Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T13:29:45.922Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Changes in selected plant growth regulators during germination in sorghum

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2008

J. Dewar ,
J. R. N. Taylor  and
P. Berjak
J. Dewar*
Affiliation:
CSIR Food Science and Technology, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
J. R. N. Taylor
Affiliation:
Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, Cereal Foods Research Unit, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
P. Berjak
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, University of Natal, Plant Cell Biology Research Unit, Durban, 4000, South Africa
*
*Correspondence Fax 00 27 12 841 2386 E-mail jdewar@csir.co.za
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The technique of radioimmunoassay following sample resolution by HPLC was used to assay the amounts of the cytokinins zeatin (Z), zeatin riboside (ZR) and isopentenyladenine (IPA), the combined amounts of gibberellins1+3 (GA1+3), and the amounts of indole acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) during germination in grains of sorghum. Concentrations of GA1+3 were low throughout germination and did not appear to be related to the time of germination. In the mature, non-germinated grain, the concentration of each of the other plant growth regulators was much higher in the smaller component comprised of the embryonic axis and scutellum than in the much larger endosperm tissue. During the germination period studied (64 h), these concentrations declined, with a peak in the amount of the cytokinin IPA and a small peak in Z+ZR (24 h) in the embryo following the first visible signs of root protrusion and coincident with a large enhancement in amylase activity. The high concentration of ABA in the embryo tissue prior to germination was noteworthy. It is suggested that the interaction of ABA and the cytokinins IPA and Z+ZR may play a significant role in controlling sorghum germination.

Keywords

germinationmaltingplant growthregulatorssorghum
Type
Physiology and biochemistry
Information
Seed Science Research , Volume 8 , Issue 1 , March 1998 , pp. 1 - 8
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agu, R C, Okeke, B C, Nwufo, S C, Ude, C M and Onwumelu, A H (1993) Influence of gibberellic acid (GA3) on diastase and cellulase development of Nigerian millet (Pennisetum maiwa) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Process Biochemistry 28, 105–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ajerio, K O, Booer, C D and Proudlove, M O (1993) Aspects of the malting of sorghum Ferment 6, 339–341.Google Scholar
Aniche, G B and Palmer, G H (1990) Development of amylolytic activities in sorghum and barley malt Journal of the Institute of Brewing 96, 377–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asien, A O, Palmer, G H and Stark, J R (1983) The development of enzymes during germination and seedling growth in Nigerian sorghum Starch/Starke 35, 316–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandurski, R S and Schilze, A (1977) Concentration of indole-3-acetic acid and its derivatives in plants Plant Physiology 60, 211–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berjak, P, Whittaker, A and Mycock, D J (1992) Wet-heat treatment: a promising method for the elimination of mycoflora from maize grains South African Journal of Science 88, 346–349.Google Scholar
Bewley, J D and Black, M (1978) Physiology and biochemistry of seeds in relation to germination. Vol. 1. Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bewley, J D and Black, M (1985) Seeds. Physiology of development and germination. New York, London, Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bialek, K and Cohen, J D (1989) Free and conjugated indole-3-acetic acid in developing bean seeds Plant Physiology 91, 775–779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, M (1983) Abscisic acid in seed germination and dormancy, pp 331–365in Addicott, F T (Ed.) Abscisic acid. New York, Praegor.Google Scholar
Black, M (1991) Involvement of ABA in the physiology of developing and mature seeds pp 99–124in Davies, W JJones, H J (Eds) Abscisic acid physiology and biochemistry. Oxford, Bios Scientific Publishers Limited.Google Scholar
Cohen, J D and Bandurski, R S (1982) Chemistry and physiology of the bound auxins Annual Review of Plant Physiology 33, 403–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutting, J G M and Bower, J P (1989) The relationship between basipetal auxin transport and calcium allocation in vegetative and reproductive flushes in avocado Scientia Horticulturae 41, 27–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutting, J G M, Lishman, A W, Van der Hoven, A and Wolstenholme, B N (1983) Development of a radioimmunoassay for cytokinin isopentyl adenosine Crop Production 12,133–135.Google Scholar
