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The Politics of Anti-Imperial Nostalgia: South Africa's Response to the Russian Invasion of Ukraine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2024

Thom Loyd*
Affiliation:
Department of History, Anthropology, and Philosophy, Augusta University, Augusta, United States Email: thloyd@augusta.edu

Abstract

When the UN General Assembly condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine and called for the immediate withdrawal of Russian forces in March 2022, barely half of African states voted in favor. This lukewarm support contrasted with strong support for Ukraine elsewhere in the world. Among those abstaining from the vote was South Africa, a country with a long history of interaction with the post-Soviet space. This essay considers the interplay of historical remembering and forgetting that has contributed to the South African response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. A longstanding commitment to non-alignment, the long shadow of the anti-colonial struggle, and the complicated legacy of the Soviet Union, its collapse, and who rightly carries its anti-apartheid mantle, have all played a role in shaping the South African response.

Type
Critical Forum: Russia’s War Against Ukraine from the Perspective of the Global South
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies

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References

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3 The response by African states has been far from uniform and, while on a continental scale the response has been ambivalent, there have been African states that have been unequivocal in their support for Ukraine’s territorial integrity. Nevertheless, even Kenya, whose envoy to the UN Martin Kimani made headlines in February 2022 with his condemnation of Russia, has since welcomed Russian delegations and embraced a policy of “strategic ambiguity.” See Jeff Otieno, “Russia-Ukraine War: Why Kenya Is Now Playing Both Sides,” The Africa Report, June 12, 2023 at https://www.theafricareport.com/312267/russia-ukraine-war-why-kenya-is-now-playing-both-sides/ (accessed April 17, 2024).

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10 DIRCO, “South Africa’s Statement in Explanation of Vote on Ukraine in the UN General Assembly Emergency Special Session,” March 2, 2022 at https://dirco.gov.za/south-africas-statement-in-explanation-of-vote-on-ukraine-in-the-un-general-assembly-emergency-special-session-2-march-2022/ (accessed March 31, 2024).

11 Mathu Joyini, “Explanation of Vote on the Humanitarian Resolution in Ukraine on the Occasion of the Emergency Special Session of the General Assembly on 24 March 2022,” March 24, 2022 at https://dirco.gov.za/explanation-of-vote-on-the-humanitarian-resolution-in-ukraine-on-the-occasion-of-the-emergency-special-session-of-the-general-assembly-on-24-march-2022/ (accessed March 31, 2024). This position was reiterated in a statement by DIRCO spokesperson, Clayson Monyela: “South Africa calls for Humanitarian Assistance in Ukraine and Dialogue, Mediation and Diplomacy to End the Russia-Ukraine Conflict in the UN General Assembly,” March 24, 2022 at https://dirco.gov.za/south-africa-calls-for-humanitarian-assistance-in-ukraine-and-dialogue-mediation-and-diplomacy-to-end-the-russia-ukraine-conflict-in-the-un-general-assembly/ (accessed March 31, 2024).

12 For more on South Africans’ reminiscences about their time in the Soviet Union, see D. A. Turianitsa and V. G. Shubin, “Vospominaniia uchastnikov borʹby protiv aparteida ob uchebe v SSSR (1960–1980-e gg.),” Vostok (Oriens) 5 (2021): 191–202.

13 Star (Johannesburg), December 11, 1991, quoted in Shubin, Hot Cold War, 242.

14 Kasrils, Armed and Dangerous, 83.

15 Kasrils, Armed and Dangerous, 89.

16 Quoted in H. J. Simons and R. E. Simons, Class and Colour in South Africa 1850–1950 (Harmondsworth, 1969), 401–2.

17 For a useful discussion of the Soviet relationship with Black liberation, see Hakim Adi, “The Negro Question: The Communist International and Black Liberation in the Interwar Years,” in Michael O. West, William G. Martin, and Fanon Che Wilkins, eds., From Toussaint to Tupac: The Black International since the Age of Revolution (Chapel Hill, 2009), 155–78.

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19 Central State Archive of Public Organizations of Ukraine (TsDAHOU), f. 1, op. 24, spr. 5661, ark. 63–7, I. T. Shvets′ to A. D. Skaba, January 21, [1964], 65.

