Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T07:22:38.575Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The First World War and the Polarization of the Russian Right, July 1914–February 1917

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 March 2017

Mikhail Loukianov
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

On the eve of the World War I, members of the Russian right deeply differed in their visions of the status quo and the means of its proper reconstruction. The war further differentiated the Right. The rightists, regardless of the ideological nuances, perceived the war as a chance for political revival. The outburst of patriotism in July and August 1914 became the most serious argument in favor of political reform. Their opponents, on the contrary, saw in it a chance to get rid of democratic institutions and practices. While the more moderate rightists leaned towards consensus, with liberals looking at political dialogue as the most effective instrument for securing social stability, the extreme ones concluded that strict control from above was a more adequate instrument for achieving this goal. All this aggravated the pre-war conflicts within the Right and led to its disintegration on the eve of the Revolution of 1917.

Type
Articles
Information
Slavic Review , Volume 75 , Issue 4 , Winter 2016 , pp. 872 - 895
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. 2016

References

I am indebted to the Deutsches Historisches Institut (Moscow) and the Central European University (Budapest) for fi nancial and organizational support and personally to Professor Alfred J. Rieber for his friendly advice and consultations. Also, I want to express my gratitude to research seminars at Central European University Department of History and the Center for Comparative Studies in History and Political Science at Perm State National Research University for the possibility to discuss the ideas developed in this article. I also want to thank Professor Igor′ K. Kiryanov, Professor Mark D. Steinberg, and anonymous readers for their comments, and Pavel Mikhailovich Egovtsev and Mikhail Suslov for helping with the translation of this article into English.

1. See, for example, Rogger, Hans, “Russia” in Rogger, Hans and Weber, Eugen, eds., The European Right: A Historical Profi le (Berkeley, 1965), 443–500 Google Scholar; Lowe, Heinz-Dietrich, Antisemitismus und reaktionäre Utopie: Russischer Konservatismus im Kampf gegen den Wandel von Staat und Gesellschaft , 1890–1917 (Hamburg, 1978)Google Scholar; Manning, Roberta T., The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government (Princeton, 1982)Google Scholar; Wcislo, Francis W., Reforming Rural Russia: State, Local Society, and National Politics, 1855–1914 (Princeton, 1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Waldron, Peter, Between Two Revolutions: Stolypin and the Politics of Renewal in Russia (De Kalb, 1998)Google Scholar; Korros, Alexandra S., Reluctant Parliament: Stolypin, Nationalism, and the Politics of the Russian Imperial State Council, 1906–1911 (Lanham, 2002)Google Scholar; Kir′anov, Iu. I., Pravye partii v Rossii, 1911–1917 (Moscow, 2001)Google Scholar; Stepanov, S.A., Chernaia sotnia: Chto oni sdelali dlia velichiia Rossii (Moscow, 2013)Google Scholar.

2. See, for details, Hosking, J.A and Manning, Roberta T., “What Was the United Nobility?,” in Haimson, Leopold ed., The Politics of Rural Russia: 1905–1914 (Bloomington, 1979), 142–83Google Scholar; Manning, Roberta T., The Сrisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government (Princeton, 1982), 325–71Google Scholar; Waldron, Peter, Between Two Revolutions: Stolypin and the Politics of Renewal in Russia (De Kalb, 1998), 115–86Google Scholar; Loukianov, Mikhail, “Conservatives and ‘Renewed Russia,’ 1907–1914,” Slavic Review 61, no. 4 (Winter 2002): 762–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3. Ivanov, A.A., Vladimir Purishkevich: Opyt biografi i pravogo politika (1870–1920) (Moscow and St. Peterburg, 2011), 247 Google Scholar.

4. N.N. Tikhanovich-Savitskii to N.N. Rodzevich, November 4, 1915. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (GARF), fond (f.) 102, opis′ (op.) 265, delo (d.) 1036, list (l.) 1900.

5. “Soveshchanie upolnomochennykh pravykh organizatsii i pravykh deiatelei v Nizhnem Novgorode 26–29 noiabria 1915 g.,” in Pravye partii, 1911–1917: Dokumenty i materialy, vol. 2 (Moscow, 1998), 502. See also, Archbishop Nikon to S.A. Nilus, August 31, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1030, l. 1304.