Cutting, J G M, Hofman, P J, Lishman, A W and Wolstenholme, B N (1986) Abscisic acid, isopentyl-adenine and isopentyl adenosine concentrations in ripening fruit as determined by radioimmunoassay Acta Horticulturae 179, 793–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daiber, K H and Novellie, L (1968) Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies XIX. Gibberellic acid and amylase formation in kaffircorn journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 19, 87–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daiber, K H and Taylor, J R N (1995) Opaque beers, pp 299–323in Dendy, D A V (Ed.) Sorghum and millets: chemistry and technology. St. Paul, American Association of Cereal Chemists.Google Scholar
Dewar, J, Taylor, J R N and Berjak, P (1997a) Effect of germination conditions, with optimised steeping, on sorghum malt quality — with particular reference to free amino nitrogen journal of the Institute of Brewing 103, 171–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewar, J, Taylor, J R N and Berjak, P (1997b) Determination of improved steeping conditions for sorghum malting journal of Cereal Science 26, 129–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dufour, J P, Mélotte, L and Srebrnik, S (1992) Sorghum malts for the production of a lager beer journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 50, 110–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eeuwens, C J and Schwabe, W W (1975) Seed and pod wall development in Pisum sativum L. in relation to extracted and applied hormones Journal of Experimental Botany 26, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdey, D P, Mycock, D J and Berjak, P (1997) The elimination of Fusarium moniliforme (Sheldon) in caryopses, maize by hot water treatments. Seed Science and Technology 25, (in press).Google Scholar
Farrant, J M, Berjak, P, Cutting, J G M and Pammenter, N W (1993) The role of plant growth regulators in the development and germination of the desiccation-sensitive (recalcitrant) seeds of Avicennia marina Seed Science Research 3, 55–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fincher, G B (1989) Molecular and cellular biology associated with endosperm mobilisation in germinating cereal grains Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 40, 305–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia-Maya, M, Chapman, J M and Black, M (1990) Regulation of α-amylase formation and gene expression in the developing wheat embryo. Role of abscisic acid, the osmotic environment and gibberellin Planta 181, 296–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haggblade, S and Holzapfel, W H (1989) Industrialization of Africa's indigenous beer brewing, pp 191–283in Steinkraus, K H (Ed.) Industrialization of indigenous fermented foods. New York, Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
Hill, R D, Durnin, D, Nelson, L A K, Abrams, G D, Gusta, L V and Abrams, S R (1992) Effects of (±)-phaseic acid on developing embryos of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Bonanza) cultured in vitro Seed Science Research 2, 207–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, R D, Liu, J -H, Durnin, D, Lamb, N, Shaw, A and Abrams, S R (1995) Abscisic acid structure-activity relationships in barley aleurone layers and protoplasts Plant Physiology 108, 573–579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hocart, C H and Letham, D S (1990) Biosynthesis of cytokinin in germinating seeds of Zea mays Journal of Experimental Botany 41, 1525–1528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hocart, C H, Badenoch-Jones, J, Parker, C W, Letham, D S and Summons, R E (1988) Cytokinins in dry Zea mays seed: quantification by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 7, 179–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hocart, C H, Letham, D S and Parker, C W (1990) Metabolism and translocation of exogenous zeatin riboside in germinating seeds and seedlings of Zea mays Journal of Experimental Botany 41, 1517–1524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofman, P J, Featonby-Smith, B C and Van Staden, J (1985) The development of ELISA and RIA for cytokinin estimation and their application to a study of lunar periodicity in Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenf Journal of Plant Physiology 22, 455–166.Google Scholar
Kermode, A R (1990) Regulatory mechanisms involved in the transition from seed development to germination Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 9, 155–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, A A (1975) Primary, preventative and permissive roles of hormones in plant systems Botanical Review 41, 391–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, R W (1976) Abscisic acid in developing wheat grains and its relationship to grain growth and maturation Planta 132, 43–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, R W (1982) Abscisic acid and seed development, pp 157–181in Khan, A A (Ed.) The physiology and biochemistry of seed development, dormancy and germination. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, Elsevier Biomedical Press.Google Scholar
