philosophy, trans. Downes, A. H. C. (London: Sheed and Ward, 1936), p. 237.Google Scholar
page 215 note 1 De Ver., 3, 7, 10.
page 215 note 2 Barth, K., Anselm: Fides Quaerens Intellectum (London: S.C.M. Press Ltd., 1960), pp. 45ff.Google Scholar
page 215 note 3 De Ver., BW, 135. BW is abbreviated form for the following: L. Baur, ‘Die philosophischen Werke des Robert Grosseteste Bischofs von Lincoln’, Band IX of Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters, hg. C. Baeumker (Münster i.W.: Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1912). The number following BW is the page number in Band IX cited above.
page 215 note 4 e.g. Anselm and Grosseteste fail to make adequate use of the biblical senses, conceptions, and understanding of truth.
page 216 note 1 Vogel, , Consider Your Calling, p. 45.Google Scholar
page 217 note 1 cf., e.g., discussion, of such relativities in Torrance, T. F., Theological Science, pp. 144–145Google Scholar, 153ff, 186, 189, 191–4, 296–7; Vogel, Heinrich, Consider Your Calling, pp. 47–8Google Scholar, 51–4, 57–9; St. Anselm, De Veritate, passim; R. Grosseteste, De Veritate, passim; Kiėrkegaard, S., Philosophical Fragments, pp. 7–8Google Scholar, 9ff, 47, 50; also Kierkegaard's, Concluding Unscientific Postscript, pp. 169–170Google Scholar, 179, 182, 186–8, 201, 219; M. Heidegger, Being and Time, H.24, 33, 62, 215, 220, 221, 225, 227; Heidegger, , ‘On the Essence of Truth’, pp. 322–323Google Scholar, 326, 328–9, 333–4, 336, 343–4.
page 217 note 2 T. F. Torrance, op. cit., pp. 263, 340.
page 217 note 3 St. Anselm, De Ver., 10, AO, I: 190. AO is abbreviated form for S. Anselmi Opera Omnia, ed. Schmitt, F. S. (Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1946–1961)Google Scholar. This is followed by volume and page number.
page 218 note 1 T. F. Torrance, op. cit., p. 155; cf. also, pp. 143–4.
page 218 note 2 H. Vogel, op. cit., p. 51.
page 219 note 1 Heidegger, Being and Time, H.221; cf. also, H.227.
page 219 note 2 Heidegger, , ‘On the Essence of Truth’, p. 336.Google Scholar
page 219 note 3 Vogel, , Consider Your Calling, p. 47.Google Scholar
page 220 note 1 Kierkegaard, , Philosophical Fragments, pp. 9–10.Google Scholar
page 220 note 2 ibid., pp. 47, 50.
page 220 note 3 Concluding Unscientific Postscript, p. 179.
page 220 note 4 ibid., p. 219.
page 221 note 1 T. F. Torrance, op. cit., p. 158; cf. also, pp. 200–2.
page 221 note 2 Vogel, op. cit., p. 52.
page 221 note 3 Russell, B., The Problems of Philosophy (London: Oxford University Press, 1959). P. 129.Google Scholar
page 222 note 1 Vogel, op. cit., pp. 53–4.
page 222 note 2 Torrance, op. cit., p. 145; cf. also pp. 161ff.
page 223 note 1 Monologion, 65, AO, 1:76.
page 223 note 2 De Libero Arbitrio, 16, BW, 217.
page 223 note 3 De Ver., BW, 143.
page 224 note 1 De Unica Forma Omnium, BW, 108.
page 224 note 2 Pros., 4, AO, 1:103.
page 224 note 3 De Grammatico, 17, AO, 1:162.
page 224 note 4 De Ver., 13, AO, 1:199.
page 224 note 5 De Ver., BW, 135.
page 225 note 1 Anselm, De Ver., 11, AO, 1:191; Grosseteste, De Ver., BW, 135.
page 225 note 2 Mon., 10, 11, 29, 31, 62; Pros., 4.
page 225 note 3 Mon., 7; Cur Deus Homo, 1.1, 12, 13, and especially 1.15.
page 226 note 1 Grosseteste, De Unica Forma Omnium; Anselm, Pros., 1, 14; De Ver., 12; Mon., 36, 64, 65.
page 226 note 2 Mon., 36: AO, I: 54–5.
page 226 note 3 Anselm, , De Ver., 10.Google Scholar