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The Thaw's Provincial Margins: Place, Community and Canon in Pages from Tarusa
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 March 2022
Abstract
This article offers a comprehensive examination of the editing, publication, reception, and after-effects of the almanac Pages from Tarusa (1961), a major, but little-analyzed, Soviet publication of the Thaw. Drawing on a wide range of memoir and local archive material, it argues that Pages was crucially shaped by Tarusa's position astride dacha territory and the “101st kilometer”, the borders of the metropolitan zone from which Gulag and exile returnees were banned. Pages’ diverse and flexible cohort, and its editing practices, were shaped by the migration, residency, and socializing practices associated with both these territories. The almanac's concern with cultural and social (re-)inclusion and innovation was visible both in its content (especially its overlooked documentary texts) and in the “emotional style” of its cohort and their activities in Tarusa. The almanac's production, as well as its content, epitomized key elements of Thaw sensibility and sociability that had hitherto largely been confined to private kompanii, and more inchoate. In concluding, the article outlines the subsequent development of these Thaw agendas and behaviors in the “Tarusa fraternity” and in Tarusa itself, including the emergence of samizdat and dissidence, as well as the “provincialization” of the local Soviet literary scene.
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- Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies
Footnotes
The research for this article was supported by a grant from the John Fell Fund, University of Oxford. My thanks too to Jade McGlynn, Andrei Gross, Igor΄ Kometchikov, Dan Healey, the participants of the Oxford 101st Kilometre workshop and the Russian Graduate seminar, and the editor and reviewers of Slavic Review.
References
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17 Smith, Moscow 1956, esp. 108–38, 169–96; Alexander Etkind, Warped Mourning: Stories of the Undead in the Land of the Unburied (Stanford, 2013), 102–9; and V. Kulakov, “Lianozovo (Istoriia odnoi poeticheskoi gruppy),” Voprosy literatury, no. 3 (March 1991): 11–34.
18 Al΄bert Baiburin, Sovetskii passport: Istoriia, struktura, praktiki (St. Petersburg, 2017), 136–50, see n28.
19 N. N, Gostunskii, Tarusa: Drevnii gorod na Oke (Moscow, 1965); Tat΄iana Mel΄nikova, Tarusa—101-yi kilometr (Moscow, 2007); and E. M. Loginova and N.S. Smirnova, Kniga o Taruse: Ocherki, vospominaniia (Moscow, 2009).
20 On provincial homogenization (and diversification), see Anne Lounsbery, Life Is Elsewhere: Symbolic Geography in the Russian Provinces, 1800–1917 (Ithaca, 2019); and Edith W. Clowes, Gisela Erbslöh, and Ani Kokobobo, Russia’s Regional Identities: The Power of the Provinces (Abingdon, Oxon, Eng., 2018).
21 Zubok, Zhivago’s Children, 199.
22 Ivanova, “Skrepliaia porvannuiu tsep΄.”
23 On dacha territory, see Stephen Lovell, Summerfolk: A History of the Dacha, 1710–2000 (Ithaca, 2003).
24 Konstantin Paustovskii, “Pis΄mo iz Tarusy,” Pravda, June 26, 1956; Nina Lübbren, Rural Artists’ Colonies in Europe, 1870–1910 (Manchester, 2001); Michael Jacobs, The Good and Simple Life: Artist Colonies in Europe and America (Oxford, 1985).
25 Loginova, Kniga o Taruse, 204–13; and Lidiia Aniskovich, Krai buziny i krai riabiny: Tsvetaevy v Taruse (Moscow, 2004).
26 Gostunskii, Tarusa, 214–47; Aniskovich, Krai buziny; and Loginova, Kniga o Taruse, 113–30.
27 Baiburin, Sovetskii passport, 36–50; Nathalie Moine, “Le système des passeports à l’époque stalinienne. De la purge des grandes villes au morcellement du territoire, 1932–1953,” Revue d’histoire moderne contemporaine, 50:1 (January-March 2003): 145–69; and Gijs Kessler, “The Passport System and State Control over Population Flows in the Soviet Union, 1932–1940,” Cahiers du monde russe, 42, no. 2/4 (April–December 2001): 477–503. On Tarusa, see Mel΄nikova, Tarusa—101-yi kilometr. On other “101st kilometer” communities: Baiburin, Sovetskii pasport, 144–50; Elena Zubkova and T. Iu. Zhukova, Na “kraiu” sovetskogo obshchestva: Sotsial΄nye marginaly kak ob’’ekt gosudarstvennoi politiki, 1945–1960-e gg. (Moscow, 2010), 25–28, 676–67; N. Muan, “Vnutrisoiuznye granitsy grazhdanstvennosti: Territorial΄noe vyrazhenie diskriminatsii v Sovetskom Soiuze cherez pasportnuiu sistemu,” in T.S. Kondrat΄eva and A.K. Sokolov eds., Rezhimnye liudi v SSSR (Moscow, 2009), esp. 263–64; and Vladimir A. Kozlov, Mass Uprisings in the USSR: Protest and Rebellion in the Post-Stalin Years, ed. and trans. Elaine McClarnand MacKinnon (London, 2015), 193–214.
28 Mel΄nikova, Tarusa—101-yi kilometr, 71–91.
29 Ibid., 34–44; Gostunskii, Tarusa, 214–21.
30 Gostunskii, Tarusa, 214–47; Aniskovich, Krai buziny, 1–100; and Loginova, Kniga o Taruse, 204–13.
31 Mikhail Melent΄ev, Moi chas i moe vremia: Kniga vospominanii (St. Petersburg, 2001); Loginova, Kniga o Taruse, 190–93; Mel΄nikova, Tarusa—101-yi kilometr, 106–20; and Sergei Mikheenkov, Taman΄ na Oke: Pisateli i Tarusa (Kaluga, 2005), 41–45. Melent΄ev was the great-grandfather of Maksim Osipov, a contemporary chronicler of the 101st kilometre, see Maksim Osipov, 101-i kilometr: Ocherki iz provintsial΄noi zhizni (St. Petersburg, 2019).
32 Aleksandr Gordon, Ne utolivshii zhazhdy: Aleksandr Gordon ob Andree Tarkovskom (Moscow, 2007), 74–75.
33 Liudmila Alexeyeva and Paul Goldberg, The Thaw Generation: Coming of Age in the Post-Stalin Era (Boston, 1990), 83.
34 Etkind, Warped Mourning, 102. On the 1950s “rebirth,” linked to returnees, see Galina Manevich, Tsvet proshedshego vremeni (Moscow, 2010), 199–200; Iosif Manevich, Za ekranom: Razroznennye listki zapisannykh naspekh razdumii nad proshlym (Moscow, 2006), 334–38; Galina Kornilova, “V Taruse,” Mir Paustovskogo, 28 (2010): 126–27; Irina Al΄patova, ed., Drugoe iskusstvo: Moskva, 1956–1988 (Moscow, 2005), 15, 77.
35 Mel΄nikova, Tarusa—101-yi kilometr, 353–70; Nikolai Panchenko, “Tarusskie Matreny,” Mir Paustovskogo, 13 (1998): 117–18; Loginova, Kniga o Taruse, 204–18; Inna Shul΄zhenko, “Pelagein dvor. Istoriia Tarusskoi zhenshchiny, spasavshei intelligentsiiu v 1950–1970kh.,” Snob.Ru, December 31, 2019 at snob.ru/entry/186523/ (accessed November 18, 2021).
36 Georgii Kizeval΄ter, “Tarusa. V epitsentre iskusstva,” in Georgii Kizeval΄ter, ed., Vremia nadezhd, vremia illiuzii: Problemy istorii sovetskogo neofitsial΄nogo iskusstva: 1950–1960 gody: stat΄i i materialy (Moscow, 2018); Zoia Vinogradova, “Izvestnyi perevodchik v Taruse kak doma,” Vest΄ News (Kaluga, August 16, 2012) at m.vest-news.ru/article/24402 (accessed November 22, 2021); Loginova, Kniga o Taruse, 176–84; and Mel΄nikova, Tarusa—101-yi kilometr, 297–330.
37 Ibid.; Pavel Nerler, “Nadezhda Iakovlevna i ‘Nadezhda Iakovleva’ v Taruse. Vokrug ‘Tarusskikh stranits,’” Inform Prostranstvo, no. 186, 2014 at www.informprostranstvo.ru/N186_2014/pavelnerler.html (accessed November 19, 2021); and Frida Vigdorova, Frida Vigdorova: Pravo zapisyvat΄ (Moscow, 2017), 152–78, 384–409.
38 Loginova, Kniga o Taruse, 180; Galina Manevich, Opyt blagodareniia: Vospominaniia (Moscow, 2009), 92–93; I. Manevich, Za ekranom, 334–38; and Stanislav Rassadin, Kniga proshchanii: Vospominaniia o druz΄iakh i ne tol΄ko o nikh (Moscow, 2004), 82.
39 Arkadii Shteinberg, K verkhov΄iam: Sobranie stikhov. O Shteinberge (Moscow, 1997), 293, 352–68; Al΄patova, “Drugoe iskusstvo,” 15; and Loginova, Kniga o Taruse, 113–30, 253–93. On Sveshnikov’s Gulag art, see Etkind, Warped Mourning, 89–106.
40 Loginova, Kniga o Taruse, 122.
41 Ibid., 277; Kornilova, “V Taruse.”
42 Loginova, Kniga o Taruse, 274–93. On urban zek networks: Stephen F. Cohen, The Victims Return: Survivors of the Gulag after Stalin (London, 2012), 74; and Nanci Adler, The Gulag Survivor: Beyond the Soviet System (New Brunswick, 2012), esp. 68, 134–35.
43 Al΄patova, Drugoe iskusstvo, 261–62.
44 Nerler, “Nadezhda Iakovlevna”; Nikolai Panchenko, “Kakoi svobodoi my raspolagali,” in Nadezhda Mandel΄shtam, Vospominaniia (Moscow, 1999).
45 Aleksandr Gladkov, Ne tak davno (Moscow, 2006), 552–62; Aniskovich, Krai buziny, 176–85; and Loginova, Kniga o Taruse, 204–13. Anastasia Tsvetaeva, Efron’s aunt, also regularly visited from the late 1950s.
46 Nikita Zabolotskii, The Life of Zabolotsky, ed. and trans. R.R. Milner-Gulland (Cardiff, 1994), 226–330; and Mikheenkov, Taman’ na Oke, 19–36.
47 Lübbren, Rural Artists’ Colonies; and Jacobs, The Good and Simple Life.
48 Loginova, Kniga o Taruse, 170–73; L. P. Krementsov, K.G. Paustovskii: Materialy i soobshcheniia: Sbornik (Moscow, 1996), 163–70; Nikolai Otten, “Ona byla shchedra, gostepriimna, bezuderzhna v postupkakh (Iz knigi o K.G. Paustovskom. Vospominaniia o T.A. Evteevoi)” Mir Paustovskogo at web.archive.org/web/20140417232808/http://magazine.mirpaustowskogo.ru/mp-15/03-11.htm (accessed November 19, 2021); and I. Manevich, Za ekranom, 334–38.
49 Krementsov, K. G. Paustovskii, 163–70; Gunchenko, “Ekho”; Gladkov, Ne tak davno, 552–62; S. Baimukhametov, “Kukish v karmane. Iosif Brodskii v Leninskom Znameni,” Znamia, 2, (2000); and Zoia Vinogradova, “Riadom s masterom,” Mir Paustovskogo, 29 (2011): 72–77.
50 Ibid.; and Vladimir Koblikov, “Naedine s osen΄iu v Taruse,” Mir Paustovskogo, 11–12 (1998), 145–47.
51 Lübbren, Rural Artists’ Colonies; and Jacobs, The Good and Simple Life. On literary micro-communities, see Susan Cheever, American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau: Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work (New York, 2006); and Kenneth R. Andrews, Nook Farm: Mark Twain’s Hartford Circle (Cambridge, Mass., 1950).
52 Vladimir Karpov, Zhili-byli pisateli v Peredelkino: Ochen΄ lichnye vospominaniia (Moscow, 2002); Shilov, Pasternakovskoe Peredelkino; Aleksandr Ganulich, Vzlet i padenie “Sovetskogo pisatelia” (Moscow, 2013); Jacobs, The Good and Simple Life; and Barbara Walker, Maximilian Voloshin and the Russian Literary Circle: Culture and Survival in Revolutionary Times (Bloomington, 2005).
53 Lovell, Summerfolk, 51, 186.
54 Dacha territory and the 101st kilometer could overlap: Ibid., 146.
55 Kornilova, “V Taruse”; and Manevich, Opyt blagodareniia, 95, 104.
56 Fürst, “Friends in Private.”
57 Alexeyeva, Thaw Generation, 83–100; Jonathan Bolton, Worlds of Dissent: Charter 77, the Plastic People of the Universe, and Czech Culture under Communism (Cambridge, Mass., 2012), esp. 93–110, 200–20; and Etkind, Warped Mourning, 102–09. However, some have been conceptualized as “outside” Soviet ideology: see Alexei Yurchak, Everything Was Forever, until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation (Princeton, 2006), 126–59.
58 Kizeval΄ter, “Tarusa.”
59 Svirski, A History of Post-war Soviet Writing, 160; Bykov, Bulat Okudzhava, 382–83; Kornilova, “V Taruse”; Galina Kornilova, “Grazhdanin Paustovskii,” Znamia, 5 (2017); and Kornilova, “Tarusskie stranitsy.”
60 Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv dokumentov noveishei istorii Kaluzhskoi oblasti (henceforth GADNIKO), fond (f.) 6630, opis΄ (op.) 1, delo (d.) 3, list (ll.) 1–3, 33.
61 Ibid.
62 GADNIKO f. 6630, op. 1, d. 1, ll. 61–68.
63 GADNIKO, f. 6630, op. 1, d. 1, ll. 51, 61–72; GADNIKO f. 6630, op. 1, d. 2, ll. 1–7.
64 Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Kaluzhskoi oblasti (henceforth GAKO), f. R-3478, op.1, d. 14, ll. 116–17.
65 GADNIKO, f. 6630, op. 1, d. 3, l. 33.
66 GADNIKO, f. 6630, op. 1, d. 33, l. 1; and Mil΄shtein, “Kaluzhskii intsident.”
67 Voprosy ideologicheskoi raboty: Sbornik vazhneishikh reshenii KPSS, 1954–1961 gody (Moscow, 1961), 289–91.
68 GADNIKO, f. 32, op. 37, d. 34, ll. 2–5.
69 Ibid., 1. 3.
70 Ibid., 1. 3.
71 Ibid., 1. 5.
72 GAKO, f. R-3478, op. 1, d. 30, ll. 38–39; GAKO, f. R-3478, op. 1, d. 31, d. 47.
73 GAKO, f. R-3478, op. 1, d. 31, l. 47.
74 Ibid.
75 Kornilova, “Odno leto,” Mir Paustovskogo, 11–12 (1998): 23–24.
76 Manevich, Opyt blagodareniia, 207; and Bykov, Bulat Okudzhava, 383.
77 Tat΄iana Mel΄nikova, “Tarusa Ivana Bodrova,” Mir Paustovskogo, 28 (2010): 134–36; Bykov, Bulat Okudzhava, 383; and Kornilova, “Tarusskie stranitsy.”
78 Mil΄shtein, “Kaluzhskii instident”; Baimukhametov, “Kukish v karmane”; and “Svetovoe piatno Tarusy.”
79 “Svetovoe piatno Tarusy”; Galina Kornilova, “Odno leto”; and Dom muzei Mariny Tsvetaevy, “Vystavka ‘Vnutrenniaia Tarusa,’” Exhibition, 2019 at www.dommuseum.ru/vistaski/fondovyie-vyistavki/tarusa (accessed November 19, 2021).
80 “Svetovoe piatno Tarusy.”
81 Quoted in Mil’shtein, “Kaluzhskii intsident.”
82 Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv noveishei istorii (henceforth RGANI), f. 18, op. 2, d. 383, ll. 74–77
83 Mel’nikova, Tarusa—101-i kilometr, 42; and Gunchenko, “Ekho.”
84 Mikheenkov, Taman΄ na Oke, 19–36; Lazar΄ Lazarev, “Sudei mezhdu nami mozhet byt΄ tol΄ko vremia,” Mir Paustovskogo, 13 (1998): 104–13; and Rassadin, Kniga proshchanii, 112–15.
85 Nerler, “Nadezhda Iakovlevna”; Panchenko, “Kakoi svobodoi”; and Vigdorova, Frida Vigdorova, 152–78, 384–409.
86 Gladkov, Ne tak davno, 552–62; and El΄dar Riazanov, Nepodvedennye itogi (Moscow, 1997), 139–41; Gladkov did most of the work on this screenplay, with little involvement from Otten, but it was of less interest to him than Meyerhold research, see Aleksandr Gladkov, “Dnevniki,” prozhito.org/notes?date=%221960-01-01%22&diaries=%5B222%5D (accessed November 19, 2021).
87 Mel΄nikova, Tarusa—101yi kilometr, 137.
88 Mil΄shtein, “Kaluzhskii intsident.”
89 Matthew Philpotts, “The Role of the Periodical Editor: Literary Journals and Editorial Habitus,” The Modern Language Review, 107, no. 1 (January 2012): 39–64.
90 Kizeval′ter, “Tarusa”; Lazarev, “Sudei mezhdu nami”; and Koblikov, “Naedine s osen’iu.”
91 Kornilova, “v Taruse”; and Kornilova, “Grazhdanin Paustovskii.”
92 Bulat Okudzhava, “Vse eshche vperedi,” Mir Paustovskogo, 11–12 (1998): 21
93 Ibid.; Roman Levita, “Eto bylo v Kaluge,” Mir Paustovskogo, 30 (2012): 122–23.
94 Bykov, Bulat Okudzhava, 384.
95 Glad, Russian Writers Abroad, 239–45.
96 Yurchak, Everything Was Forever, 137; such groups could, though, be “open-ended and somewhat shifting,” Yurchak, 132.
97 Ivanova, “Skrepliaia porvannuiu tsep΄.”
98 “Vnutrenniaia Tarusa.”
99 Lübbren, Rural Artists’ Colonies.
100 Raymond Williams, “The Bloomsbury Fraction,” in Problems in Materialism and Culture: Selected Essays (London, 1980), 148–70.
101 Iurii Kazakov, ‘Tarusokkala,’ Mir Paustovskogo, 11–12 (1998): 30.
102 Walker, Maximilian Voloshin, 107.
103 This account is based on Okudzhava, “Vse eshche vperedi”; and Bykov, Bulat Okudzhava, 382–417.
104 “Vnutrenniaia Tarusa.”
105 Vinogradova, “Riadom s masterom”; and “Vnutrenniaia Tarusa.”
106 Kozlov and Gilburd, The Thaw, 3–84; and Kozlov, The Readers of Novyi mir, esp. 44–88.
107 Kornilova, “Odno leto”; Kornilova, “V Taruse”; Okudzhava, “Vse eshche vperedi”; Vinogradova, “Izvestnyi perevodchik”; Gunchenko, “Ekho”; and Aniskovich, Krai buziny, 180.
108 Kornilova, “Odno leto.”
109 Ibid.
110 Kozlov and Gilburd, The Thaw, 49–53; and Gilburd, To See Paris and Die.
111 Vinogradova, “Riadom s masterom”; Martin Daughtry, “‘Sonic Samizdat’: Situating Unofficial Recording in the Post-Stalinist Soviet Union,” Poetics Today, 30, no. 1 (Spring 2009), 27–65; and Rachel S. Platonov, Singing the Self: Guitar Poetry, Community, and Identity in the Post-Stalin Period (Evanston, IL, 2012)
112 Kornilova, “Odno leto”; and Naum Korzhavin, “Golos Paustovovskogo,” Mir Paustovskogo, 11–12 (1998): 24–26. On the “feel” of hippie culture, see Juliane Fürst, Flowers through Concrete: Explorations in Soviet Hippieland (Oxford, 2021), esp. Ch. 6.
113 Vinogradova, “Riadom s masterom.”
114 Kornilova, “Odno leto”; and Korzhavin, “Golos Paustovskogo.”
115 Barbara H. Rosenwein, Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages (Ithaca, 2006), 32; Benno Gammerl, “Emotional Styles—Concepts and Challenges,” Rethinking History 16, no. 2 (June 2012): 161–75 (164). These have been fruitfully applied to earlier Russian cultural circles (Walker, Maximilian Voloshin), and to later subcultures (Juliane Fürst, “Love, Peace and Rock ’n Roll on Gorky Street: The “Emotional Style” of the Soviet Hippie Community,” Contemporary European History 23, no. 4 (November 2014): 565–87; and Fürst, Flowers through Concrete, esp. Ch. 6).
116 “Ot izdatel΄stva,” Tarusskie stranitsy (1961; hereafter TS): 5.
