Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T10:14:24.809Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Building Social Policies in Fiscal Welfare

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 April 2020

Adrian Sinfield*
Affiliation:
School of Social and Political Science, Edinburgh University, E-mail: Adrian.Sinfield@ed.ac.uk

Abstract

The ways that social spending policies are run by fiscal welfare through the tax system remain relatively neglected, while the costs and impact of public expenditure are constantly under scrutiny. Mostly means-enhancing in contrast to much means-tested public spending, the costs of social tax reliefs are little examined, their distributional impact even less so. This article considers what is needed to provide a better basis for the development of robust and flexible policies for establishing, managing and evaluating fiscal welfare that can contribute to building a more open and equal society. Particular attention is given to increasing accountability and assessing tax and public spending activities together when they benefit the same target group; and to reducing inconsistencies of treatment in comparable tax and public schemes.

Type
Themed Section: Taxation and Social Policy
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adema, W., Fron, P. and Ladaique, M. (2014) ‘How much do OECD countries spend on social protection and how redistributive are their tax/benefit systems?’, International Social Security Review, 67, 1, 125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alcock, P., Glennerster, H., Oakley, A. and Sinfield, A. (eds.) (2001) Welfare and Wellbeing: Richard Titmussʼs Contribution to Social Policy, Bristol: The Policy Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barr, N. and Diamond, P. (2008) Reforming Pensions: Principles and Policy Choices, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beatty, C. and Fothergill, S. (2016) The Impact on Scotland of the New Welfare Reforms, Sheffield: Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University, October.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blyberg, A. and Hofbauer, H. (2014) The Use of Maximum Available Resources: Article 2 & Governments’ Budgets, International Budget Partnership.Google Scholar
Brewer, M., Sibieta, L. and Wren-Lewis, L. (2008) Racing Away? Income Inequality and the Evolution of High Incomes, Institute for Fiscal Studies, IFS Briefing 76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruce, N. (ed.) (1988) Tax Expenditures and Government Policy, Kingston, Ontario: John Deutsch Institute.Google Scholar
Brys, B., Perret, S., Thomas, A. and O’Reilly, P. (2016) Tax Design for Inclusive Economic Growth, OECD Taxation Working Papers 26, Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Byrne, D. and Ruane, S. (2017) Paying for the Welfare State in the 21st Century: Tax and Spending in Post-Industrial Societies, Bristol: Policy Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chwalisz, C. and Diamond, P. (eds.) (2015) The Predistribution Agenda: Tackling Inequality and Supporting Sustainable Growth, London: Tauris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, M. L. and Hughes, G. (2017) ‘Supporting pension contributions through the tax system: outcomes, costs and examining reform’, The Economic and Social Review, 48, 4, 489514, https://www.esr.ie/article/view/824 [accessed 14.11.2019].Google Scholar
Corlett, A. (2015) Tax Expenditures Deserve Far More Scrutiny, Council on Economic Policies, https://www.cepweb.org/tax-expenditures-deserve-far-more-scrutiny [accessed 17.09.2019].Google Scholar
Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) (2017) Annual Report and Accounts 2016-17, HC10, July.Google Scholar
Farnsworth, K. (2015) The British Corporate Welfare State: Public Provision for Private Businesses, Sheffield: SPERI Paper 24.Google Scholar
Farnsworth, K. (2019) ‘Towards a whole-economy approach to the welfare state: citizens, corporations and the state within the broad welfare mix’, Social Policy Review 31, 7199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferge, Z. (1980) A Society in the Making: Hungarian Social and Societal Policy, 1945-75, Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Government Accountability Office (GAO) (2016) Tax Expenditures: Opportunities Exist to Use Budgeting and Agency Performance Processes to Increase Oversight, https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-16-622 [accessed 01.08.2019].Google Scholar
Hacker, J. S. (2002) The Divided Welfare State: The Battle over Public and Private Social Benefits in the United States, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacker, J. S. (2011) ‘The institutional foundations of middle-class democracy’, Policy Network, 33–7.Google Scholar
Harrop, A. (2019) Inequality by Stealth: Tax Allowances and Social Security in 2019/20, London: Fabian Society.Google Scholar
Her Majestyʼs Revenue and Customs (HMRC) (2019a) Tax Relief Statistics, KAI Data Policy and Co-ordination, HMRC, https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/tax-relief-statistics [accessed 01.08.2019].Google Scholar
Her Majestyʼs Revenue and Customs (HMRC) (2019b) Registered Pension Schemes Cost of Tax Relief, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/registered-pension-schemes-cost-of-tax-relief [accessed 01.08.2019].Google Scholar
Hodge, M. (2016) Called to Account, London: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
