Article contents
Adapting the Therapeutic Discourse to Post-Soviet Media Culture: The Case of Modnyi Prigovor
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 January 2017
Abstract
In this article we present a close reading of the discursive media transformation generated by “Fashion Verdict”—a makeover reality show broadcast on Russian TV. Our analysis reveals that the adopted genre of therapeutic culture constitutes a new mode of talk about personal experience in the post-Soviet media, a mode based on pop-psychological assumptions and linked to the discursive practice of psychotherapy. However, we show that in post-Soviet popular culture the global therapeutic talking culture encounters powerful cultural counterparts. Apart from psychotherapy, the TV courtroom transformation works by shifting three other discursive frames of articulation of individual and personal life: communist Comrades' Court, soviet Kitchen Talk, and glamorous Fashion Show. Combining an anthropological approach with conversational and frame analysis, we decipher how the familiar discursive forms of talking about personal life domesticate the therapeutic discourse in the Russian communicative culture: they pave the way for its acceptance and concomitantly contest and possibly undermine the ideas that the therapeutic culture brings in.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. 2013
References
We are grateful to Mark D. Steinberg for his thoughtful reading of the earlier version of the article, his truly intellectual attitude, and advice. We also wish to thank the two anonymous referees for Slavic Review for their helpful comments. Both authors have contributed equally to this article.
1. Dubrofsky, Rachel E., “Therapeutics of the Self: Surveillance in the Service of the Therapeutic,” Television and New Media 8, no. 4 (November 2007): 263–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ouellette, Laurie, “'Take Responsibility for Yourself: Judge Judy and the Neoliberal Citizen,” in Murray, Susan and Ouellette, Laurie, eds., Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture (New York, 2004)Google Scholar; Ouellette, Laurie and Hay, lames, “Makeover Television, Governmentality and the Good Citizen,” Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies 22, no. 4 (August 2008): 471–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ringrose, Jessica and Walkerdine, Valerie, “Regulating the Abject: The TV Make- Over as Site of Neoliberal Reinvention toward Bourgeois Femininity,” Feminist Media Studies 8, no. 3 (September 2008): 227–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Skeggs, Beverley, “The Moral Economy of Person Production: The Class Relations of Self-Performance on ‘Reality’ Television,” Sociological Review 57, no. 4 (November 2009): 626–44Google Scholar; White, Mimi, “Television, Therapy, and the Social Subject; or, The TV Therapy Machine,” in Friedman, James, ed., Reality Squared: Televisual Discourse on the Real (New Brunswick, 2002), 313–22Google Scholar.
2. On issues of gender, see Mikhailova, Natalia, “Modern Russian Entertainment TV: 'Live Well Now—Ask Me How!,'” in Rosenholm, Arja, Nordenstreng, Kaarle, and Trubina, Elena, eds., Russian Mass Media and Changing Values (London, 2010), 175–92Google Scholar. For the middle class, see MacFadyen, David, Russian Television Today: Primetime Drama and Comedy (London, 2008)Google Scholar; Rulyova, Natalia, “Domesticating the Western Format on Russian TV: Subversive Glocalisation in the Game Show Pole Chudes (The Field of Miracles),“ Europe-Asia Studies 59, no. 8 (December 2007): 1367–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Zvereva, Vera, “Diskursy ‘znaniia' na rossiiskom televidenii,” Neprikosnovennyi zapas 32, no. 6 (2003): 103–10Google Scholar; Zvereva, , “Reprezentatsiia i rearnost','” Otechestvennye zapiski 13, no. 4 (2003): 34–39 Google Scholar; Zvereva, , “Lifestyle Programs on Russian Television,” Russian Journal of Communication 3, nos. 3/4 (Summer/Fall 2010): 265–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
3. Novikova, Anna, “Myths about Soviet Values and Contemporary Russian Television,“ Russian Journal of Communication 3, nos. 3/4 (Summer/Fall 2010): 281–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rulyova, , “Domesticating the Western Format on Russian TV“; Claudia Zbenovich, “Communication Modes: The Fabric of the Post-Soviet Political Interview (1991-1999),” Journal of Language and Politics 6, no. 1 (2007): 75–90 Google Scholar.
4. Lerner, Julia, “TV Therapy without Psychology: Adapting the Self in Post-Soviet Media,” Laboratorium: Russian Review of Social Research 3, no. 1 (2011): 116–37Google Scholar; Matza, Tomas, “Moscow's Echo: Technologies of the Self, Publics, and Politics on the Russian Talk Show,” Cultural Anthropology 24, no. 3 (August 2009): 489–522 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Salmenniemi, Suvi, “In Search of a ‘New Wo(Man)': Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary Russian Self- Help Literature,” in Rosenholm, , Nordenstreng, , and Trubina, , eds., Russian Mass Media and Changing Values, 134–54Google Scholar; Suvi Salmenniemi and Mariya Vorona, “Reading Self-Help Literature in Russia: Governmentality, Psychology and Subjectivity,” British Journal of Sociology (forthcoming).
5. One example of a professional show is Doktor Kurpatov on Russia's First Channel. Two examples of psychological documentary drama are Poniat', prostit’ (To Understand, to Forgive) and Bez svidetelei (No Witnesses), both on the First Channel.
6. Füredi, Frank, Therapy Culture: Cultivating Vulnerability in an Uncertain Age (London, 2004)Google Scholar; Illouz, Eva, Cold Intimacies: The Making of Emotional Capitalism (Cambridge, Eng., 2007)Google Scholar; Philip Rieff, , The Triumph of the Therapeutic: Uses of Faith after Freud (Chicago, 1987)Google Scholar.
7. Cushman, Philip, “Why the Self Is Empty: Toward a Historically Situated Psychology,“ American Psychologist 45, no. 5 (May 1990): 599–611 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Philip Cushman, Constructing the Self, Constructing America: A Cultural History ofPsychotherapy (Reading, Mass., 1995); Furedi, Therapy Culture; Hochschild, Arlie Russell, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling (Berkeley, 1983)Google Scholar; Lasch, Christopher, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York, 1979)Google Scholar; Lasch, , The Minimal Self: Psychic Survival in Troubled Times (New York, 1984)Google Scholar; Pupavac, Vanessa, “Therapeutic Governance: Psycho-Social Intervention and Trauma Risk Management,” Disasters 25, no. 4 (December 2001): 358–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rose, Nikolas, Governing the Soul: The Shaping of the Private Self (London, 1990)Google Scholar.
8. Illouz, Eva, Oprah Winfrey and the Glamour of Misery: An Essay on Popular Culture (New York, 2003)Google Scholar; Illouz, Eva, Saving the Modern Soul: Therapy, Emotions, and the Culture of Self-Help (Berkeley, 2008)Google Scholar.
9. Illouz, Saving the Modern Soul.
10. The term Sots-Speak refers to the discursive universe of late socialism and specifically to the distinctive language paradigm that constitutes this discursive culture. We presented an earlier version of this study at the concept-based conference “Sots Speak: Regimes of Language under Socialism,” which was held at Princeton University in May 2011.
11. Lindquist, Galina, Conjuring Hope: Healing and Magic in Contemporary Russia (New York, 2006)Google Scholar; Pesmen, Dale, Russia and Soul: An Exploration (Ithaca, 2000)Google Scholar; Ries, Nancy, Russian Talk: Culture and Conversation during Perestroika (Ithaca, 1997)Google Scholar; Yurchak, Alexei, Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation (Princeton, 2006)Google Scholar.
12. The show's audience includes the spectators who are invited to the television studio and those watching the show on both television and the Internet. Our focus, however, is on the dynamics of the text of the show itself rather than its reception.
