Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T05:13:49.096Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Beyond the Policy Rhetoric: The Limitations of Gender Mainstreaming in South Korea Relating to Women and Childcare

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 December 2019

Sung-Hee Lee*
Affiliation:
School of Law and Social Sciences, University of Derby, E-mail: s.lee@derby.ac.uk

Abstract

This article examines the limitations of the gender mainstreaming discourse regarding the issue of childcare by women in South Korea, an area of responsibility that was transferred from the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) to the Ministry of Gender Equality (MGE)1 in 2003. Through employing a discursive institutionalism approach, this article articulates that whilst the gender mainstreaming discourse has been interpreted at the surface level of politics, it has been formulated differently behind the scenes due to various policy interests. I argue that the discourse has remained at the level of superficial political rhetoric with underdeveloped understanding about the relationship between childcare and gender, thus retaining a stereotypical view of women as caregivers.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

An, M. (2008) ‘South Korea: analysis of time use data on work and care’, The Political and Social Economy of Care: Republic of Korea Research Report 2, Switzerland: UNRISD.Google Scholar
Bacchi, C, and Rönnblom, M. (2014) ‘Feminist Discursive Institutionalism – A Poststructural Alternative’, Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 22, 3, 170–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baek, S-h. and Seo, M-h. (2004) ‘A study on the certification system of child workers: according to the amendment of Child Care Act’, Korea Journal of Child Care and Education, 39, 12, 171–95.Google Scholar
Back, S-h. (2009) ‘Kim Dae-jung/Roh Moo-hyun jungbooeui boyook-jungchaek pyoungga [The policy evaluation of the Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun governments’ childcare policy]’, Sangwanggawabokji, 28, 95141 [in Korean].Google Scholar
Becker, S. and Bryman, A. (2004) Understanding Research for Social Policy and Practice: Themes, Methods and Approaches, Bristol: The Policy Press.Google Scholar
Béland, D. (2009) ‘Gender, ideational analysis, and social policy’, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 16, 4, 558–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, B. L. (2007) Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Science, London: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Caglar, G. (2013) ‘Gender mainstreaming’, Politics and Gender, 9, 3, 336–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carstensen, M. B. and Schmidt, V. A. (2016) ‘Power through, over and in ideas: conceptualizing ideational power in discursive institutionalism’, Journal of European Public Policy, 23, 3, 318–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Council of Europe (1998) Gender Mainstreaming: Conceptual Framework, Methodology and Presentation of Good Practices, Strasbourg: Council of Europe, https://www.unhcr.org/3c160b06a.pdf [accessed 13.02.2019].Google Scholar
Daly, M. (2005) ‘Gender mainstreaming in theory and practice’, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 12, 3, 433–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estévez-Abe, M. and Kim, Y-s. (2014) ‘Presidents, prime ministers and politics of care: why Korea expanded childcare much more than Japan’, Social Policy Administration, 48, 666–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finlayson, A. (2007) ‘From beliefs to arguments: interpretive methodology and rhetorical political analysis’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 9, 545–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flick, U. (2009) An Introduction to Qualitative Research, London: SAGE.Google Scholar
Freeman, R. and Maybin, J. (2011) ‘Documents, practices and policy’, Evidence and Policy, 7, 2, 155–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grube, D. C. (2016) ‘Sticky words? Towards a theory of rhetorical path dependency’, Australian Journal of Political Science, 116.Google Scholar
Han, J., Jang, Y., Kim, Y. and Huh, R. (2008) Research on the Effective Establishment of Gender Mainstreaming System (1): Acceptance, System Applications and Action Plans, Seoul: Korean Women’s Development Institute.Google Scholar
Hogan, J. and O’Rourke, B. (2015) ‘A discursive institutionalist approach to understanding comparative policy change: Ireland and Mexico in the 1980s’, Latin American Policy, 6, 2, 255–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huh, R-g. (2005) ‘An exploration on a paradigm of gender policy toward “care”’, Hankukyeosunghak, 21, 1, 199231.Google Scholar
Kang, H. (2007) Social Service Provision System: The Issues of Public-Private Partnership in UK, US and Korea, Seoul: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs.Google Scholar
