Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T10:41:01.544Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Financial Exclusion in the UK: Evidence on Ethnicity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 July 2022

Roberta Adami*
Affiliation:
Westminster Business School, London, UK E-mail: r.adami@westminster.ac.uk

Abstract

Promoting access to suitable and affordable financial products and tackling financial exclusion has become a prominent feature of the political agenda in the UK, as the second annual ‘Financial Inclusion Report’ was published in November 2020 by the Department for Work and Pensions. This study provides an empirical analysis on financial exclusion and its association with ethnicity, using data from the UK’s Family Resources Survey. The analysis offers important new evidence on the significance of ethnicity, and it further identifies gender, family type and income as other key factors associated with access to financial products. The findings provide a valuable, new empirical dimension to our current understanding of financial exclusion and its links to ethnicity, inform the relevant political debate, and offer key evidence in support of policy initiatives targeted at enhancing financial security and well-being.

Type
Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Atkinson, A., McKay, S., Collard, S. and Kempson, E. (2007) ‘Levels of financial capability in the UK’, Public Money and Management, 27, 1, 2936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, H. and Taylor, R. (2006) Work, Saving and Retirement among Ethnic Minorities: A Qualitative Study, London: Department for Work and Pensions.Google Scholar
Berry, C. (2015) ‘Citizenship in a financialised society: financial inclusion and the state before and after the crash’, Policy and Politics, 43, 4, 509–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, C. (2016) ‘Austerity, ageing and the financialisation of pensions policy in the UK’, British Politics, 11, 225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, C. (2021) Pension Imperilled: The Political Economy of Private Pension Provision in the UK, Oxford Scholarship Online.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blake, S. and de Jong, E. (2008) Short Changed: Financial Exclusion, A Guide to Donors and Funders, London: New Philanthropy Capital.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, J. and Finch, N. (2003) ‘Overlaps in dimensions of poverty’, Journal of Social Policy, 32, 4, 513–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridges, S. and Disney, R. (2005) ‘Use of credit and arrears on debt among low-income families in the United Kingdom’, Fiscal Studies, 25, 1, 125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collard, S. (2007) ‘Toward financial inclusion in the UK: progress and challenges’, Public Money and Management, 27, 1, 1320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collard, S., Kempson, E. and Whyley, C. (2001) Tackling Financial Exclusion – An Area-Based Approach, Bristol: The Policy Press.Google Scholar
Cox, D. R. and Snell, E. J. (1989) The Analysis of Binary Data, 2nd edn, London: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) (2020) Family Resources Survey 2018/2019. Google Scholar
Devlin, J. F. (2005) ‘A detailed study of financial exclusion in the UK’, Journal of Consumer Policy, 28, 75108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Financial Inclusion Commission (FIC) (2015) Financial Inclusion: Improving the Financial Health of the Nation, London: Financial Inclusion Commission.Google Scholar
Financial Inclusion Taskforce (2010) Mainstreaming Financial Inclusion: Managing Money and Access to Banking, http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ /http:/www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/fit_access_to_banking.pdf [accessed 24.04.2021].Google Scholar
Finney, A. and Hayes, D. (2015) Financial Capability in Great Britain, 2010 to 2012, London: ONS.Google Scholar
Fonseca, R., Mullen, K. J., Zamarro, G. and Zissimopoulos, J. (2012) ‘What explains the gender gap in financial literacy? The role of household decision making’, The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 46, 1, 90106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, L. (2012) '‘I Might not live that long!’ A study of young women’s pension planning in the UK’, Social Policy and Administration, 46, 7, 769–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, L. (2013) ‘Gender and pensions: an analysis of factors affecting women’s private pension scheme membership in the UK’, Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 25, 3, 197217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, L. (2017) ‘Young people and attitudes towards pension planning’, Social Policy and Society, 16, 1, 6580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginn, J. and Arber, S. (2000) ‘Personal pension take-up in the 1990s in relation to position in the labour market’, Journal of Social Policy, 29, 2, 205–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginn, J. and Arber, S. (2001) ‘Pension prospects of minority ethnic groups: inequalities by gender and ethnicity’, British Journal of Sociology, 52, 3, 519–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ginn, J. and MacIntyre, K. (2013) ‘UK pension reforms: is gender still an issue?’, Social Policy and Society, 13, 1, 91103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gloukoviezoff, G. (2011) Understanding and Combating Financial Exclusion and Overindebtedness in Ireland: A European Perspective. What Could Ireland Learn from Belgium, France and the United Kingdom? - Studies in Public Policy: 26, Dublin: The Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Gough, O. and Adami, R. (2013) ‘Saving for retirement: a review of ethnic minorities in the UK’, Social Policy and Society, 12, 1, 147–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gough, O. and Hick, R. (2009) ‘Ethnic minorities retirement planning and personal accounts’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 29, 910, 488–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grady, J. (2015) ‘Gendering pensions: making women visible’, Gender, Work and Organization, 22, 5, 445–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grohmann, A., Klühs, T. and Menkhoff, L. (2018) ‘Does financial literacy improve financial inclusion? Cross country evidence’, World Development, 111, 8496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henehan, K. and Rose, H. (2018) Opportunities Knocked? Exploring Pay Penalties among the UK’s Ethnic Minorities, Resolution Foundation Report, https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/app/uploads/2018/07/Opportunities-Knocked.pdf [accessed 02.11.2021].Google Scholar
HM Treasury (2004) Promoting Financial Inclusion, Norwich: HMSO.Google Scholar
House of Lords Select Committee on Financial Exclusion (2017) Tackling Financial Exclusion: A Country that Works for Everyone?, Authority of the House of Lords, HL Paper 132.Google Scholar
Hurst, M. (2011) ‘Debt and family type in Canada’, Statistics Canada, http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2011001/article/11430-eng.pdf [accessed 08.12.2020].Google Scholar
Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2021) Child Poverty, https://www.jrf.org.uk/data/child-poverty [accessed 16.12.2022].Google Scholar
Kempson, E. and Collard, S. (2012) Developing a Vision for Financial Inclusion, London: Friends Provident Foundation. Google Scholar
Khan, O. (2008) Financial Inclusion and Ethnicity: An Agenda for Research and Policy Action, London, Runnymede Trust.Google Scholar
Khan, O. (2010a) Why Do Assets Matter? Assets, Equality and Ethnicity – Building towards Financial Inclusion, London: Runnymede Trust Google Scholar
Khan, O. (2010b) Saving Beyond the High Street: A Profile of Saving Patterns among Black and Minority Ethnic People, London: Runnymede Trust.Google Scholar
Kus, B. (2015) ‘Sociology of debt: states, credit markets, and indebted citizens’, Sociology Compass, 9, 3, 212–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lusardi, A. and Mitchell, O. S. (2008) ‘Planning and financial literacy: how do women fare?’, The American Economic Review, 98, 2, 413–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lusardi, A. and Tufano, P. (2015) ‘Debt literacy, financial experiences, and overindebtedness’, Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, 14, Special Issue 4: Household Finance, 332–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marron, D. (2013) ‘Governing poverty in a Neoliberal age: New Labour and the case of financial exclusion’, New Political Economy, 18, 6, 785810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marron, D. (2014) ‘“Informed, educated and more confident”: financial capability and the problematization of personal finance consumption’, Consumption Markets and Culture, 17, 5, 491511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morawiec, J., Little, S. and Kinloch, C. (2016) A Picture of Over-Indebtedness, Money Advice Service and CACI, https://moneyandpensionsservice.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/a-picture-of-overindebtness.pdf [accessed 11.05.2021].Google Scholar
Nagelkerke, N. J. D. (1991) ‘A note on a general definition of the coefficient of determination’, Biometrika, 78, 691–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noone, J., Alpass, F. and Stephens, C. (2010) ‘Do men and women differ in their retirement planning? Testing a theoretical model of gendered pathways to retirement preparation’, Research on Aging, 32, 6, 715–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Office for National Statistics (2014) Nomis, Official Labour Market Statistics Table ID KS201UK, https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks201uk [accessed 23.11.2021].Google Scholar
Ottaviani, C. and Vandone, D. (2018) ‘Financial literacy, debt burden and impulsivity: a mediation analysis’, Economic Notes, 47, 23, 439–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pantazis, C., Gordon, D. and Levitas, R. (2006) Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain, Bristol: Policy Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, C-Y J., Lee, K.L. and Ingersoll, G.M. (2002) ‘An introduction to logistic regression analysis and reporting’, The Journal of Educational Research, 96, 1, 314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pensions Policy Institute (2016) The Pensions Primer: A Guide to the UK Pension System, Pensions Policy Institute, https://www.pensionspolicyinstitute.org.uk/media/1801/20160301-the-underpensioned-2016-executive-summary.pdf [accessed 16/11/2021].Google Scholar
Prabhakar, R. (2019) ‘Financial inclusion: a tale of two literatures’, Social Policy and Society, 18, 1, 3750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, D. (2007) ‘Closing the gender gap in retirement income: what difference will recent UK pension reforms make?’, Journal of Social Policy, 36, 4, 561–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowlingson, K., Appleyard, L. and Gardner, J. (2016) ‘Payday lending in the UK: the regul(aris)ation of a necessary evil?’, Journal of Social Policy, 45, 3, 527–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowlingson, K. and McKay, S. (2017) Financial Inclusion Annual Monitoring Report 2017, London: Friends Provident Foundation.Google Scholar
Ryder, N. and Thomas, R. (2011) ‘Convenient credit and consumer protection – a critical review of the responses of Labour and Coalition governments’, Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 33, 1, 8595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salignac, F., Muir, K. and Wong, J. (2016) ‘Are you really financially excluded if you choose not to be included? Insights from social exclusion, resilience and ecological systems’, Journal of Social Policy, 45, 2, 269–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sefton, T., Evandrou, M., Falkingham, J. and Vlachantoni, A. (2011) ‘The relationship between women’s work histories and incomes in later life in the UK, US and West Germany’, Journal of European Social Policy, 21, 1, 2036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherraden, M. (2013) ‘Building blocks of financial capability’, in Birkenmaier, J., Sherraden, M. and Curley, J. (eds.), Financial Capability and Asset Development, New York: Oxford University Press, 343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Zwan, N. (2014) ‘Making sense of financialization’, Socio-Economic Review, 12, 1, 99129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vickerstaff, S. (2010) ‘Older workers: the ‘unavoidable obligation’ of extending our working lives?’, Sociology Compass, 4, 10, 869–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vlachantoni, A., Feng, Z., Evandrou, M. and Falkingham, J. (2015) ‘Ethnicity and occupational pension membership in the UK’, Social Policy and Administration, 49, 7, 801–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vlachantoni, A., Feng, Z., Evandrou, M. and Falkingham, J. (2017) ‘Ethnic elders and pension protection in the United Kingdom’, Ageing and Society, 37, 5, 1025–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warburton, J., Ng, S. H. and Shardlow, S. M. (2013) ‘Social inclusion in an ageing world: introduction to the special issue’, Ageing and Society, 33, 1, 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, T. (2015) ‘Work-time underemployment and financial hardship: class inequalities and recession in the UK’, Work, Employment and Society, 29, 2, 191212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar