Hostname: page-component-5f745c7db-6bmsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-06T05:52:25.483Z Has data issue: true hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Taking Down Barcelona in Kathmandu: Linguistic Futures in a Student Movement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2025

Miranda Weinberg
Miranda Weinberg*
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania
*
Contact Miranda Weinberg at Educational Linguistics, Graduate School of Education, 3700 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (mirandaw@gse.upenn.edu).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In June 2012, student activists in Nepal declared a campaign against private, for-profit colleges with foreign names, simultaneously decrying the schools’ names and their exorbitant tuition fees. During the campaign, members of multiple student unions vandalized signboards, buildings, computers, and buses belonging to various colleges and filed a court case demanding stricter management of private schools. These activists claimed control of the linguistic landscape of Kathmandu, objecting not to English in the classroom but to the material emblems of branded educational institutions. This article explores the semiotic implications of this movement through analysis of newspaper coverage of the protests. The school names and talk about appropriate names delineate two competing cultural chronotopes that students employed to promote a particular vision of proper Nepali behavior and to contest what they depicted as inappropriate commodification of higher education.

Type
Research Article
Information
Signs and Society , Volume 5 , Issue 1 , Spring 2017 , pp. 69 - 95
Copyright
Copyright © 2017 by Semiosis Research Center at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. All rights reserved.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Earlier versions of this article were presented at the Language and Super-Diversity Conference at the University of Jyväskylä (June 5–7, 2013) and the Himalayan Studies Conference at Yale University (March 14–16, 2014). The article was improved by conversations with conference participants and with Asif Agha, Haley De Korne, Jeff Gauthier, Mara Green, Laura Kunreuther, Geeta Manandhar, Robert Moore, and Mark Turin. I also gratefully acknowledge the input of two reviewers and Richard Parmentier.

References

References

Adhikari, Krishna P., and Gellner, David N.. 2016. “New Identity Politics and the 2012 Collapse of Nepal’s Constituent Assembly: When the Dominant Becomes ‘Other.’” Modern Asian Studies 50 (6): 2009–40.10.1017/S0026749X15000438CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agha, Asif. 2007a. Language and Social Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Agha, Asif. 2007b. “Recombinant Selves in Mass Mediated Spacetime.” Language & Communication 27 (3): 320–35.10.1016/j.langcom.2007.01.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agha, Asif. 2011. “Commodity Registers.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 21 (1): 22–53.10.1111/j.1548-1395.2011.01081.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakhtin, Mikhail M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Trans. Emerson, Caryl and Holquist, Michael and ed. Holquist, Michael. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, Usree. 2013. “Mediating Inequalities: Exploring English-Medium Instruction in a Suburban Indian Village School.” Current Issues in Language Planning 14 (1): 164–84.10.1080/14664208.2013.791236CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharya, Usree. 2016. “Colonization and English Ideologies in India: A Language Policy Perspective.” Language Policy, 1–21, doi:10.1007/s10993-015-9399-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bista, Dor Bahadur. 1991. Fatalism and Development: Nepal’s Struggle for Modernization. London: Sangam Books.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2009. “A Market of Accents.” Language Policy 8 (3): 243–59.10.1007/s10993-009-9131-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, ed. Richardson, John, 241–58. Westport, CT: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Burghart, Richard. 1984. “The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal.” Journal of Asian Studies 44 (1): 101–25.10.2307/2056748CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caddell, Martha. 2007. “Private Schools and Political Conflict in Nepal.” In Private Schooling in Less Economically Developed Countries: Asian and African Perspectives, ed. Srivastava, P. and Walford, G., 187–207. Didcot: Symposium.Google Scholar