Kang, J-y. (2019) ‘Unexpected stratification? The effects of childcare subsidy and home care allowance on childcare cost burden in Korea’, The 16th East Asian Social Policy (EASP) Research Network Annual Conference, National Taiwan University, 2-3 July, Taipei, Taiwan.Google Scholar
Katzenlson, I. (1997) ‘Structure and configuration in comparative politics’, in Lichbach, M. I. and Zuckerman, A. S. (eds.), Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 81112.Google Scholar
Kim, E-s. (2008) ‘Gender mainstreaming strategy in Korea’s women’s policy and feminism’, KWDI 25th Anniversary International Symposium 18th April, Seoul: Korean Women’s Development Institute, 327.Google Scholar
Kim, J. (2011) ‘Daeyeonjung silpaehamyeon hayaharyeo hatta’ Moon Hee-sang euwonimalhaneun ‘naga bon Roh Moo-hyun’ [‘I was about to resign if we were failed in grand coalition’, the parliamentary member, Moon Hee-sang talks about the President Roh Moohyun], http://www.sisapress.com/journal/article/132238 [accessed 20.02.2019] [In Korean].Google Scholar
Kim, J-h. (2006) ‘Jungjanggi boyookgyehoik ane daehae [About the mid-term childcare policy]’, Bokji Donghyang, 89: 2933 [In Korean].Google Scholar
Kim, T-h. (2011) ‘Development of gender equality index and measurement of gender equality in South Korea’, Gender Studies and Policy Review, 4, 8093.Google Scholar
Kim, Y-o. (2001) 21 Segi Sungjooryuhwarul Wihan Gukminyeoron Mit Jeonmoonga Uigyunjosa [Research on public and experts’ opinion about 21st century gender mainstreaming], Seoul: Korean Women’s Development Institute [In Korean].Google Scholar
Kim, Y-o. (2004) Jooryuhwawa Sungpyeongdeungeui Nolri [Discourse about Mainstreaming and Gender Equality], Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality [In Korean].Google Scholar
Kim, Y-o. and Ma, K-h. (2004) Jooryuhwawa Sungpyoungdungui Nonri [The Logic of Mainstreaming and Gender Equality], Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality [In Korean].Google Scholar
Kim, Y-m. (2015) ‘Complexity of gender inequality in the segmented labor market: differences in gender disadvantage between regular and non-regular sectors, Economy and Society, 106, 205–37, doi: 10.18207/criso.2015.106.205.Google Scholar
Kingdon, J. W. (1995) Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Lee, S-H. (2013) ‘The impact of gender politics on socialisation of care in South Korea’, Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Bath, UK.Google Scholar
Lee, S-H. (2017) ‘The socialization of childcare and a missed opportunity through path dependence: the case of South Korea’, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 24, 2, 132–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S-H. (2016) ‘Has childcare become less of a burden in South Korea? Exploring the nature of pre-and post-reform childcare provision’, Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 22, 4, 414–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S-H. and Baek, S-h (2018) ‘The socio and political conundrum around the policy initiative of free childcare in South Korea’, The 15th East Asian Social Policy (EASP) Research Network Annual Conference: Social Policy in Post-Growth East Asia, 5-6 July 2018, University of Bristol, UK.Google Scholar
Lee, Y-W. (2016) ‘Effects of a universal childcare subsidy on mothers’ time allocation’, KDI Journal of Economic Policy, 38, 1, 122.Google Scholar
Lee-Gong, E. (2011) ‘South Korea after the 1997 Economic Crisis: a ‘paradigm shift’?’, in Farnsworth, K. and Irving, Z. (eds.), Social Policy In Challenging Times: Economic Crisis and Welfare Systems, UK: The Policy Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. (1992) ‘Gender and the development of welfare regimes’, Journal of European Social Policy, 2, 3, 159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, K-h. (2005) ‘Sahoigwonuroseo Dolbomui jedohwarul Wihan Daeanjeock ParadigmuiMosack [Seeking the alternative paradigm to institutionalise caring as a social right]’, Yeosunggwa Sahoi, 5, 16, 3566 [In Korean].Google Scholar
Ma, K-h. (2007) ‘Sung Jooryuhwae Daehan Bipanjeock Sungchal [The critical reflection on the gender mainstreaming]’, Hanguk yeosunghack, 23, 1 [In Korean].Google Scholar
Mazey, S. (2002) ‘Gender mainstreaming strategies in the E.U: delivering on an agenda’, Feminist Legal Studies, 10, 3/4, 227–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAdam, D. (1996) ‘Conceptual origins, current problems, future directions’, in McAdam, D., McCarthy, J. D. and Zald, M. N. (eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meier, P. and Celis, K. (2011) ‘Sowing the seeds of its own failure: implementing the concept of gender mainstreaming’, Social Politics, 18, 4, 469–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millar, J. (2006) ‘Better-off in work? Work, security and welfare for lone mothers’, in Glendinning, C. and Kemp, P. A. (eds.), Cash and Care: Policy Challenges in the Welfare State, Bristol, UK: Policy Press, 171–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Gender Equality and Family (MOGEF ) (2006) Sa-ssak Plan: Mid-long Term Plan, Seoul: The Ministry of Gender Equality and Family.Google Scholar
Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) (2004) Guidelines on Childcare 2004, Seoul: Ministry of Health and Welfare.Google Scholar
Namyoon, I-s. (2005) Yeosungboo Boyookjungcheak ilnyun Pyungga, Yeosungboo Boyookjungchaek ilnyun Pyungga Toronhoi, Seoul: Korean Women’s Development Institute, 1926 [In Korean].Google Scholar
Orloff, A. S. and Palier, B. (2009) ‘The power of gender perspectives: feminist influence on policy paradigms, social science, and social politics’, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 16, 4, 405–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palley, M. L. (1994) ‘Feminism in a Confucian society: the women’s movement in Korea’, in Gelb, J. and Palley, M. L. (eds.), Women of Japan and Korea: Continuity and Change, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Park, C-b. (2005) ‘Development of the Korean women’s movement and its achievement’, Handok-sahoi-gwahak-nonchong, 15, 1, 231–52.Google Scholar
Park, Y. (2005) Gender Dimensions of Family Policy in Korea, Paper presented at the Conference Paper prepared for Canada-Korea Social Policy Symposium II, January.Google Scholar
Peng, I. (2009) ‘The political and social economy of care in the Republic of Korea’, Vol. 6. Gender and Development Programme Papers, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.Google Scholar
Pierson, P. (1994) Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics and the Retrenchment, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Radaelli, C. M. and Schmidt, V. A. (2004) ‘Conclusions’, West European Politics, 27, 2, 364–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritchie, J. and Lewis, J. (2003) Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers, London: Sage Publication.Google Scholar
Scala, F. and Paterson, S. (2018) ‘Stories from the front lines: making sense of gender mainstreaming in Canada’, Politics and Gender, 14, 2, 208–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, V. A. (2008) ‘Discursive institutionalism: the explanatory power of ideas and discourse’, Annual Review of Political Sciences, 11, 1, 303–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, V. A. (2010) ‘Taking ideas and discourse seriously: explaining change through discursive institutionalism as the fourth ‘new institutionalism’’, European Political Science Review, 2, 1, 125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, J. (1990) A Matter of Record: Documentary Sources in Social Research, Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Shin, C-s. and Shaw, I. (2003) ‘Social policy in South Korea: cultural and structural factors in the emergence of welfare’, Social Policy and Administration, 37, 4, 328–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siim, B. (2000) Gender and Citizenship: Politics and Agency in France, Britain, and Denmark, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverman, D. (2011) Interpreting Qualitative Data: A Guide to the Principles of Qualitative Research, London: Sage Publications Limited.Google Scholar
Sperling, V. (1998) ‘Gender politics and the state during Russia’s transition period’, in Randall, V. and Waylen, G. (eds.), Gender, Politics and the State, USA and Canada: Routledge, 143–65.Google Scholar
Squires, J. (2000) Gender in Political Theory, Oxford: Polity.Google Scholar
Squires, J. (2007) The New Politics of Gender Equality, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sung, S. and Pascall, G. (2014) Gender and Welfare States in East Asia: Confucianism or Gender Equality, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sung, S. (2003) ‘Women reconciling paid and unpaid work in a Confucian welfare state: the case of South Korea’, Social Policy and Administration, 37, 4, 342–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Presidential Counsel of Policy Planning Committee (PCPPC) (2007) Anjungjeok Janyueyangyook Jiwonchekye Guchuk [Stable Childcare Support: The Efforts to Enhance Public Childcare Provision], Seoul: PCPPC [In Korean].Google Scholar
Walby, S. (2005) ‘Gender mainstreaming: productive tensions in theory and practice’, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 12, 3, 321–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Won, S-y. and Pascall, G. (2004) ‘A Confucian war over childcare? Practice and policy in childcare and their implications for understanding the Korean gender regime’, Social Policy and Administration, 38, 3, 270–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yanow, D. (2000) Conducting Interpretive Policy Analysis, London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoo, H-j. (1999) Suyoja Ibjangeseo Bob Boyookjeongchaek Pyungga [The Evaluation on the Childcare Policy through the Consumers’ Perspectives], Seoul: Korean Women’s Development Institute.Google Scholar
Yun, H. (2015) ‘The effect of expanded universal childcare support and working mothers in Korea’, Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 21, 3, 295315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar