Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:32:39.177Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Unbearable Whiteness of the Polish Plumber and the Hungarian Peacock Dance around “Race”

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 July 2017

Abstract

This contribution interprets the east-central European post-liberal governments’ recent anti-immigrant, anti-refugee and anti-human-rights hysteria in the context of the increasing dependence of the region's societies for livelihood on employment in the western EU, the widespread racialization of east European labor in the western EU, and the refusal of east European political elites and societies at large to consider possible “Left” critiques of the EU. Given those circumstances, and laboring under related anxieties, post-state-socialist political elites and societies have assumed a fundamentalist-racialist posture. They redirect their repressed anger toward incoming refugees, claim an ahistorical, essential kind of Whiteness and contribute to rigidifying European discussions of “race.”

Type
Critical Forum: The East European Response to the 2015 Migration Crisis
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. See Pugliese, Joseph, “Race as Category Crisis: Whiteness and the Topical Assignation of Race.Social Semiotics 12, no. 2 (August 2002): 149168 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Iga Mergler, “White Or Not White? The Racial Representations of the Poles in the British Media after 2004” (PhD Diss., Central European University, Budapest, 2004); Ruiz-Velasco, Chris, “Order Out of Chaos: Whiteness, White Supremacy, and Thomas Dixon, Jr.College Literature 34, no. 4 (Fall 2007): 151 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; de Santana Pinho, Patricia, “White but Not Quite: Tones and Overtones of Whiteness in Brazil,” Small Axe 29, no. 2 (July 2009): 44 Google Scholar, Pugliese, “Race as Category Crisis”; Moore, Helen, “Shades of Whiteness? English Villagers, Eastern European Migrants and the Intersection of Race and Class in Rural England,” Critical Race and Whiteness Studies 9, no. 1 (2013)Google Scholar at http://acrawsa.org.au/files/ejournalfiles/191Moore20131.pdf (last accessed February 20, 2017).

2. Wolff, Larry, Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment (Stanford, 1994)Google Scholar; Starosta, Anita, Form and Instability: Eastern Europe, Literature, Postimperial Difference (Evanston, IL, 2016)Google Scholar.

3. Chakrabarty, Dipesh, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference, (Princeton, N.J, 2000), 66Google Scholar.

4. Bonnett, Alastair, “Who Was White? The Disappearance of Non-European White Identities and the Formation of European Racial Whiteness,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 21, no. 6 (November 1998): 1029–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5. Böröcz, József, “Goodness Is Elsewhere: The Rule of European Difference.Comparative Studies in Society and History 48, no. 1 (January 2006): 110–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

6. Böröcz, JózsefEast European Entrants to EU: Diffidently Yours.The Polish Foreign Affairs Digest 3, no. 4(9), (2003): 4758 Google Scholar.

7. Britain and Ireland were the only west European EU-member states that did not delay access to their labor markets to citizens of the new member states. See Böröcz, József and Sarkar, Mahua, “What Is the EU?International Sociology 20, no. 2 (June 2005): 153–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Husz, Dóra and Bohle, Dorothee, “Whose Europe Is It? Interest Group Action in Accession Negotiations: The Cases of Competition Policy and Labor Migration,” Politique européenne 1, no. 15 (2005): 85–112Google Scholar; Plümper, Thomas and Schneider, Christina J., “Discriminatory European Union Membership and the Redistribution of Enlargement Gains,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 51, no. 4 (August 2007): 568–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Böröcz, József, “The Collapse of State Socialism in the Soviet Bloc and Global Labor Migration” in Rowlinson, Mary, Vandekerchkove, Wim, Commers, Ronald M. S., and Johnston, Tim, eds., Labor and Global Justice: Essays on the Ethics of Labor Practices under Globalization (New York, 2014), 85104 Google Scholar.

8. Fihel, Agnieszka, Janicka, Anna, Kaczmarczyk, Paweł and Nestorowicz, Joanna, Free Movement of Workers and Transitional Arrangements: Lessons from the 2004 and 2007 Enlargements (Warsaw, 2015)Google Scholar at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277475204_Free_movement_of_workers_and_transitional_arrangements_lessons_from_the_2004_and_2007_enlargements (last accessed March 5, 2017).

9. See, e.g., Schimmel, Natalie, “Welcome to Europe, But Please Stay Out: Freedom of Movement and the May 2004 Expansion of the European Union,” Berkeley Journal of International Law 24, no. 3 (2006): 760800 Google Scholar, at http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/bjil/vol24/iss3/1 (last accessed February 20, 2017).

10. See, e.g., Böröcz and Sarkar, “What Is the EU?”; Jacoby, Wade, The Enlargement of the European Union and NATO: Ordering from the Menu in Central Europe (Cambridge, UK, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11. Val is a noted journalist and a singer who joined, a few weeks after the brutal attack on the editorial offices of Charlie Hébdo, the extreme-right organization Front National. See “Philippe Val, ex-Charlie Hebdo, Rejoint l'Aile Droite du Front National,” Égalité & Réconciliation, November 17, 2015, at www.egaliteetreconciliation.fr/Philippe-Val-ex-Charlie-Hebdo-rejoint-l-aile-droite-du-Front-national-36176.html (last accessed February 20, 2017).

12. Matteo Gnes, “European Legal Integration? New Possibilities for EU and Non-EU Citizens?” in Lucica Matei, ed., Normativity, Fundamental Rights, and Legal Order in the EU / Normativité, droits fundamentaux et ordre juridique dans l'UE, “The Dialogues of EPLO at NSPSPA” Series, No.1/2010 (Bucharest, 2010) at http://aei.pitt.edu/14411/1/Normativity%5B1%5D_Lucica_Matei.pdf (last accessed February 20, 2017), 52.

13. “. . . la directive Bolkestein permet à un plombier polonais ou à un architecte estonien de proposer ses services en France, au salaire et avec les règles de protection sociale de leur pays d'origine.” See Philippe de Villiers, Interview, March 15, 2005, in “Villiers: “La grande triche du oui,” Le Figaro, March 15, 2005. For an English version, see Claudia Sternberg, “What Were the French Telling Us by Voting Down the ‘EU Constitution’? A case for interpretive research on referendum research,” Comparative European Politics (October 2015): 14.

14. Gnes, “European Legal Integration?,” 53.

15. Sternberg, “What were the French,” 2.

16. Gnes, “European Legal Integration?,” 53.

17. There are serious issues with the scope of validity of the terminology of “the European social model”—see Böröcz, József, “Global Inequality in Redistribution: For A World-Historical Sociology of (Not) Caring,” Intersections—East European Journal of Sociology and Politics 2, no. 2 (2016): 5783 Google Scholar.

18. I will capitalize the Polish Plumber as a referent to a trope.

19. Gnes, “European Legal Integration? . . .” p. 53.

20. See “Un Bon Tuyau de l'Office du Turisme Polonais,” Vanksen, June 16, 2005, at http://www.vanksen.fr/blog/un-bon-tuyau-de-loffice-du-tourisme-polonais/ (last accessed February 20, 2017).

23. See Zack Beauchamps, “Brexit Isn't about Economics. It is about Xenophobia,” Vox, last modified June 24, 2016, at www.vox.com/2016/6/23/12005814/brexit-eu-referendum-immigrants (last accessed February 21), especially the example of anti-Polish graffiti.

24. Between 2004 and 2014, there had been an estimated “tenfold rise in attacks” against Poles in Great Britain, see Johnny McDevitt, “New Figures Reveal Dramatic Increase in Hate Crimes against Polish People,” The Guardian, June 11, 2014, at www.theguardian.com/society/2014/jun/11/polish-people-rise-in-attacks-blame-recession-politicians-media (last accessed February 21, 2017). On August 29, 2016, a Polish man was killed in Harlow, Essex. News reports suggest it may have happened because he spoke Polish in public. See Ben Quinn, “Six Teenage Boys Arrested over Death of Polish Man in Essex,” The Guardian, August 30, 2016 at www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/aug/30/five-teenage-boys-arrested-after-man-dies-following-attack-in-essex (last accessed February 21, 2017).

25. Nick Robinson, “UKIP: Should the Polish Plumber Be Deported?” BBC News, November 19, 2014, at www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-30118855 (last accessed February 21, 2017).

26. Fox, Jon, Moroşanu, Laura and Szilassy, Eszter, “The Racialization of the New European Migration to the UK,” Sociology 46, no. 4 (August 2012): 681–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

27. Ibid., 682.

28. See Brodkin, Karen, How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America (New Brunswick, NJ, 1998)Google Scholar; Barrett, James R. and Roediger, David, “How White People became White,” in Rothenberg, Paula, ed., White Privilege: Essential Readings on the Other Side of Racism (New York, 2002), 2934 Google Scholar; Ignatiev, Noel, How the Irish became White, (New York, 2009)Google Scholar; Guglielmo, Jennifer and Salerno, Salvatore, Are Italians White? How Race is Made in America (New York, 2003)Google Scholar.

29. Notice the use of the first person plural to citizens of Hungary who live and work in the United Kingdom, quite a powerful claim of ethnonational unity, intended for the Hungarian media consumer. The legal argument is of course also unassailable. The “trick” is in switching from a commonplace, everyday conversation to a rather technical legal point.

30. Paul Dallison, “Orbán to Cameron: ‘We Are Not Parasites’ British Prime Minister Seeks Hungarian Support for Migrant Benefits Curbs,” Politico, January 7, 2016 at www.politico.eu/article/orban-cameron-not-parasites-hungary-united-kingdom-brexit-migration-refugee/ (last accessed February 21, 2017).

31. “Nekünk nagyon fontos, hogy ne tekintsenek bennünket migránsoknak.” Text of Orbán's reply, as reported in the Hungarian media. See “Orbán szerint a magyarok nem migránsok Angliában,” Origo, January 7, 2016, at www.origo.hu/itthon/percrolpercre/20160107-david-cameron-orban-viktor-budapest-sajtotajekoztato.html (last accessed February 21, 2017).

32. Sometime in early June 2012, Orbán made a set of disparaging remarks about the deep dishonesty of European politics as a fanciful, implicit bargaining process. He referred to the whole process as “pávatánc”—i.e., a “peacock dance.” See Tóth Ákos “Pávatánc,” Népszabadaság Online, June 4, 2012, at http://nol.hu/velemeny/20120604-pavatanc-1312137 (last accessed February 21, 2017).