King, R W, Salminen, S O, Hill, R D and Higgins, T J V (1979) Abscisic acid and gibberellin action in developing kernels of triticale (cv. 6A190) Planta 146, 249–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Letham, D S (1978) Cytokinins. pp 205–263in Letham, D S, Goodwin, P B; Higgins, T J V (Eds) Phytohormones and related compounds: a comprehensive treatise. Vol. 1. Amsterdam, Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.Google Scholar
MacLeod, A M, Duffus, J H and Johnston, C S (1964) Development of hydrolytic enzymes in germinating grain Journal of the Institute of Brewing 70, 521–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, P W, Miller, F R and Quinby, J R (1977) Manipulation of sorghum growth and development with gibberellic acid Agronomy 69, 789–793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrall, P, Boyd, H K, Taylor, J R N and Van der Walt, W H (1986) Effect of germination temperature and moisture on malting of sorghum journal of the Institute of Brewing 92, 439–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Napier, J A, Chapman, J M and Black, M (1989) Calcium-dependent induction of novel proteins by abscisic acid in wheat aleurone tissue of different developmental stages Planta 179, 156–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolan, R D and Ho, T -H D (1988) Hormonal regulation of α-amylase expression in barley aleurone layers Plant Physiology 88, 588–593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Novellie, L and De Schaepdrijver, P (1986) Modern developments in traditional African beers, pp 73–157in Adams, M R (Ed.) Progress in industrial microbiology. Vol. 23. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science.Google Scholar
Nzelibe, H C and Nwashike, C C (1995) The brewing potential of ‘acha’ (Digitaria exilis) malt compared with pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) malts and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) malts Journal of the Institute of Brewing 101, 345–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paleg, L G (1960) Physiological effects of gibberellic acid I. On carbohydrate metabolism and amylase activity of barley endosperm Plant Physiology 35, 293–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmer, G H (1982) A reassessment of the pattern of endosperm hydrolysis (modification) in germinated barley Journal of the Institute of Brewing 88, 145–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, G H (1989) Cereals in malting and brewing, pp 61–242in Palmer, G H (Ed.) Cereal science and technology. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press.Google Scholar
Pharis, R P and King, R W (1985) Gibberellins and reproductive development in seed plants Annual Review of Plant Physiology 36, 517–568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piagessi, A, Picciarelii, P, Lorenz, R and Alpi, A (1989) Gibberellins in embryo-suspensor of Phaseolus coccineus seeds at the heart stage of embryo development Plant Physiology 91, 362–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quatrano, R S (1986) Regulation of gene expression by abscisic acid during angiosperm embryo development Oxford Surveys of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology 3, 467–477.Google Scholar
Rood, S B (1995). Heterosis and the metabolism of gibberellin A20 in sorghum Plant Growth Regulation 16, 271–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
South African, Bureau of Standards (1970) Standard test method for the determination of diastatic power of malts prepared from kaffircorn (sorghum) including birdproof varieties, and from millet. Pretoria, South Africa, South African Bureau of Standards.Google Scholar
Sponsel, V M (1987) Gibberellin biosynthesis and metabolism, pp 43–75in Davies, P J (Ed.) Plant hormones and their role in plant growth and development. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinbach, H S, Benech-Arnold, R L, Kristof, G, Sánchez, R A and Marcucci-Poltri, S (1995) Physiological basis of pre-harvest sprouting resistance in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ABA levels and sensitivity in developing embryos of sprouting-resistant and -susceptible varieties Journal of Experimental Botany 46, 701–709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinbach, H S, Benech-Arnold, R L and Sánchez, R A (1997) Hormonal regulation of dormancy in developing sorghum seeds Plant Physiology 113, 149–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tillberg, E, (1977) Indoleacetic acid levels in Phaseolus, Zea and Pincus (sic) during seed germination Plant Physiology 60, 317–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todoroki, Y, Hirai, N and Koshimizu, K (1995) 8′, 8′-Difluoro- and 8′, 8′, 8′-trifluoroabscisic acids as highly potent, long-lasting analogues of abscisic acid Phytochemistry 38, 561–568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker-Simmons, M K, Holappa, L D, Abrams, G D and Abrams, S R (1997) ABA metabolites induce group 3 LEA mRNA and inhibit germination in wheat Physiologia Plantarum 100, 474–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, S A, Jordan, W R, Morgan, P W and Miller, F R (1983) Genetic and hormonal control of shoot and root growth of sorghum Agronomy 75, 682–686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar