Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T03:22:01.243Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Culturalist Approach to Ethnic Nationalist Movements: Symbolization and Basque and Catalan Nationalism in Spain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2016

Laura Desfor Edles
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The Spanish transition to democracy after the death of General Francisco Franco in 1975 is heralded as the “very model” of successful transition from authoritarianism to democracy (Gunther 1992), the epitome of “transition through transaction” (Share 1986, 1987). Spain is proclaimed “the country to be studied” (Przeworski 1986: 61) for good cause. Despite a long history of political turmoil, a notoriously brutal civil war, and nearly 40 years of dictatorship, Spain transformed itself into a democracy “from the inside out” using a remarkably quiescent process of reform called, significantly, the “strategy of consensus” (Carr and Fusi 1979; Payne 1985).

Type
Articles
Information
Social Science History , Volume 23 , Issue 3 , Fall 1999 , pp. 311 - 355
Copyright
Copyright © Social Science History Association 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alba, Victor (1975) Catalonia. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Alexander, Jeffrey (1988) Durkheimian Cultural Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Alexander, Jeffrey, and Smith, Phil (1993) “The discourse of American civil society.” Theory and Society 22: 151–207.Google Scholar
Alexander, Jeffrey, and Seidman, Steven (1990) Culture and Society: Contemporary Debates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict (1983) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Speed of Nationalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Baksh, Teresa Eve (1987) “Spanish industrialization and ethnic suppression: Can rural Basque games survive?” Journal of Basque Studies 6: 26–30.Google Scholar
Balcells, Albert (1996) Catalan Nationalism. New York: St. Martin’s.Google Scholar
Beltrán, Miguel (1994) “Perfil socioeconómico y conciencia de identidad en las comunidades autonomas,” in Francisco López-Casero, Wather Bernecker, and Peter Maldmann (eds.) El Precio de la Modernización. Madrid: Iberoamericano: 229–326.Google Scholar
Ben-Ami, Shlomo (1983) Fascism from Above: The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in Spain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Quoted in George Esenwein and Adrian Shubert (1995) Spain at War: The Spanish Civil War in Context, 1931–1939. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Bonime-Blanc, Andrea (1987) Spain’s Transition to Democracy: The Politics of Constitution-Making. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Boyle, Catherine (1995) “The politics of popular music: On the dynamics of the new song,” in Helen Graham and Jo Labanyi (eds.) Spanish Cultural Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 291–94.Google Scholar
Brandes, Stanley (1991) “Catalan expressive culture and Catalan national identity,” in Azevedo, Milton M. (ed.) Contemporary Catalonia in Spain and Europe. Berkeley: University of California Press: 62–69.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Craig (1991) “The problem of identity in collective action,” in Huber, Joan (ed.) Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage: 51–75.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Craig (1993) “Nationalism and ethnicity.” Annual Review of Sociology 19: 211–39.Google Scholar
Callois, Roger (1959) Man and the Sacred. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Campo, Salustiano del, Navarro, Manuel, and Felix Tezanos, José (1977) La cuestión regional española. Madrid: Edicusa.Google Scholar
Carr, Raymond (1966) Spain 1808–1939. London: Clarendon. Quoted in Marianne Heiberg (1982) “Urban politics and rural culture: Basque nationalism,” in Rokkan, Stein and Urwin, Derek (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity. London: Sage: 355–87.Google Scholar
Carr, Raymond, and Fusi, Pablo (1979) Spain: Dictatorship to Democracy. London: George Allen.Google Scholar
Castresana Waid, Gloria (1987) “Euskadi-Spain: Linguistic, social, and political contexts.” Journal of Basque Studies 6: 13–28.Google Scholar
Clark, Robert (1979) The Basques: The Franco Years and Beyond. Reno: University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Robert(1984) The Basque Insurgents. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Robert (1987) “Dimensions of Basque political culture in post-Franco Spain,” in Douglas, W. (ed.) Basque Politics: A Case Study of Ethnic Nationalism. Reno: University of Nevada Press: 217–63.Google Scholar
