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Relationship of the lateral embryo (in grasses) to other monocot embryos: a status up-grade

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2021

Carol C. Baskin Open the ORCID record for Carol C. Baskin [Opens in a new window]  and
Jerry M. Baskin
Carol C. Baskin*
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY40506-0225, USA Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY40506-0312, USA
Jerry M. Baskin
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY40506-0225, USA
*
*Author for Correspondence: Carol C. Baskin, E-mail: carol.baskin@uky.edu
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Abstract

Martin placed the lateral embryo, which occurs only in grasses, adjacent to the broad embryo at the base of his family tree of seed phylogeny. Since Poales and Poaceae are derived monocots, we questioned the evolutionary relationship between the lateral embryo and other kinds of monocot embryos. Information was compiled on embryo and seed characteristics for the various families of monocots, kind of embryogenesis for families in Poales and germination morphology of families with lateral (only Poaceae) and broad embryos. The kinds of monocot embryos are broad, capitate, lateral, linear fully developed, linear underdeveloped and undifferentiated, but only broad and lateral embryos are restricted to Poales. Asterad embryogenesis occurs in Poaceae with a lateral embryo and in Eriocaulaceae, Rapataceae and Xyridaceae with a broad embryo. In developing grass seeds, the growing scutellum (cotyledon) pushes the coleoptile, mesocotyl and coleorhiza to the side. In the organless broad embryo, the cotyledonary sector is larger than the epicotyledonary sector. During germination of grass seeds, the coleorhiza and then the coleoptile emerge, while in a seed with a broad embryo the elongating cotyledon pushes the epicotyledonary sector outside the seed, after which a root–shoot axis is differentiated at a right angle to the cotyledon inside the seed. Broad and lateral embryos are closely related; however, the lateral embryo is more advanced in seed/embryo traits and germination morphology than the other kinds of monocot embryos, suggesting that its position on the family tree of seed phylogeny should be higher than of the other monocot embryos.

Keywords

broad embryoembryogenesisembryo morphologygermination morphologyseed phylogeny
Type
Review Paper
Information
Seed Science Research , Volume 31 , Issue 3 , September 2021 , pp. 199 - 210
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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