117 Ibid.
118 Notably Okudzhava’s “Bud΄ zdorov, shkoliar!” (TS, 50–75), about a fearful young soldier. The prose and poetry of Panchenko (137–41), Krivenko (158–63), Samoilov (203–7), and Korzhavin (131–37) were also dominated by war.
119 B. Balter, “Troe iz odnogo goroda”; Iu. Trifonov, “Odnazhdy dushnoi noch΄iu”; poems by Boris Slutskii: TS, 87–120, 202–03, 210–13, respectively.
120 A. Shteinberg, “Bolkhovskoe,” his other poems, and much of the Tsvetaeva collection: TS, 45–49, 218–23, 252–61, respectively.
121 V. Kornilov, “Shofer”; Iu. Kazakov, “Tri rasskaza”: TS, 17–27, 76–86, respectively.
122 Besides Okudzhava and Balter, see V. Maksimov, “My obzhivaem zemliu,” TS, 223–35.
123 G. Kornilova, “Letnii dozhd΄ s moria”; V. Koblikov, “Golubye slezy”: TS, 235–37, 238–42, respectively; “Publikatsii” (242–312).
124 Kornilova, “Tarusskie stranitsy.”
125 Svirski, A History of post-War Soviet Literature, 97–115.
126 The only repressed figure without such introduction was Shteinberg, but his poetry, uniquely, featured across two sections.
127 V. Ivanov, “Poeziia Mariny Tsvetaevoi,” TS, 251.
128 A. Gladkov, “Vospominaniia, zametki, zapisi o V. E. Meeirkhol΄de,” TS, 292–306, see n87.
129 Gladkov, “Vospominaniia,” 294.
130 Ibid., 297–300.
131 Ibid., 298, 300.
132 K. Paustovskii, “Glavy iz vtoroi knigi ‘Zolotaia roza,’” TS, 28–44.
133 TS, 37–41.
134 Ibid., 38.
135 Ibid., 40.
136 N. Stepanov, “Pamiati N. A. Zabolotskogo,” TS, 307–08; and N. Zabolotskii, “Rannie gody,” TS, 312–17.
137 D. Samoilov, “Zabolotskii v Taruse,” TS, 203–04; and Samoilov, “Dnevniki (1957)” at https://prozhito.org/notes?date=%221957-01-01%22&diaries=%5B188%5D (accessed November 22, 2021).
138 Ivanov, “Poeziia”; and Gladkov, “Vospominaniia,” 300.
139 I. Il΄inskii, “Neskol΄ko slov,” TS, 292.
140 E. Sakharova, “Narodnyi teatr i sem΄ia V. D Polenova”; O. Polenova, “Polenovskie risoval΄nye vechera”; and M. Tikhomirova, “Novye materialy o zhizni i tvorchestva V. E. Borisova-Musatova”: TS, 242–49, 249–51, and 261–66, respectively.
141 Including I. Bodrov, “Tarusskie kollektsionery,” TS, 266–68.
142 F. Vigdorova, “Nasha babka,” “Glaza pustye i glaza volshebnye”; and N. Yakovleva, “Kukolki,” TS, 13–14, 142–50, and 150–58, respectively.
143 GAKO, f. 3536, op. 1, d. 54, ll. 7–8; GAKO, f. 3536, op. 1, d. 49, l. 153, 161; Mil΄shtein, “Kaluzhskii intsident”; S. Baimukhametov, “Okaiannye dni Paustovskogo,” Mir Paustovskogo, 30 (2012): 123–24.
144 GAKO, f. 3536, op. 1, d. 49, l. 153.
145 An especially harsh verdict appeared in the local literary newspaper: N. Kucherovskii and N. Karpov, “Vo imia chego i dlia kogo,” Znamia (Kaluga), December 23, 1961. The newspaper’s editor eventually became director of the publisher.
146 RGANI, f. 18, op. 2, d. 383, ll. 68–77.
147 Mil΄shtein, “Kaluzhskii intsident”; and Kornilova, “Odno leto.”
148 GADNIKO, f. 55, op. 9, d. 1114, ll. 18–21; GAKO, f. R-3467, op. 1, d. 187, l. 187; GAKO, f. 3536, op. 1, d. 53, ll. 46–48.
149 GADNIKO f. 55, op. 9, d. 1121, l. 19.
150 Maksim Kravchuk, Kaluga-Mars (Kaluga, 1962); and GADNIKO, f. 6630, op. 1, d. 4, ll. 21–24, 27, 34, 42–45.
151 Ibid., and GADNIKO, f. 6630, op. 1, d. 4, ll. 27–28; f. 6878, op. 1, d. 19, l.13; f. 6878, op. 1, d. 20, l. 19; f. 6878, op. 1, d. 89, ll. 1–6.
152 GADNIKO, f. 6630, op. 1, d. 4, ll. 19–20; f. 6878, op. 1, d. 20, l. 19; f. 6878, op. 1, d. 89, ll. 1–6.
153 GADNIKO, f. 6755, op. 1, d. 1, l. 56; f. 6755, op. 1, d. 3, ll. 24–25; f. 6755, op. 1, d. 5, ll. 68–74; f. 6755, op. 1, d. 6, l. 42; f. 55, op. 10, d. 375, l. 111.
154 GADNIKO, f. 6878, op. 1, d. 89, l. 24; f. 6879, op. 1, d. 177, ll. 57–61; f. 6849, op. 1, d. 177, ll. 57–61; f. 55, op. 10, d. 375, l. 111.
155 GADNIKO, f. 6755, op. 1, d. 5, l. 68; f. 6755, op. 1, d. 6, l. 35; f. 6755, op. 1, d. 7, l. 12; f. 6755, op. 1, d. 8, l. 52.
156 Gladkov’s diaries of the 1960s are dominated by such activity, often with Nadezhda Mandel΄shtam, see “Aleksandr Konstantinovich Gladkov, 17 Marta 1912–11 Aprelia 1976,” Prozhito at prozhito.org/person/229 (accessed November 22, 2021).
157 Ibid.; Aniskovich, Krai buziny, 176–220; On Mandel’shtam’s and Tsvetaeva’s rediscovery, see Andrew Kahn, “Canonical Mandel΄shtam,” in Katharine Hodgson, Joanne Shelton, and Alexandra Smith, eds., Twentieth Century Russian Poetry: Reinventing the Canon, (Cambridge, Eng., 2017), 157–200; and Alexandra Smith, “Marina Cvetaeva in the Artistic Imagination of Russian Poets, 1960s–1990s,” in Sibelan Forrester, ed., A Companion to Marina Cvetaeva (Leiden, Netherlands, 2017), 239–69.
158 “Aleksandr Konstantinovich Gladkov,” https://prozhito.org/person/229. Guests included Slutskii, Panchenko and Balter.
159 Loginova, Kniga o Taruse: 280.
160 “Svetovoe piatno Tarusy.”
161 On shestidesiatniki, see Kozlov and Gilburd, The Thaw, 53–59; and Bellezza, Shore of Expectations.
162 Panchenko, “Kakoi svobodoi.”
163 Manevich, Opyt blagodareniia, 148–50. Manevich also claims that the town “felt spiritually empty” by the late 1960s (Manevich, Tsvet proshedshego vremeni, 198–214).
164 On the culture and chronology of the Soviet sixties, see Aleksandr Genis and Petr Vail, ’60-e. Mir sovetskogo cheloveka (Ann Arbor, 1988); and Anne E. Gorsuch and Diane P. Koenker, The Socialist Sixties: Crossing Borders in the Second World (Bloomington, IN, 2013).
165 Gostunskii, Tarusa, 214–47; and Loginova, Kniga o Taruse, 193–98.
166 Al΄patova, Drugoe iskusstvo, 15, 261–62; and Loginova, Kniga o Taruse, 274–93.
167 Mel΄nikova, Tarusa—101-yi kilometr, 233–430; Aleksandr Ginzburg, Russkii roman (Moscow, 2017); Anatolii Marchenko, My zdes΄ zhivem: v 3-kh tomakh (Moscow, 2018); and Vitalii Pomazov, Na menia napravlen sumrak nochi (Moscow, 2013).
168 Panchenko, “Kakoi svobodoi”; Glad, Russian Writers Abroad, 239–45; and Shteinberg, K verkhov΄iam, 401–07.
169 Mel΄nikova, Tarusa—101-i kilometr; “Svetovoe piatno”; and Baimukhametov, “Kukish v karmane.”
170 Baimukhametov, “Okaiannye dni Paustovskogo.”