House of Lords Select Committee on Affordable Childcare (HoL) (2015) First Report: Affordable Childcare, London: The Stationary Office.Google Scholar
Hughes, G. (2000) ‘Pension financing, the substitution effect and national savings’, in Hughes, G. and Stewart, J. (eds.), Pensions in the European Union, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 4561.Google Scholar
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) (2019) Offshore Leaks Database, https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/ [accessed 05.08.2019].Google Scholar
International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2016) United Kingdom Fiscal Transparency Evaluation, Washington DC: IMF.Google Scholar
Lester, J. (2012) Managing Tax Expenditures and Government Program Spending: Proposals for Reform, Calgary: University of Calgary SPP research papers, 5, 35.Google Scholar
Lukes, S. (2005) Power: A Radical View, 2nd edn, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirrlees, J., Adam, S., Besley, T., Blundell, R., Bond, S., Chote, R., Gammie, M., Johnson, P., Myles, G. and Poterba, J. M. (2011) Tax by Design, London: IFS.Google Scholar
Morel, N., Touzet, C. and Zemmour, M. (2019) ‘From the hidden welfare state to the hidden part of welfare state reform: analyzing the uses and effects of fiscal welfare in France’, Social Policy and Administration, 53, 1, 3448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, R. (2017) ‘The Tax Gap and what to do about it’, in Tax Justice UK, Tax Takes, 2021.Google Scholar
Murphy, R. (2018) ‘Tax avoidance is not theft’, Tax Research UK blog, 13 December, https://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2018/12/13/tax-avoidance-is-not-theft [accessed 27.09.19].Google Scholar
Myles, J. and Quadagno, J. (2000) ‘Envisioning a third way: the welfare state in the twenty-first century’, Contemporary Sociology, 29, 1, 156–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Audit Office (NAO) (2014a) Tax Reliefs, HC 1256, Session 2013-14, 7 April.Google Scholar
National Audit Office (NAO) (2014b) The Effective Management of Tax Reliefs, HC 785, Session 2014-15, 7 November.Google Scholar
National Audit Office (NAO) (2016) Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General, in HMRC, Annual Report and Accounts 2015-2016, London: HMRC, R1-90.Google Scholar
Nolan, A. (2018) Making Economic and Social Rights Real [video], University of Nottingham.Google Scholar
Obermayer, B. and Obermaier, F. (2017) The Panama Papers: Breaking the Story of How the Rich and Powerful Hide Their Money, revised edn, London: Oneworld.Google Scholar
Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) (2019) Fiscal Risks Report, London: OBR, July, CP 131.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2019) The Effects of Taxes and Benefits on Household Income, London: Office for National Statistics, June.Google Scholar
Office of Tax Simplification (OTS) (2011) Review of Tax Reliefs: Final Report, London: Office of Tax Simplification.Google Scholar
Office of Tax Simplification (OTS) (2015) Finance Act 2015: New Tax Reliefs, https://taxsimplificationblog.wordpress.com/category/tax-reliefs-2/ [accessed 01.08.2019].Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (1984) Tax Expenditures in OECD Countries, Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2010) Tax Expenditures in OECD Countries, Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2018) Financial Incentives and Retirement Savings, Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Platt, L. (2005) Discovering Child Poverty, Bristol: Policy Press.Google Scholar
Public Accounts Committee (PAC) (2016) HMRCʼs Performance in 2015-16, HC 712, Public Accounts Committee, December.Google Scholar
Pullan, L. (2017) ‘Operation of the employment allowance’, Taxation, 31 May, https://www.taxation.co.uk/Articles/2017/05/30/336476/operation-employment-allowance [accessed 01.08.2019].Google Scholar
Redonda, A. and Neubig, T. (2018) Assessing Tax Expenditure Reporting in G20 and OECD Economies, Council on Economic Policies Discussion Note 2018/3, November.Google Scholar
Rutter, J., Dodwell, B., Johnson, P., Crozier, G., Cullinane, J., Lilly, A. and McCarthy, E. (2017) Better Budgets: Making Tax Policy Better, Chartered Institute of Taxation (CIOT), Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) and Institute for Government (IfG).Google Scholar
Sinfield, A. (2018) ‘Fiscal welfare and its contribution to inequality’, Social Policy Review 30, 91110.Google Scholar
Slemrod, J., Thoresen, T. O. and , E. E. (2013) Taxes on the Internet: Deterrence Effects of Public Disclosure, CESifo Working Paper 4107.Google Scholar
Surrey, S. S. (1973) Pathways to Tax Reform, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Titmuss, R. M. (1958) Essays on ‘The Welfare State’, London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Townsend, P. (1958 and 2009) ‘A society for people’, in N. Mackenzie (ed.), Conviction, London: Mackibbon and Kee, and in the shorter New Statesman version reprinted in Social Policy and Society, April.Google Scholar
Treasury Committee (2018a) Childcare, HC 757, March.Google Scholar
Treasury Committee (2018b) Household Finances: Income, Saving and Debt, HC 565, 26 July.Google Scholar
Whiting, J. (2017) Letter to Better Budgets Team, 6 March.Google Scholar
World Bank (2003) ‘Why worry about tax expenditures?’ PREMnotes Economic Policy, 77, January.Google Scholar