20 Fanele Mbali, In Transit: Autobiography of a South African Freedom Fighter (Cape Town, 2012), 118.

21 TsDAHOU, f. 1, op. 24, spr. 5661, ark. 40–2, P. V. Kryvenʹ to TsK KPU, September 23, 1963. There is now an extensive literature on African students in the Soviet Union. For example, Constantin Katsakioris, “Burden or Allies? Third World Students and Internationalist Duty through Soviet Eyes,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 18, no. 3 (2017): 539–68; Riikkamari Johanna Muhonen, “‘Good Friends’ for the Soviet Union: The Peoples’ Friendship University in Soviet Educational Cooperation with the Developing World, 1960–1980,” (PhD diss., Central European University, 2022).

22 Kasrils, Armed and Dangerous, 82.

23 Clayson Monyela, “Why is the Brenthurst Foundation Obsessed with Ukraine—What about Palestine, Yemen, Libya, Western Sahara?,” Daily Maverick, October 4, 2022 at https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2022-10-04-why-is-the-brenthurst-foundation-obsessed-with-ukraine-what-about-palestine-yemen-libya-western-sahara/ (accessed March 31, 2024).

24 Z. Pallo Jordan, “Preface,” in Mbali, In Transit, 9.

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26 Kasrils, Armed and Dangerous, 84; Jonathan Hyslop, Kasper Braskén and Neil Roos, “Political and Intellectual Lineages of Southern African Anti-Fascism,” South African Historical Journal 74, no. 1 (2022): 1–29.

27 Kamogelo Segone, “Ukraine Conflict Shows Africans Still Fighting for Their Basic Human Rights,” Daily Maverick, March 2, 2022 at https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2022-03-02-ukraine-conflict-shows-africans-still-fighting-for-their-basic-human-rights/ (accessed March 31, 2024); Rashawn Ray, “The Russian Invasion of Ukraine Shows Racism Has No Boundaries,” Brookings Institution blog, March 3, 2022 at https://www.brookings.edu/blog/how-we-rise/2022/03/03/the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-shows-racism-has-no-boundaries/ (accessed March 31, 2024); Tobore Ovuorie, “Ukraine: African Students Face Russian Missiles and Racism,” Deutsche Welle, April 9, 2022 at https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-war-african-students-face-russian-missiles-and-racism/a-61356066 (accessed March 31, 2024).

28 Natalia Krylova, “Le centre Perevalnoe et la formation de militaires en Union soviétique,” Cahiers d’études africaines 57, no. 226 (2017): 399–416.

29 Ivan Dzyuba, Internationalism or Russification? A Study in the Soviet Nationalities Problem, trans. M. Davis (New York, 1974), 92.

30 On eastern Europe’s global imaginary of empire, see James Mark et al, 1989: A Global History of Eastern Europe (Cambridge, 2019), 173–218; James Mark, “Race,” in Paul Betts and James Mark, Socialism Goes Global: The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the Age of Decolonization (New York, 2022), 221–54.

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32 “U Kyievi urochysto vidkryly vulytsiu Ioanna Pavla II,” Livyi bereg, October 15, 2017 at https://lb.ua/news/2017/10/15/379325_kieve_torzhestvenno_otkrili_ulitsu.html (accessed March 31, 2024).

33 “RUDN vernuli imia Patrisa Lumumby,” TASS, March 23, 2023, at https://tass.ru/obschestvo/17352875 (accessed March 31, 2024). Friendship University was first renamed after Lumumba in 1961, a year after its foundation.

34 Mikhail Gorbachev, “Europe as a Common Home,” Speech to the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, July 6, 1989 at https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/speech-mikhail-gorbachev-council-europe-strasbourg-europe-common-home (accessed March 31, 2024). On the post-Soviet republics’ differing relations with Europe, see Katherine E. Graney, Russia, the Former Soviet Republics, and Europe since 1989: Transformation and Tragedy (Oxford, 2019).

35 Hilary Lynd and Thom Loyd, “Histories of Color: Blackness and Africanness in the Soviet Union,” Slavic Review 81, no. 2 (Summer 2022): 394–417, here 405–406.

36 On the history of Russian Eurasianism and its imperial antecedents, see contributions in Mark Bassin, Sergey Glebov, and Marlene Laruelle, eds., Between Europe and Asia: The Origins, Theories, and Legacies of Russian Eurasianism (Pittsburgh, 2015).