6. K.N. Paskhalov to N.A. Maklakov, October 29, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1036, l. 1830.

7. Gosudarstvennaia Duma: Stenografi cheskie otchety, sozyv chetvertyi, sessiia V (Petro grad, 1916), stb. 261.

8. See “Na legkom tormoze vpered … ,” Kolokol, August 18, 1915, 1.

9. See Protokol zasedaniia Postoiannogo Soveta ob’edinennykh dvorianskikh obshchestv, January 19, 1917. GARF, f. 434, op. 1, d. 87, l. 3ob.

10. On political history of the Russian Right of this period see Iu. I. Kir′anov, Pravye partii v Rossii, 216–430; Ivanov, A.A., Poslednie zashchitniki monarkhii: Fraktsiia pravykh IV Gosudarstvennoi dumy v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914–fevral′ 1917) (St. Petersburg, 2006)Google Scholar; Ivanov, A.A., Pravye v russkom parlamente: Ot krizisa k krakhu (1914–1917) (Moscow and St. Petersburg, 2013)Google Scholar.

11. S. Glinka, “Dobilis′ svoego!,” Zemshchina, July 19, 1914, 3.

12. “Prezhde vsego—sderzhannost′ i vyderzhka,” Moskovskie vedomosti, July 30, 1914, 1.

13. “Vsia Rossiia—odna sem′ia,” Kolokol, August 13, 1914, 1.

14. A.I. Sobolevskii to Iu.A. Kulakovskii, August 5, 1914. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 992, l. 1161.

15. N.A. Zverev to S.D. Sheremetev, August 10, 1914. Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv drevnikh aktov (RGADA), f. 1287, op. 1, d. 5122, l. 168.

16. S.L. Obleukhova to V.M. Purishkevich, August 20, 1914. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 994, l. 1324.

17. A.K. Varzhenevskii to S.D. Sheremetev, August 20, 1914. RGADA, f. 1287, op. 1, d. 5123, l. 176–176оb.

18. “Znachenie pervoi nashei pobedy,” Moskovskie vedomosti, August 12, 1914, 1.

19. S.A. Volodimerov, “Prosvety,” Zemshchina, August 22, 1914, 3.

20. N.N. Rodzevich to V.N. Rodzevich, 26 July 1914. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 991, l. 940.

21. Diary of B.V. Nikol′skii, entry for July 27, 1914. Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi istorichrskii arkhiv (RGIA), f. 1006, d. 4b, l. 344.

22. Russkoe znamia, August 3, 1914, 1.

23. A.I. Sobolevskii to Iu.A. Kulakovskii, August 5, 1914. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 992, l. 1161.

24. A.K. Varzhenevskii to S.D. Sheremetev, August 4, 1914. RGADA, f. 1287, op. 1, d. 5122, l. 124ob. See also N.S. Mal’tsov to S.D. Sheremetev, August 7, 1914. RGADA. f. 1287, 1287, op. 1, d. 5122, l. 140оb.

25. N.A. Zverev to S.D. Sheremetev, August 12, 1914. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 993, l. 1236.

26. S.D. Sheremetev to N.A. Zverev, August 19, 1914. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 994, l. 1311.

27. M. Shcheglovitova, “Moi vospominaniia o muzhe, Ivane Grigor′eviche Shcheglovitove.” Rossiiskii Gosugarstvennyi arkhiv literatury i iskusstva (RGALI), f. 1208, op. 1, d. 52, l. 48.

28. S. Glinka, “Ne opasno li?,” Zemshchina, August 25, 1914, 2.

29. I.I. Vostorgov to Bishop Makarii, August 9, 1914. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 993. l. 1209.

30. S.L. Obleukhova to V.M. Purishkevich, August 20, 1914. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 994, l. 1324. Italics added by author.

31. See Ivanov, Vladimir Purishkevich, 194.

32. Gosudarstvennaia Duma: Stenografi cheskie otchety, sozyv chetvertyi, sessia III. (Petrograd, 1915), stb. 141.

33. “Blagovest razdalsia,” Kolokol, October 16, 1914, 1.

34. Vitiaz′ [P.N. Ianov], “Politicheskie pis′ma,” Kolokol January 16, 1915, 1.

35. Samarin, F.D. et al. Po povodu “Vozzvaniia” Verkhovnogo Glavnokomanduishchego k Pol′skomu narodu (Moscow, 1915), 15 Google Scholar. According to L.A. Tikhomirov, the rightist ideologist and the former editor of Moskovskie vedomosti, the idea of independence of Poland, became popular among the members of the circle at the earliest stage of the discussions. See Diary of L.A. Tikhomorov, entry for October 21, 1914. GARF, f. 634, op. 1, d. 22, l. 217.