13. Askew, Kelly and Wilk, Richard R., eds., The Anthropology of Media: A Reader (Maiden, Mass., 2002)Google Scholar; Boyer, Dominic, Understanding Media: A Popular Philosophy (Chicago, 2007)Google Scholar; Ginsburg, Faye D., Abu-Lughod, Lila, and Larkin, Brian, eds., Media Worlds: Anthropology on New Terrain (Berkeley, 2002)Google Scholar; Kohm, Steven A., “The People's Law versus Judge Judy Justice: Two Models of Law in American Reality-Based Courtroom TV,” Law and Society Review 40, no. 3 (September 2006): 693–728 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
14. Lorenzo-Dus, Nuria, “Real Disorder in the Court: An Investigation Conflict Talk in US Television Courtroom Shows,” Media, Culture and Society 30, no. 1 (January 2008): 81–107 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
15. Illouz, Oprah Winfrey and the Glamour of Misery; Abu-Lughod, Lila, Dramas of Nationhood: The Politics of Television in Egypt (Chicago, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
16. Illouz, Oprah Winfrey and the Glamour of Misery.
17. Goffman, Erving, Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience (London, 1974)Google Scholar; Goffman, , Forms of Talk (Philadelphia, 1981)Google Scholar.
18. Epstein, Michael M., “Judging Judy, Mablean and Mills: How Courtroom Programs Use Law to Parade Private Lives to Mass Audiences,” Television Quarterly 32, no. 1 (Summer 2001): 4–13 Google Scholar; Lorenzo-Dus, “Real Disorder in the Court“; Helle Porsdam, “Law as Soap Opera and Game Show: The Case of The People's Court,” Journal of Popular Culture 28, no. 1 (March 2004): 1-15.
19. Epstein, “Judging Judy, Mablean and Mills“; Kohm, “The People's Law versus Judge Judy Justice“; Ouellette, ‘“Take Responsibility for Yourself.'
20. Licoppe, Christian and Dumoulin, Laurence, “The ‘Curious Case’ of an Unspoken Opening Speech Act: A Video-Ethnography of the Use of Video Communication in Courtroom Activities,” Research on Language and Social Interaction 43, no. 3 (August 2010): 211–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
21. Harris, Sandra, “Fragmented Narratives and Multiple Tellers: Witness and Defendant Accounts in Trials,” Discourse Studies 3, no. 1 (February 2001): 53–74 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
22. For grammar and prosody, see Matoesian, Gregory M., “Intertextuality, Affect, and Ideology in Legal Discourse,” Text 19, no. 1 (1999): 73–109 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; for metaphors, see Cotterill, Janet, “If It Doesn't Fit, You Must Acquit: Metaphor and the O.J. Simpson Criminal Trial,“ Forensic Linguistics 5, no. 2 (1998): 141–58Google Scholar.
23. Kohm, “The People's Law versus Judge Judy Justice“; Lorenzo-Dus, “Real Disorder in the Court“; Porsdam, “Law as Soap Opera and Game Show“; van der Houwen, Fleur, “Formulating Disputes,” Journal of Pragmatics 41, no. 10 (October 2009): 2072–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
24. Epstein, “Judging Judy, Mablean and Mills“; Lorenzo-Dus, “Real Disorder in the Court”.
25. Thus, courtroom shows dealing with family problems and domestic crimes that are broadcast on Russian television are designed to introduce the new legal culture and new standards of normative behavior to the new post-Soviet Russian citizen. See, for example, the court-based broadcasts Sud prisiaznikh (Trial by Jury) on NTV Channel, Sud idet (Trial Begins) on Channel Russia, and Chas suda (Hour of the Court) on Channel Domashnii.
26. Wood, Elizabeth A., Performing Justice: Agitation Trials in Early Soviet Russia (Ithaca, 2005)Google Scholar.
27. The most famous examples are Sud vremeni (Trial Time) and Svoboda mysli (Freedom of Thought) on the Fifth Channel, as well as Istoricheskii protsess (The Historical Process) on the First Channel.