37 On Soviet and post-Soviet racisms, see Ian Law, Red Racisms: Racism in Communist and Post-Communist Contexts (Basingstoke, 2012); Nikolay Zakharov, Race and Racism in Russia (Basingstoke, 2015); Jeff Sahadeo, Voices from the Soviet Edge: Southern Migrants in Leningrad and Moscow (Ithaca, 2019).

38 Samuel Ramani, Russia in Africa: Resurgent Great Power or Bellicose Pretender? (London, 2023), 62. On Mbeki’s time in Moscow, see Mark Gevisser, Thabo Mbeki: The Dream Deferred (Johannesburg, 2007), 268–86.

39 DIRCO, “South African Government Calls for a Peaceful Resolution of the Escalating Conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine,” February 24, 2022 at https://dirco.gov.za/south-african-government-calls-for-a-peaceful-resolution-of-the-escalating-conflict-between-the-russian-federation-and-ukraine/ (accessed April 15, 2024); DIRCO, “President Ramaphosa and President Putin Discuss Black Sea Grain Initiative,” July 15, 2023 at https://dirco.gov.za/president-ramaphosa-and-president-putin-discuss-black-sea-grain-initiative/ (accessed April 17, 2024).

40 John Reidy, “Africa Particularly Vulnerable to Ukrainian Grain Loss,” World-Grain.com, November 3, 2022 at https://www.world-grain.com/articles/16609-africa-particularly-vulnerable-to-ukrainian-grain-loss (accessed March 31, 2024). For more on dangers to the global food market, see Natalia Pryshliak et al, “The Sowing and Harvesting Campaign in Ukraine in the Context of Hostilities: Challenges to Global Energy and Food Security,” Polityka Energetyczna—Energy Policy Journal 26, no. 1 (2023): 145–68; Natalia Mamonova, Susanne Wengle, and Vitalii Dankevych, “Queen of the Fields in Wartime: What Can Ukrainian Corn Tell Us About the Resilience of the Global Food System?,” Journal of Peasant Studies 50, no. 7 (2023): 2513–38.

41 DIRCO, “Statement on the Cabinet Meeting of 9 March 2022,” March 9, 2022 at https://dirco.gov.za/statement-on-the-cabinet-meeting-of-9-march-2022/ (accessed March 31, 2024). The following day, the South African government announced a partnership with Aspen Pharmacare, Africa’s largest pharmaceutical company, to assist the emergency evacuation of South African students who had been studying in Ukraine. See DIRCO, “Aspen Partners with South African Government to Evacuate South African Students from the Ukraine Conflict,” March 10, 2022 at https://dirco.gov.za/aspen-partners-with-south-african-government-to-evacuate-south-african-students-from-the-ukraine-conflict/ (accessed March 31, 2024).

42 Elena Chebankova, “Multipolarity in Russia: A Philosophical and Practical Understanding,” in Benjamin Zala, ed., National Perspectives on a Multipolar Order: Interrogating the Global Power Transition (Manchester, 2021), 94–120.

43 Vladimir Putin, “Speech and the Following Discussion at the Munich Conference on Security Policy,” February 10, 2007 at http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24034, (last accessed October 18, 2023; no longer available).

44 Ramani, Russia in Africa, 62.

45 See the contributions in Kamari M. Clarke, Abel S. Knottnerus, and Eefje de Volder, eds., Africa and the ICC: Perceptions of Justice (Cambridge, Eng., 2016). On the Global South’s evolving attitude towards international governance and neo-imperialism, see Roland Burke, Decolonization and the Evolution of International Human Rights (Philadelphia, 2010).

46 Franziska Boehme, “‘We Chose Africa’: South Africa and the Regional Politics of Cooperation with the International Criminal Court,” International Journal of Transitional Justice 11, no. 1 (2017): 50–70.

47 Tim Cocks, “South Africa’s Ramaphosa Blames NATO for Russia’s War in Ukraine,” Reuters, March 18, 2022 at https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/safricas-ramaphosa-blames-nato-russias-war-ukraine-2022-03-17/ (accessed March 31, 2024); Joyini, “Explanation of Vote on the Humanitarian Resolution in Ukraine.”

48 Monyela, “Why is the Brenthurst Foundation Obsessed with Ukraine?”

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