36. See Chermenskii, E. D., IV Gosudarstvennaia duma i sverzhenie tzarizma v Rossii (Moscow, 1976), 75 Google Scholar.

37. Russkoe znamia, January 25, 1915, 1.

38. V., “K ukhodu g. Timashova,” Russkoe znamia, February 22, 1915, 1.

39. See Gosudarstvennaia Duma: Stenografi cheskie otchety, sozyv chetvertyi, sessia III (Petrograd, 1915), stb. 130. See also, Russkoe znamia, January 16, 1915, 1.

40. Paskhalov, K.N., Otzyv na zapisku “Po povodu ‘Vozzvaniia’ Verkhovnogo Glavnokomanduishchego k Pol′skomu narodu,” F.D. Samarina i dr. (Moscow, 1915), 20, 35.Google Scholar

41. Diary of B.V. Nikol′skii, entry for June 8, 1915. RGIA, f. 1006, оp. 1, d. 4b, l. 359.

42. A.I. Sobolevskii to Iu. A. Kulakovskii, June 16, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1023, l. 148–148ob.

43. Trudy Vserossiiskogo monarkhicheskogo soveshchaniia v g. Nizhnem Novgorode s 26 po 29 noiabria 1915 g. (Petrograd, 1916), 6, 8–9.

44. P.N. Durnovo to E.A. Naryshkin, July 11, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1025, l. 339.

45. Gosudarstvennyi Sovet: Stenografi cheskie otchety, sessia XI (Petrograd, 1915), stb. 35.

46. Diary of B.V. Nikol′skii, entry for July 21, 1915. RGIA, f. 1006, op.1, d. 4b, l. 364.

47. Ibid., entry for July 23, 1915. RGIA, f. 1006, op.1, d. 4b, l. 364оb.

48. Ibid., entry for July 26, 1915. RGIA, f. 1006, op.1, d. 4b, l. 365.

49. N.A. Maklakov to K.N. Paskhalov, July 30, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1026, l. 500.

50. “Pis′mo Postoiannogo soveta S′ezdov upolnomochennykh dvorianskikh obshchestv predsedateliu Soveta ministrov I.L. Goremykinu ot 23 avgusta, 1915 g.,” in Ob′edinennoe dvor′anstvo: S′ezdy upolnomochennykh gubernskikh dvorianskikh obshchestv, 1906–1916 (Moscow, 2002), vol. 3, 854.

51. See Trudy Vserossiiskogo monarkhicheskogo soveshchaniia v g. Nizhnem Novgorode, 11–19.

52. V. Zverev to S.D. Sheremetev, September 2, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1030, l. 1328.

53. N.E. Markov to N.E. Tatishchev, September 14, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1014, l. 749.

54. N.A. Maklakov to N.F. Burdukov, September 22, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1032, l. 1482–1482ob.

55. A.I. Dubrovin to N.N. Rodzevich, September 20, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1032, l. 1472.

56. N.N. Rodzevich to A.I. Dubrovin, October 7, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1034, l. 1636.

57. Ibid.

58. I.I. Dudnichenko to N.N. Tikhanovich-Savitskii, October 25, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1036, l. 1803.

59. M.A. Orfenov to N.N. Rodzevich, September 25, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1033, l. 1508.

60. K.N. Paskhalov to N.A. Maklakov, October 31, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1036, l. 1857.

61. See “Soveshchanie predstavitelei pravykh partii i organizatsii i pravykh deiatelei v Petrograde 12–13 noiabria 1915 g.,” in Pravye partii, vol. 2, 484–94; “Soveshchanie predstavitelei pravykh partii i organizatsii i pravykh deiatelei v Nizhnem Novgorode 26–29 noiabria 1915 g.,” in Ibid., 496–520.

62. For more details see Kir′ianov, Pravye partii v Rossii, 237–59.

63. “Soveshchanie upolnomochennykh pravykh organizatsii i pravykh deiatelei v Nizhnem Novgorode,” in Pravye partii, vol. 2, 513–14.

64. Unidentifi ed person to Bishop Vasilii, November 22, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1038, l. 2037.

65. “Pis′mo grafa A. Bobrinskogo predsedateliu soveshchaniia (s′ezda) monarkhistov v Petrograde I.G. Shcheglovitovu, 22 noiabria 1915 g.,” in Pravye partii, vol. 2, 494–95.

66. “Devoted with heart V.B.” to G.G. Zamyslovskii, November 29, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1038, l. 2091.

67. N.A. Pavlov, “Ne meshaite … ,” Moskovskie vedomosti, November 25, 1915, 2.

68. I.I. Vostorgov to Bishop Makarii, June 5, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1013, l. 40.

69. See Gosudarstvennaia Duma: Stenografi cheskie otchety, sozyv chetvertyi, sessia IV (Petrograd, 1915), stb. 72. N.E. Markov stated later that he did not understood the maneuvers of the organizers of the Progressive bloc. See Gosudarstvennaia Duma: Stenografi cheskie otchety, sozyv chetvertyi, sessia IV (Petrograd, 1916), stb. 2475.

70. I.I. Vostorgov to E.F. Vostorgova, September 7, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1030, l. 1397.

71. Bibin, M.A., Dvorianstvo nakanune padeniia tsarizma v Rossii (Saransk, 2000), 86, 94, 108–9Google Scholar.

72. “Purishkevich o I.G. Shcheglovitove i ego blizkikh,” Kolokol, December 3, 1915, 3

73. See, for example, Vitiaz′ [P.N. Ianov], “Pobedim li my?,” Kolokol, August 13, 1915, 1.

74. Vl. Smolenskii [V. Ruadze], “Vnutrennie nemtsy,” Kolokol, August 20, 1915, 3.

75. See Vitiaz′ [P.N. Ianov], “Zanevestivshaisia obshchestvennost,’ “ Kolokol, August 20, 1915, 1–2.

76. “Vzaimnost′ programmnykh ustupok,” Kolokol, August 29, 1915, 1.

77. Vitiaz′ [P.N. Ianov], “Politicheskie pis′ma,” Kolokol, September 13, 1915, 2.

78. Vitiaz′ [P.N. Ianov], “Obshchee ruslo,” Kolokol, September 20, 1915, 1.

79. “V period bezdum′ia,” Kolokol, October 8, 1915, 1.

80. “Vozrozhdenie dvorianstva, Kolokol, October 10, 1915, 1.

81. See Vl. Smolenskii [V. Ruadze], “K s′ezdu ‘pravykh,’ “ Kolokol, November 18, 1915, 2; “Biurokraticheskii absoliutizm,” Kolokol, November 18, 1915, 1; Vl. Smolenskii [V. Ruadze], “Uzurpatory,” Kolokol, November 26, 1915, 2.

82. “Mir vnutrennii.” Kolokol, December 11, 1915, 2.

83. “Dva lageria,” Kolokol, December 9, 1915, 1.

84. See “Dokladnaia zapiska zhurnalista Vl. Ruadze (Vl. Smolenskogo) ‘O militarizatsii pravogo dvizheniia v Rossii,’ “ in Iu.I Kirianov, “Perepiska pravykh i drugie materialy ob ikh deiatel′nosti v 1914–1917 gg.” Voprosy istorii, 1996, no. 3: 155, 157.

85. A.S. Viazigin to D.P. Golitsyn, November 30, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1039, l. 2106.

86. K.N. Paskhalov to N.A. Maklakov, December 19, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1040, l. 2280–2280ob.

87. D.A. Khomiakov to K.N. Paskhalov, January 20, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1049, l. 135.

88. K.N. Paskhalov to I.I. Dudnichenko, January 22, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1049, l. 159. Emphasis added.

89. I.I. Dudnichenko to K.N. Paskhalov, January 26, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1049, l. 194.

90. A.I Dubrovin to I.I. Dudnichenko, January 29, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1050, l. 227. 91. K.N. Paskhalov to N.A. Maklakov, February 18, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1051, l. 479ob.

92. A.K. Varzhenevskii to S.D. Sheremetev, February 13, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1052, l. 401.

93. A.I. Sobolevskii to Iu.A. Kulakovskii, February 15, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1052, l. 435.

94. Diary of B.V. Nikol′skii, entry for February 18, 1916. RGIA, f. 1006, оp. 1, d. 4b, l. 378ob.

95. K.N. Paskhalov to N.N. Rodzevich, April 22, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1054, l. 34.

96. K.N. Paskhalov to N.A. Maklakov, October 2, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1056, l. 675.

97. I.I. Dudnichenko to N.N. Tikhmenev, October 15, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1057, l. 766.

98. S. Glinka-Ianchevskii to M.V. Alekseev, October 18, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1057, l. 796. Emphasis in the original.

99. S.A. Volodimerov, “Prosvety,” Zemshchina, August 13, 1914, 3.

100. N.N.Tikhmenev, “Ko vsem monarkhicheskim organizatsiiam v Rossii,” in Trudy Vserossiiskogo monarkhicheskogo soveshchaniia v g. Nizhnem Novgorode, 19.

101. N.N. Tikhmenev to N.N. Rodzevich, May 9, 1916, GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1054, l. 105ob.

102. “Osnovnye polozheniia narodnykh monarkhicheskikh soiuzov, predlozhennye predsedatelem Astrakhanskoi narodnoi monarkhicheskoi partii,” in Pravye partii, vol. 2, 552, 556.

103. I.L. Tsytovich, “Ministr,” Russkoe znamia, August 23, 1916, 2.

104. Liutsilii [D.I. Bulatovich], “Pervaia reforma,” Russkoe znamia, October 14, 1916, 2.

105. Liutsilii [D.I. Bulatovich], “Pervaia reforma,” Russkoe znamia, 1916. October 15, 1916, 1.

106. Liutsilii [D.I. Bulatovich], Vtoraia reforma, Russkoe znamia, October 19, 1916, 1; See also Liutsilii [D.I. Bulatovich], Vtoraia reforma, Russkoe znamia, October 20, 1916, 2.

107. Gosudarstvennaia Duma: Stenografi cheskie otchety, sozyv chetvertyi, sessia IV (Petrograd, 1916), stb.1499, 1500, 1502–03, 1504–05.

108. Purishkevich, V.M., Chego khochet Vil′gel′m II ot Rossii i Anglii v velikoi bitve narodov (Petrograd, 1916), 79–80, 88, 111.Google Scholar

109. Ibid., 136–37.

110. I.I. Dudnichenko to A.I. Dubrovin, February 21, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1053, l. 505.

111. I.I. Dudnichenko to L.I. Samarskii-Lipitskii, October 30, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1058, l. 874. On the war's infl uence on the political views of Purishkevich see: Kiryanov, I.K., Rossiiskie parlamentarii nachala XX veka: Novye politiki v novom politicheskom prostranstve (Perm, 2006), 176–78Google Scholar; Ivanov, Vladimir Purishkevich, 218–36; Langer, Jack, “Fighting the Future: the Doomed Anti-Revolutionary Crusade of Vladimir Purishkevich,” Revolutionary Russia, vol. 19 (2006), no. 1: 43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

112. S. Panchulidzev to A.P. Strukov, February 1. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1050, l. 271ob.

113. According to M.A. Bibin, the letter did not receive support from the majority (23) of provincial noble organizations, which took part in the United Nobility. See M.A. Bibin, “Sovet Ob′edinennogo dvorianstva i progressivnyi blok v 1915–1916 gg.,” Vestnik Mos kovskogo universitets, seriia Istoriia, 1980, no. 1, 40–42.

114. “Zadachi prem′era,” Kolokol, January 26, 1916, 1.

115. Vitiaz′ [P.N. Ianov], “Pravitel′stvo i progressivnyi blok,” Kolokol, February 7, 1916, 1–2.

116. “Dve deklaratsii,” Kolokol, February 11, 1916, 1.

117. V. Petrovich, “Gosudarstvennyi konservatizm,” Kolokol, February 19, 1916, 1.

118. “Edinenie mestnykh pravitel′stvennykh i obshchestvennykh vlastei,” Kolokol, May 7, 1916, 1.

119. K. Rudin, “Deputatskie polnomochiia,” Kolokol, August 18, 1916, 1.

120. R. Novyi, “Otradnyi fakt,” Kolokol, August 13, 1916, 2.

121. “Germanoslavianofi ly,” Kolokol, September 6, 1916, 1.

122. V.R., “Dumy i vpechatleniia (Ob Otechestvennom patrioticheskom soiuze),” Kolokol, September 30, 1916, 1. On the Home patriotic union see Kir′ianov, Pravye partii v Rossii, 219–26; 281–88.

123. I.I. Vostorgov to N.Ch. Zaionchkovskii, October 4, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1056, l. 692.

