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Lines of Uncertainty: The Frontiers of the North Caucasus

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2017

Thomas M. Barrett
Thomas M. Barrett*
Affiliation:
Department of History, St. Mary's College of Maryland
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Extract

“The Caucasus may be likened to a mighty fortress, marvelously strong by nature, artificially protected by military works, and defended by a numerous garrison.” This oft-quoted line was written by General A.A. Veliaminov in 1828 in a memoir which advocated the use of powerful military force to subdue the tribes of the north Caucasus. To take this fortress, a wise commander must “lay his parallels; advance by gap and mine and so master the place.” The extension of a fortified line further and further towards the mountains, using it as a base for attacks, was essential to Veliaminov's strategy of conquest.

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Articles
Information
Slavic Review , Volume 54 , Issue 3 , Fall 1995 , pp. 578 - 601
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. 1995

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References

A version of this paper was originally presented at a conference sponsored by the Social Science Research Council, "Visions, Institutions, and Experiences of Imperial Russia," Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington, DC, September 1993.

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4. The leading military historian of Russia in the Caucasus was probably V.A. Potto. See his Kavkazskaia voina v otdel'nykh ocherkakh, epizodakh, legendakh i biografiiakh, 5 vols. (St. Petersburg: Tipografiia R. Golike, 1885–1891) and Utverzhdenie russkogo vladychestva na Kavkaze, 3 vols. (Tiflis: Tipografiia Ia.K. Libermana, 1901–1904).

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47. Potto, Kavkazskaia voina, 2: part 1, 86–87; Wagner, Travels in Persia, 1: 129.

48. Butkov, Materialy, 1: 79; AKAK, 1: 84, 87–88.

49. Dvizhenie gortsev severo-vostochnogo Kavkaza v 20–50 gg. XIX veka. Sbornik dokumentov (Makhachkala: Dagknigoizdat, 1959), 356–57, 486.

50. AKAK, 12: 1398; Dvizhenie, 471, 498; Baddeley, The Russian Conquest, 397; Wagner, Friedrich, Schamyl and Circassia, trans. Mackenzie, Kenneth R.H. (London: G. Routledge and Co., 1854), 88 Google Scholar; von Haxthausen, Baron August, The Tribes of the Caucasus, trans. Taylor, J.E. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1855), 98 Google Scholar. There were also rumors that Shamil himself was Bestuzhev-Marlinskii, that he had joined a gortsy robber band, escaped to Persia or was living in the mountains with five wives. See Zisserman, A. L., Dvadtsat’ piat’ let na Kavkaze (1842–1867) (St. Petersburg: Tipografiia A.S. Suvorina, 1879), 1: 329 Google Scholar; Leighton, Lauren G., Alexander Bestuzhev-Marlinsky (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1975), 35.Google Scholar

51. Pushkin, Alexander, A Journey to Arzrum, trans. Ingermanson, Birgitta (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1974), 30–31 Google Scholar. An incredible fact that further testifies to the nativization of Russian forces is that Ermolov, the most repressive and chauvinistic Russian “hero” of the Caucasus, was “married” to three Moslem women. See Berzhe, A. P., “Aleksei Petrovich Ermolov i ego kebinnyia zheny na Kavkaze 1816–1827 gg.,” Russkaia starina 15 (September 1884): 523–28.Google Scholar

52. AKAK, 1: 88; Mavrodin, Krest'ianskaia voina, 76.

53. Samarin, “Dorozhnyia zametki,” 550; Potto, Kavkazskaia voina, 1: 76–79; Potto, Pamiatniki, 1: 19–20.