Central Bureau of Statistics. 2014. Social Demography. Vol. 2 of Population Monograph of Nepal. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.Google Scholar
Chalmers, Rhoderick A. M.. 2003. “‘We Nepalis’: Language, Literature and the Formation of a Nepali Public Sphere in India, 1914–1940.” Doctoral diss., School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar
Dennis, Dannah. 2015. “Buddha Was Born in (Secular) Nepal: Claims and Counter-claims of Nepali National Identity.” Presentation at the Annual Kathmandu Conference on Nepal and the Himalaya, Kathmandu, July 22–24, 2015.Google Scholar
Des Chene, Mary. 2007. “Is Nepal in South Asia? The Condition of Non-postcoloniality.” Studies in Nepali History and Society 12 (2): 207–23.Google Scholar
Dick, Hilary Parsons. 2010. “Imagined Lives and Modernist Chronotopes in Mexican Nonmigrant Discourse.” American Ethnologist 37 (2): 275–90.10.1111/j.1548-1425.2010.01255.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gellner, David N. 1988. “Hinduism and Buddhism in the Nepal Valley.” In The World’s Religions, ed. Sutherland, Stewart, Houlden, Leslie, Clarke, Peter, and Hardy, Friedhelm, 739–55. Boston: G. K. Hall.Google Scholar
Gurung, Harka. 2003. Trident and Thunderbolt: Cultural Dynamics in Nepalese Politics. Kathmandu: Social Science Baha.Google Scholar
Hangen, Susan. 2007. Creating a “New Nepal”: The Ethnic Dimension. Washington, DC: East-West Center.Google Scholar
Heller, Monica, and Boutet, Josiane. 2006. “Vers de nouvelles formes de pouvoir langagier? Langue(s) et identité dans la nouvelle économie.” Langage et société 4:5–16.10.3917/ls.118.0005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Jennifer L. 2012. “‘God’s Law Indeed Is There to Protect You from Yourself’: The Christian Personal Testimonial as Narrative and Moral Schemata to the US Political Apology.” Language and Communication 32 (1): 48–61.10.1016/j.langcom.2011.10.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaDousa, Chaise. 2014. Hindi Is Our Ground, English Is Our Sky: Education, Language, and Social Class in Contemporary India. New York: Berghahn.10.3167/9781782382324CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lal, C. K. “No Youth for the Country.” República, August 10, 2012. http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=39511.Google Scholar
Liechty, Mark. 2003. Suitably Modern: Making Middle-Class Culture in a New Consumer Society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9780691221748CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liechty, Mark. 2010. Out Here in Kathmandu: Modernity on the Global Periphery. Kathmandu: Martin Chautari.Google Scholar
Maharjan, Harsha Man. 2012. “Vote for Prashant Tamang: Representations of an Indian Idol in the Nepali Print Media and the Retreat of Multiculturalism.” European Bulletin of Himalayan Research 41:30–57.Google Scholar
Manning, Paul. 2010. “The Semiotics of Brand.” Annual Review of Anthropology 39 (1): 33–49.10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104939CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazzarella, William. 2003. Shoveling Smoke: Advertising and Globalization in Contemporary India. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Middleton, Townsend, and Shneiderman, Sara. 2008. “Reservations, Federalism and the Politics of Recognition in Nepal.” Economic & Political Weekly (May 10): 39–45.Google Scholar
Mocko, Anne T. 2015. Demoting Vishnu: Ritual, Politics, and the Unraveling of Nepal’s Hindu Monarchy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Robert E. 2003. “From Genericide to Viral Marketing: On ‘Brand’.” Language & Communication 23 (3): 331–57.10.1016/S0271-5309(03)00017-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munn, Nancy. 1986. The Fame of Gawa: A Symbolic Study of Value Transformation in a Massim Society. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Nakassis, Constantine V. 2012. “Counterfeiting What? Aesthetics of Brandedness and Brand in Tamil Nadu, India.” Anthropological Quarterly 85 (3): 701–21.10.1353/anq.2012.0046CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NNEPC (Nepal National Education Planning Commission). 1956. Education in Nepal: Report of the Nepal Education Planning Commission. Kathmandu: His Majesty’s Government.Google Scholar
Onta, Pratyoush. 1996. “Ambivalence Denied: The Making of Rastriya Itihas in Panchayat Era Textbooks.” Contributions to Nepalese Studies 23 (1): 213–54.Google Scholar
Phyak, Prem. 2013. “Language Ideologies and Local Languages as the Medium-of-Instruction Policy: A Critical Ethnography of a Multilingual School in Nepal.” Current Issues in Language Planning 14 (1): 127–43.10.1080/14664208.2013.775557CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pigg, Stacy Leigh. 1992. “Inventing Social Categories through Place: Social Representations and Development in Nepal.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 34 (3): 491–513.10.1017/S0010417500017928CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Proctor, Lavanya Murali. 2014. “English and Globalization in India: The Fractal Nature of Discourse.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 24 (3): 294–314.10.1111/jola.12056CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rymes, Betsy. 1996. “Naming as Social Practice: The Case of Little Creeper from Diamond Street.” Language in Society 25 (2): 237–60.10.1017/S0047404500020625CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, Sanjay, Pandey, Shibani, Pathak, Dinesh, and Sijapati-Basnett, Bimbika. 2014. State of Migration in Nepal. Research paper 6. Kathmandu: Center for the Study of Labour and Mobility.Google Scholar
Shohamy, Elana, and Gorter, Durk, eds. 2008. Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203930960CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snellinger, Amanda. 2007. “Student Movements in Nepal: Their Parameters and Their Idealized Forms.” In Contentious Politics and Democratization in Nepal, ed. Lawoti, M., 273–98. Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar
Snellinger, Amanda. 2009. “Yuba, hamro pusta: Youth and Generational Politics in Nepali Political Culture.” Studies in Nepali History and Society 14 (1): 39–66.Google Scholar
Stasch, Rupert. 2011. “Textual Iconicity and the Primitivist Cosmos: Chronotopes of Desire in Travel Writing about Korowai of West Papua.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 21 (1): 1–21.10.1111/j.1548-1395.2011.01080.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, E. P. 1971. “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century.” Past & Present 50 (1): 76–136.10.1093/past/50.1.76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberg, Miranda. 2013. “Revisiting History in Language Policy: The Case of Medium of Instruction in Nepal.” Working Papers in Educational Linguistics 28 (1): 61–80.Google Scholar
Woolard, Kathryn A. 2013. “Is the Personal Political? Chronotopes and Changing Stances toward Catalan Language and Identity.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 16 (2): 210–24.10.1080/13670050.2012.720670CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Newspaper Articles

Himalayan Times, July 6, 2012. “NSU to Remove Hoardings of +2 Colleges with Foreign Names.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=NSU+to+remove+hoardings+of+%2B2+colleges+with+foreign+namesandNewsID=338652.Google Scholar
República, July 6, 2012. “Student Unions against Colleges with Foreign Names.” http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=37503.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 7, 2012a. “Enamel Painted on College Hoardings; NSU Act Draws Criticisms; Foreign Names OK: Colleges.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Enamel+painted+on+college+hoardings&NewsID=338793.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 7, 2012b. “NSU Removes Hoardings of +2 Colleges with Foreign Names.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=NSU+removes+hoardings+of+%2B2+colleges+with+foreign+names&NewsID=338680.Google Scholar
Kathmandu Post, July 7, 2012. “Colleges with Foreign Names on NSU Target.” http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2012/07/07/metro/colleges-with-foreign-names-on-nsu-target/236903.html.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 16, 2012a. “ANNISU-R Students Vandalize Schools in Rampage.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=+ANNISU-R+students+vandalise+schools+in+rampage&NewsID=339837.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 16, 2012b. “CPN-M’s Revolutionary Students Vandalise Colleges‚ Torch School Bus.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=CPN-M%27s+revolutionary+students+vandalise+colleges%26sbquo%3B+torch+school+bus&NewsID=339888.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 16, 2012c. “CZOPP Slams School Vandalism.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=CZOPP+slams+school+vandalism&NewsID=339906.Google Scholar
Kathmandu Post, July 16, 2012a. “ANNISU-R Cadres Vandalize Colleges in Capital” (by Rastra Sanchar Samiti). http://www.ekantipur.com/2012/07/16/capital/annisu-r-cadres-vandalise-colleges-in-capital/357249/.Google Scholar
Kathmandu Post, July 16, 2012b.“Baidya’s Cadres Vandalise Schools over Name, Fee Issues: HISSAN Deplores ‘Arrogant Act.’” http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2012/07/16/nation/baidyas-cadres-vandalise-schools-over-name-fee-issues/237261.html.Google Scholar
República, July 17, 2012a. “Pro-Baidya Students Attack Colleges, Torch School Bus.” http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=38061.Google Scholar
República, July 17, 2012b. “Students Drive Away Student Goons” (by Rastra Sanchar Samiti). http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=38138.Google Scholar
AsiaNews, July 18, 2012. “Maoists and Nationalists Attack Dozens of Foreign-Run Private School.” http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Maoists-and-nationalists-attack-dozens-of-foreign-run-private-schools-25318.html.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 18, 2012. “ANNISU-R Announces Two-Day Strike; Educational Institutions to Be Shut; Warns Authorities of Strict Action.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=ANNISU-R+announces+two-day+strike++&NewsID=340146.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 19, 2012. “Student Unions Warn Plus Two Colleges with Foreign Names: Tell Them to Switch to Nepali Nomenclature.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Student+unions+warn+Plus+Two+colleges+with+foreign+names&NewsID=340228.Google Scholar
República, July 19, 2012a. “All in the Name: Attack on Schools with Foreign Names.” http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=38176.Google Scholar
República, July 19, 2012b. “10+2 Making Students Pay after Providing Scholarship Too” (by Rastra Sanchar Samiti). http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=38231.Google Scholar
Nepali Times, July 20, 2012a. “Anger Management: Attacks on Private Schools Are a Manifestation of the Class Divide in Education” (by A. Acharya). http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=19484#.UX_9Y4Li4hQ.Google Scholar
Nepali Times, July 20, 2012b. “Certain Uncertainty: The Lawlessness Around Is a Result of Politics Being Stuck in a Deadlock within a Stalemate.” http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=19475#.UX_9l4Li4hQ.Google Scholar
Nepali Times, July 20, 2012c. “The Uncritical Mass: In a Country Where Politicians Get Away with Murder, One Can’t Really Blame Their Student Protégés for Setting Fire to School Buses” (by R. Mahato). http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=19476#.UX_90YLi4hQ.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 21, 2012. “ANNISU-R to Shut Plus Two Colleges.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=ANNISU-R+to+shut+Plus+Two+colleges+&NewsID=340453.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 22, 2012a. “ANNISU(R) Shuts Private Plus 2 Colleges over Foreign Names” (by Rastra Sanchar Samiti). http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=ANNISU%28R%29+shuts+private+Plus+2+colleges+over+foreign+names&NewsID=340497.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 22, 2012b. “Foreign Names a Reason for Closing Plus Two Schools: Linguists Stress Need for Searching in the Quest for Self-Identity.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Foreign+names+a+reason+for+closing+Plus+Two+schools&NewsID=340603.Google Scholar
República, July 22, 2012. “Pro-Baidya Students Shut Down +2 Schools.” http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=38410.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 23, 2012a. “ANNISU-R Sets School Bus Ablaze in Dharan.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=ANNISU-R+sets+school+bus+ablaze+in+Dharan&NewsID=340623.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 23, 2012b. “Baidhya’s Students Target DPS: Set a School Bus Carrying Students on Fire, Vandalise Another.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Baidhya%27s+students+target+DPS&NewsID=340740.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 23, 2012c. “Private Plus 2 Colleges Suffer Second Day of Closure.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Private+Plus+2+colleges+suffer+second+day+of+closure&NewsID=340642.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 23, 2012d. “Writ Filed Demanding Strict Laws to Manage Private Schools.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=++Writ+filed+demanding+strict+laws+to+manage+private+schools&NewsID=340673.Google Scholar
Kathmandu Post, July 23, 2012. “ANNISU-R Cadres Torch School Bus; Colleges Shut for 2nd Straight Day.” http://www.ekantipur.com/2012/07/23/top-story/annisu-r-cadres-torch-school-bus/357606.html.Google Scholar
República, July 23, 2012a. “ANNISU-R Cadres Set School Bus on Fire” (by Rastra Sanchar Samiti). http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=38440.Google Scholar
República, July 23, 2012b. “School Children Injured as Baidya Aligned Unionists Attack, Burn Buses.” http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=38458.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 24, 2012a. “Dharan School Bus Arsonist in Police Net.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Dharan+school+bus+arsonist+in+police+net+&NewsID=340773.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 24, 2012b. “Editorial: Violence Can’t Win.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Violence+can%27t+win&NewsID=340841.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 24, 2012c. “Plus Two Colleges‚ CTEVT and Lalitpur Schools Shut.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Plus+Two+colleges%26sbquo%3B+CTEVT+and+Lalitpur+schools+shut+&NewsID=340755.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 24, 2012d. “Police Briefly Detain ANNISU-R Coordinator.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Police+briefly+detain+ANNISU-R+coordinator&NewsID=340871.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 24, 2012e. “Show Cause on English.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Show+cause+on+English&NewsID=340875.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 24, 2012f. “Student Unions Launch Joint Protests.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Student+unions+launch+joint+protests+&NewsID=340859.Google Scholar
Himalayan Times, July 24, 2012g. “UN System Concerned about Attacks on School.” http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=UN+System+concerned+about+attacks+on+schools&NewsID=340864.Google Scholar
Zee News, July 24, 2012. “‘Vaidya’ Linked Students Set DPS Bus on Fire in Eastern Nepal.” http://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/vaidya-linked-students-set-dps-bus-on-fire-in-eastern-nepal_789389.html.Google Scholar
BBC, July 25, 2012. “UN Denounces Nepal School Attacks Claimed by Maoists.” http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18979709.Google Scholar
Nepali Times, July 25, 2012. “The Name Game” (originally printed in Nagarik). http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=19509.Google Scholar
República, July 25, 2012a. “+2 Schools Asked to Bring Down Hoarding Boards in 2 Days.” http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=38591.Google Scholar
República, July 25, 2012b. “UN Condemns Attacks on Nepal Schools.” http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=38559.Google Scholar
República, July 27, 2012. “HISSAN, Students Unions Reach Understanding” (by Rastra Sanchar Samiti). http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=38724.Google Scholar
Spotlight Nepal, July 27, 2012. “Private Schools Terror Tantrum.” http://www.spotlightnepal.com/News/Article/PRIVATE-SCHOOLS-Terror-Tantrum-.Google Scholar
Alliance France Presse, August 6, 2012. “Nepal Bans Schools from Using Western Names.” http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jt1Db0Pa2ymafSx1nQ6xQNWIesEA?docId=CNG.10ab554f47cde815049e86198d163c9b.1c1.Google Scholar
News24, August 7, 2012. “Nepal Bans Schools from Using Foreign Names.” http://www.news24online.com/nepal-bans-schools-from-using-foreign-names_LatestNews24_76.aspx.Google Scholar
República, August 10, 2012. “No Youth for the Country” (by C. K. Lal). http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=39511.Google Scholar
Républica, August 12, 2012. “Various Students’ Union Close CTEVT Colleges” (by Rastra Sanchar Samiti). http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=39640.Google Scholar
Times of India, August 12, 2012. “Students Groups Force Schools, Colleges to Close in Nepal.” http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-12/news/33167128_1_colleges-massive-protest-nepal-students-union.Google Scholar
Kathmandu Post, August 13, 2012. “Students Shut Colleges with Foreign Names.” http://www.ekantipur.com/2012/08/13/capital/students-shut-colleges-with-foreign-names/358682/.Google Scholar
Open Equal Free, August 14, 2012. “In Response to Higher Fees, Young Protestors Shut Down Nepalese Schools.” http://www.openequalfree.org/in-response-to-higher-fees-young-protestors-shut-down-nepalese-schools/15374.Google Scholar
Asia Calling, August 18, 2012. “Nepal Private Schools with Western Names under Attack.” http://www.asiacalling.org/en/news/nepal/2831-nepal-private-schools-with-western-names-under-attack-.Google Scholar