124. I.I. Vostorgov to V.D. Gnilov, October 26, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1058, l. 846.

125. S.L. Obleukhova to V.M. Purishkevich, October 12, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1057, l. 754.

126. See for details Ivanov, Vladimir Purishkevich, 239–53.

127. According to A.B. Nikolaev, on the eve of the February Revolution this group joined the Progressive bloc. See A.B. Nikolaev, “Protokol zasedanii: soveshchaniia Gosudarstvennoi dumy s predstaviteliami frakstii, chastnogo soveshchaniia chlenov Gosudarstvennoi dumy i Vremennogo komiteta Gosudarstvennoi dumy 27 fevral′a–3 marta 1917 goda,” in Tavricheskie chteniia 2011. Aklual′nye problem istorii parlamentarizma (St. Petersburg, 2012), 235.

128. Ob′edinennoe dvorianstvo: S′ezdy upolnomochennykh gubernskikh dvoriannskikh obshchestv, vol. 3, 713.

129. M.A. Bibin, Dvorianstvo nakanune padeniia tsarizma v Rossii, 234.

130. “Pereotsenka politicheskikh sobytii,” Kolokol, November 15, 1916, 1.

131. “Rol′ doigryvaetsia,” Kolokol, December 15, 1916, 1.

132. “Tragediia progressa,” Kolokol, January 20, 1917, 1.

133. “Ot doveriia k pravde,” Kolokol, February 1, 1917, 1.

134. N.A. Zverev to S.D. Sheremetev, November 6, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1059, l. 939.

135. K.N. Paskhalov to N.A. Maklakov, November 21, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1062, l. 1204.

136. See A.I. Dubrovin, “Vlast′ i ‘oni,’ “ Russkoe znamia, November 23, 1916, 2. Personal correspondence gives evidences that this idea was rather popular among the extreme rightists. See, for example, N.N. Rodzevich to E.A. Orlova, November 8, 1916 г. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1059, l. 980.

137. “Rech′ N.A. Maklakova 26 noiabria 1916 g. v zasedanii Gosudarstvennogo Soveta,” in A.P. Nenarokov and V.V. Zhuravlev, eds., Pervaia mirovaia voina v otsenke sovremennikov: vlast′ i rossiiskoe obshchestvo, 1914–1918, v chetyrekh tomakh. Tom 2. Konservatory: velikie razocharovaniia i velikie uroki (Moscow, 2014), 487–88. Emphasis in the original.

138. Liutsilii [D.I. Bulatovich], “Put′ i vekhi,” Russkoe znamia, December 11, 1916, 1.

139. Liutsilii [D.I. Bulatovich], “Tri mysli,” Russkoe znamia, January 20, 1917, 1–2.

140. Liutsilii [D.I. Bulatovich], “Khristianskaia gosudarstvennost,” Russkoe znamia, January 26, 1917, 1.

141. I.L. Tsytovich, Vyshee gosudarstvennoe popechitel′stvo (Kiev, 1917), 11–12.

142. N.N. Tikhanovich-Savitskii to G.G. Zamyslovskii, January 18, 1917. GARF, f, 102, op. 265, d. 1069, l. 119.

143. N.N. Tikhanovich-Savitskii to N.A. Maklakov, January 31, 1917. GARF, f, 102, op. 265, d. 1070, l. 10ob.

144. Ibid., l. 11.

145. See for details Stogov, D.I., Pravomonarkhicheskie salony Peterburga—Petrograda (konets XIX—nachalo XX veka) (St. Petersburg, 2007), 205–30Google Scholar.

146. “Zapiska, sostavlennaia v kruzhke A.A. Rimskogo-Korsakova i peredannaia Nikolaiu II kn. Golitsynym,” in Pravye partii, vol. 2, 591–92, 593, 595.

147. N.N. Tikhanovich-Savitskii to G.G. Zamyslovskii, February 15, 1917. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1070, l. 61.

148. Diary of B.V. Nikol′skii, entry for June 18, 1915. RGIA, f. 1006, op. 1, d. 4b, l. 360. One and one-half years later he maintained: “I am completely uninvolved with politics, as never does anything good come from it.” (Diary of B.V. Nikol′skii, entry for January 13, 1917. RGIA, f. 588, op. 1, d. 1133b, l. 65ob.

149. I.I. Vostorgov to E.F. Vostorgova, September 7, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1030, l. 1397.