Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T15:24:36.136Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Equal Opportunities and Diversity: Exploring the Relevance of Le Grand's Models of Service Provision

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2012

Martin Powell
Affiliation:
School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham E-mail: M.Powell@bham.ac.uk
Nick Johns
Affiliation:
School of Social Science, Cardiff University E-mail: JohnsNR@cardiff.ac.uk
Alison Green
Affiliation:
Graduate School, Glyndwr University E-mail: a.green@glyndwr.ac.uk

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to draw on Le Grand's (2007) model of service provision of ends and means (trust, targets, voice and choice) to critique the accepted frameworks for conceptualising the chronology of equal opportunities and diversity (EO&D) in the UK. We do this by reviewing the attempts to provide a chronological analysis before outlining and applying Le Grand's (2007) model. We find that the ‘eras’ of the chronologies give way to a much more complex and fluid picture. Moreover, focusing on ends and means highlights some major issues in the development of EO&D policy that needs to be addressed.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abel-Smith, B. and Townsend, P. (1975) The Poor and Poorest, London: G. Bell & Sons.Google Scholar
Anionwu, E. N. and Atkin, K. (2001) The Politics of Sickle Cell and Thalassaemia, Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Bagilhole, B. (1997) Equal Opportunities and Social Policy: Issues of Gender, Race and Disability, London: Addison Wesley Longman.Google Scholar
Bagilhole, B. (2009) Understanding Equal Opportunities and Diversity: The Social Differentiations and Intersections of Inequality, Bristol: The Policy Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkeley, R., Khan, O. and Ambikaipaker, M. (2005) What's New about New Immigrants in Twenty-First Century Britain?, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Blackaby, D. H., Clark, K., Leslie, D. G. and Murphy, P. D. (1994) ‘Black–white male earnings and employment prospects in the 1970s and 1980s evidence for Britain’, Economics Letters, 46, 3, 273–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, C. and Gay, P. (1985) ‘Racial discrimination: 17 years after the act’, in Burstein, P. (ed.), Equal Employment Opportunity: Labour Market Discrimination and Public Policy, New York: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Chatoo, S. and Atkin, K. (2012) ‘Theoretical, historical and policy contexts: “race”, ethnicity and social policy − theoretical concepts and the limitations of current approaches to welfare’, in Craig, G., Atkin, K., Chatoo, S. and Flynn, R. (eds.), Understanding ‘race’ and Ethnicity: Theory, History, Policy, Practice, Bristol: The Policy Press, pp. 1940.Google Scholar
Cockburn, C. (1989) ‘Equality: the long and short agenda’, Industrial Relations Journal, 20, 3, 213–25.Google Scholar
Cockburn, C. (1991) In the Way of Women, London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Commission for Racial Equality (1995) Racial Equality Means Quality: A Standard for Racial Equality for Local Government in England and Wales, London: Commission for Racial Equality.Google Scholar
Cook, A. H. (1993) ‘The most difficult revolution: women and trade unions’, Equal Opportunities International, 1, 2, 911.Google Scholar
Cunningham, R. (2000) ‘From great expectations to hard times? Managing equal opportunities under new public management’, Public Administration, 78, 3, 699714.Google Scholar
Dandeker, C. and Mason, D. (2001) ‘The British armed services and the participation of minority ethnic communities: from equal opportunities to diversity?’, Sociological Review, 49, 2, 219–35.Google Scholar
Deacon, A. (2002) Perspectives on Welfare, Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Dickens, L. (1999) ‘Beyond the business case: a three-pronged approach to equality action’, Human Resource Management Journal, 9, 1, 919.Google Scholar
Dickens, L. (2000) ‘Collective bargaining and the promotion of gender equality at work: opportunities and challenges for trade unions’, European Review of Labour and Research, 6, 2, 193208.Google Scholar
Dickens, L. (2007) ‘The road is long: thirty years of equality legislation in Britain’, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 45, 3, 463–94.Google Scholar
Equalities Review (2007) Fairness and Freedom: The Final Report of the Equalities Review, London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Exworthy, M., Powell, M. and Mohan, J. (1999) ‘Quasi-hierarchies, quasi-networks and quasi-markets in the NHS’, Public Money and Management, 19, 4, 1522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finney, N. and Simpson, L. (2009) Sleepwalking to Segregation? Challenging Myths about Race and Migration, Bristol: The Policy Press.Google Scholar
Forbes, I. (1991) ‘Equal opportunity: radical, liberal and conservative critiques’, in Meehan, E. and Sevenhuijsen, S. (eds.), Equality, Politics and Gender, London: Sage.Google Scholar
Forder, J. (2002) ‘Regulating enterpreneurial behaviour in social care’, in Saltman, R. B., Busse, R. and Mossialos, E. (eds.), Regulating Entrepreneurial Behaviour in European Health Care Systems, Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Friedman, M. (1980) Capitalism and Freedom, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gillborn, D. (2005) ‘Education policy as an act of white supremacy’, Journal of Education Policy, 20, 4, 485505.Google Scholar
Government, HM (2010) The Equality Strategy – Building a Fairer Britain, London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Home Office (1999) Race Equality – The Home Secretary's Employment Targets, London: Home Office.Google Scholar
Iganski, P. and Mason, D. (2002) Ethnicity, Equality of Opportunity and the British National Health Service, Surrey: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Iganski, P., Mason, D., Humphreys, A. and Watkins, M. (2001) ‘Equal opportunities and positive action in the British National Health Service: some lessons from the recruitment of minority ethnic groups to nursing and midwifery’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24, 2, 294317.Google Scholar
Jewson, N. and Mason, D. (1994) ‘“Race”, employment and equal opportunities: towards a political economy and an agenda for the 1990s’, The Sociological Review, 42, 4, 592617.Google Scholar
Johns, N. R. (2006) How the British National Health Service Deals with Diversity: Professional Problems, Patient Problems, New York: Edwin Mellen.Google Scholar
Johns, N. R., Green, A. J. and Powell, M. A. (2012) ‘Diversity in the British NHS: the business versus the “moral” case’, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 31, 8, 76883.Google Scholar
Johns, N. R. and Green, A. J. (2009) ‘New Labour: trust, equality of opportunity and diversity’, in Johns, N. R. and Barton, A. (eds.), Trust in New Labour, Perception, Policy and Practice, New York: Edwin Mellen.Google Scholar
Jonsson, J. O. and Mills, C. (1993) ‘Social mobility in the 1970s and 1980s: a study of men and women in England and Sweden’, European Sociological Review, 9, 3, 229–48.Google Scholar
Kalra, V. S., Abel, P. and Esmail, A. (2009) ‘Developing leadership interventions for Black and minority ethnic staff: a case study of the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK’, Journal of Health Organization and Management, 23, 1, 103–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kandola, B. (1995) ‘Selecting for diversity’, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 3, 3, 162–7.Google Scholar
Kandola, R. and Fullerton, J. (1998) Diversity in Action: Managing the Mosaic, London: IPD.Google Scholar
Kendall, J. (2001) ‘Of knights, knaves and merchants: the case of residential care for older people in England in the late 1990s’, Social Policy and Administration, 35, 4, 360–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krook, M. L. (2003) ‘Not all quotas are created equal: trajectories of reform to increase women's political representation’, Joint Sessions of Workshops, The European Consortium for Political Research, Edinburgh, Scotland, 28 March–2 April.Google Scholar
Le Grand, J. (2003) Motivation, Agency and Public Policy: Of Knights and Knaves, Pawns and Queens, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Grand, J. (2007) The Other Invisible Hand: Delivering Public Services through Choice and Competition, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, E. and Murji, K. (1999) ‘After the Stephen Lawrence Report’, Critical Social Policy, 19, 3, 371–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, G. P., Phelps, K. and Katbamna, S. (2004) ‘Human motivation and professional practice: of knights, knaves and social workers’, Social Policy and Administration, 38, 5, 470–87.Google Scholar
Meier, K. J., Wrinkle, R. D. and Polinard, J. L. (1999) ‘Representative bureaucracy and distributional equity: addressing the hard question’, The Journal of Politics, 61, 4, 1025–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perriton, L. (2009) ‘We don't want complaining women!’ A critical analysis of the business case for diversity’, Management Communication Quarterly, 23, 2, 218–43.Google Scholar
Riddell, S. (2003) ‘Devolution and disability equality legislation: the implementation of Part 4 of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 in England and Scotland’, British Journal of Special Education, 30, 2, 63–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, R. and Schneider, R. (1992) From Equality to Diversity: Getting the Best out of People through Equal Opportunities – a Strategic Approach, London: Financial Times/Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Seldon, A. (2010) Trust, 2nd edn, London: Biteback.Google Scholar
Squires, J. (2008) ‘Intersecting inequalities: reflecting on the subjects and objects of equality’, The Political Quarterly, 79, 1, 5361.Google Scholar
Taylor-Gooby, P., Sylvester, S., Calnan, M. and Manley, G. (2000) ‘Knights, knaves and gnashers: professionals values and private dentistry’, Journal of Social Policy, 29, 3, 375–95.Google Scholar
Thane, P. (ed.) (2010) Unequal Britain. Equalities in Britain since 1945, London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Wrench, J. (2005) ‘Diversity management can be bad for you’, Race and Class, 46, 3, 7384.Google Scholar