28. The literature on emotional capitalism has indicated a close connection between modern rationality, the capitalist economy, and psychological knowledge and practices in which people manage emotions. At the heart of emotional capitalism stands a model of the “therapeutic self“—both a product of and the base for emotional capitalism. This is a Self oriented toward the present, toward instrumental functioning, toward coping, a Self that makes a rational calculation of costs and benefits, articulated in the concepts of “self-realization.” Cushman, “Why the Self Is Empty“; Cushman, Constructing the Self; Hochschild, The Managed Heart; Illouz, Saving the Modern Soul; Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism; Rieff, The Triumph of the Therapeutic.
29. Illouz, Oprah Winfrey and the Glamour of Misery.
30. Engelstein, Laura and Sandler, Stephanie, eds., Self and Story in Russian History (Ithaca, 2000)Google Scholar; Etkind, Alexander, “Soviet Subjectivity: Torture for the Sake of Salvation?,“ Kritika 6, no. 1 (Winter 2005): 171–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Halfin, Igal, Terror in My Soul: Communist Autobiographies on Trial (Cambridge, Mass., 2003)Google Scholar; Hellbeck, Jochen, Revolution on My Mind: Writing a Diary under Stalin (Cambridge, Mass., 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pesmen, Russia and Soul; Nikolai S. Plotnikov, “Ot ‘individual'nosti’ k ‘identichnosti’ (istoriia poniatii personal'nosti v russkoi kul'ture),” Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, no. 91 (2008): 64-83; Kharkhordin, Oleg, The Collective and the Individual in Russia: A Study of Practices (Berkeley, 1999)Google Scholar; Oushakine, Sergei, “The Flexible and the Pliant: Disturbed Organisms of Soviet Modernity,” Cultural Anthropology 19, no. 3 (August 2004): 392–428 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
31. Etkind, Alexander, Eros nevozmozhnogo: Istoriia psikhoanaliza v Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1993)Google Scholar.
32. Bauer, Raymond Augustine, The New Man in Soviet Psychology (Cambridge, Mass., 1952)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Joravsky, David, “The Construction of the Stalinist Psyche,” in Fitzpatrick, Sheila, ed., Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928-1931 (Bloomington, 1978), 105–28Google Scholar; Kozulin, Alex, Psychology in Utopia: Toward a Social History of Soviet Psychology (Cambridge, Mass., 1984)Google Scholar; McLeish, John, Soviet Psychology: History, Theory, Content (London, 1975)Google Scholar; Wertsch, James V., ed., The Concept of Activity in Soviet Psychology (Armonk, N.Y., 1981)Google Scholar.
33. On coaching and counseling, see Matza, Tomas, “'Good Individualism'? Psychology, Ethics, and Neoliberalism in Postsocialist Russia,” American Ethnologist 39, no. 4 (November 2012): 804–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On self-help literature, see Salmenniemi, “In Search of a New Wo(Man)“; Salmenniemi and Vorona, “Reading Self-Help Literature in Russia“; Matza, “Moscow's Echo.” On talk shows, see Lerner, “TV Therapy without Psychology“; Matza, “Moscow's Echo.“
34. Wood, Performing Justice; Kharkhordin, The Collective and the Individual in Russia.
35. Kharkhordin, The Collective and the Individual in Russia.
36. Halfin, Igal, Stalinist Confessions: Messianism and Terror at the Leningrad Communist University (Pittsburgh, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kharkhordin, The Collective and the Individual in Russia.
37. Yurchak, Everything Was Forever; Dominic Boyer and Alexei Yurchak, “American Stiob: Or, What Late-Socialist Aesthetics of Parody Reveal about Contemporary Political Culture in the West,” Cultural Anthropology 25, no. 2 (May 2010): 179-221; Oushakine, Sergei, “'We're Nostalgic But We're Not Crazy': Retrofitting the Past in Russia,” Russian Review 66, no. 3 (April 2007): 451–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
38. The use of Soviet rhetoric in Modnyi Prigovor should not be automatically considered ironic. Indeed, the studio audience did not seem to show any indication of an ironic response (such as winking, smiling, or laughing).
39. Kharkhordin, The Collective and the Individual in Russia.
40. On lamentations and complaints, see Ries, Russian Talk. On sincerity, see Wierzbicka, Anna, “Russian Cultural Scripts: The Theory of Cultural Scripts and Its Applications,“ Ethos 30, no. 4 (2003): 401–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On the soul, see Pesmen, Russia and Soul.
41. Boym, Svetlana, Common Places: Mythologies of Everyday Life in Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1994)Google Scholar; Yurchak, Everything Was Forever.
42. See the special issue of the journal Teoriia mody dedicated to “Odezhda, telo, kul'tura,” no. 3 (Spring 2007); and also Sergei Zhuravlev and Jukka Gronow, “Vlasf mody i Sovetskaia vlasf: Istoriia protivostoianiia,” Istorik i khudozhnik, no. 1 (2006): 133-47, no. 3 (2006): 100-13, no. 1 (2007): 133-47.
43. Goscilo, Helena and Strukov, Vlad, “Introduction: Surface as Sign, or the Cultural Logic of Post-Soviet Capitalism,” in Goscilo, Helena and Strukov, Vlad, eds., Celebrity and Glamour in Contemporary Russian Culture (London, 2010)Google Scholar; Gusarova, Kseniia, “The Deviant Norm: Glamour in Russian Fashion,” Kultura, no. 6 (December 2008): 4–8 Google Scholar; Maria Litovskaia and Olga Shaburova, “Russian Glamour in Post-Soviet Mass Media,” in Rosenholm, Nordenstreng, and Trubina, eds., Russian Mass Media and Changing Value, 193-208; Menzel, Birgit, “Russian Discourse on Glamour,” Kultura, no. 6 (2008): 14–19 Google Scholar; Zvereva, Vera, “Pozyvnye glamura: Glamur: kul ‘turnaia ekspansiia ili novaia ideologiia?,“ Iskusstvo kino, no. 11 (November 2006): 19–27 Google Scholar.
44. Boyer, Dominic, Spirit and System: Media, Intellectuals, and the Dialectic in Modern German Culture (Chicago, 2005)Google Scholar.
45. As established by Kotkins's formula of “Speaking Bolshevik” ( Kotkin, Stephen, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization [Berkeley, 1995]Google Scholar), Groys's vision of communism's “linguistic turn” (Boris Groys, The Communist Postscript [London, 2009]), and Yurchak's concept of the “performative shift” (Yurchak, Everything Was Forever).
46. Dubin, Boris, Intellektual'nye gruppy i simvolicheskie formy: Ocherki sotsiologii sovremennoi kul'tury (Moscow, 2004)Google Scholar; Etkind, Alexander, “Stories of the Undead in the Land of the Unburied: Magical Historicism in Contemporary Russian Fiction,” Slavic Review 68, no. 3 (Fall 2009): 631–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lipovetsky, Mark and Etkind, Alexander, “Vozvrashchenie tritona: Sovetskaia katastrofa i postsovetskii roman,” Afovqe literaturnoe obozrenie, no. 94 (2008): 194–202 Google Scholar; Oushakine, Serguei, “In a State of Post-Soviet Aphasia: Symbolic Development in Contemporary Russia,” Europe-Asia Studies 52, no. 6 (July 2000): 991–1016 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Zdravomyslova, Elena and Temkina, Anna, “Vvedenie: Feministskii perevod, tekst, avtor, diskurs,” in Zdravomyslovaia, Elena and Temkinaia, Anna, eds., Khrestomatia feministskikh tekstov: Perevody (St. Petersburg, 2000)Google Scholar.
- 12
- Cited by