Clark, Robert(1990) Negotiating with ETA. Reno: University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar
Collins, Roger (1987) The Basques. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Conversi, Daniele (1997) The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain. Reno: University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar
Coverdale, John (1985) “Regional nationalism and the elections in the Basque Country,” in Penniman, Howard and Mujal-León, Eusebio (eds.) Spain at the Polls, 1977,1979, and 1982: A Study of the National Elections. Durham, NC: Duke University Press: 226–52.Google Scholar
Crane, Diana (ed.) (1994) The Sociology of Culture. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
del Aguila, Rafael, and Montoro, Ricardo (1984) El discurso político de la transición española. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.Google Scholar
del Valle, Teresa (1994) Korrika: Basque Ritual for Ethnic Identity. Reno: University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar
Díaz López, César (1982) “The politicization of Galician cleavages,” in Rokkan, Stein and Urwin, Derek (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity. London: Sage: 389–424.Google Scholar
Díez Medrano, Juan (1995) Divided Nations: Class, Politics, and Nationalism in the Basque Country and Catalonia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Douglas, Mary (1966) Purity and Danger. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Durkheim, Emile (1965) [1912] The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Edles, Laura Desfor (1995) “Rethinking democratic transition: A culturalist critique and the Spanish case.” Theory and Society 24: 355–84.Google Scholar
Edles, Laura Desfor (1998) Symbol and Ritual in the New Spain: The Spanish Transition to Democracy after Franco. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Esenwein, George, and Shubert, Adrian (1995) Spain at War: The Spanish Civil War in Context 1931–1939. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Marjorie, and Golding, Peter (eds.) (1997) Cultural Studies in Question. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Ferrater Mora, Josep (1960) [1944] Les formes de la vida catalana. Barcelona: Selecta. Quoted in Giner, Salvador, Flaquer, Lluis, Busquet, Jordi, and Bultà, Nuria (1996) La cultura catalana: El sagrat i el profà. Barcelona: Edicions 62.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel (1972) The Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Fusi, Juan Pablo (1996) “España, nacionalidades, regiones,” in Tussell, J., Lamo de Espinosa, E., and Pardo, R. (eds.) Entre Dos Siglos. Madrid: Alianza: 333–52.Google Scholar
García Ferrando, Manuel (1994) La conciencia nacional y regional en la España de las autonomías. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.Google Scholar
Gelder, Ken, and Thornton, Sarah (eds.) (1997) The Subcultures Reader. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gies, David (1994) “A country in Spain.” Wilson Quarterly 18: 70–76.Google Scholar
Gilmour, David (1985) The Transformation of Spain. London: Quartet Books.Google Scholar
Giner, Salvador, Flaquer, Lluis, Busquet, Jordi, and Bultà, Núria (1996) La cultura catalana: El sagrat i el profà. Barcelona: Edicions 62.Google Scholar
Gray, Ann, and McGuigan, Jim (eds.) (1993) Studying Culture. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Guardiola, Carles-Jordi (1980) Per la llengua: Llengua i cultura als Paϊsos Catalans, 1939-1977. Barcelona: Magrana. Quoted in Kathryn Woolard (1989) Double Talk: Bilingualism and the Politics of Ethnicity in California. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gunther, Richard (1992) “Spain: The very model of elite settlement,” in Higley, John and Gunther, Richard (eds.) Elites and Democratic Transition in Latin America and Southern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 38–80.Google Scholar
Gunther, Richard, Sani, Giacomo, and Shabad, Goldie (1986) Spain after Franco: The Making of a Competitive Party System. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hechter, Michael (1986) “Rational choice theory and the study of race and ethnic relations,” in Rex, John and Mason, David (eds.) Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 264–80.Google Scholar
Heiberg, Marianne (1982) “Urban politics and rural culture: Basque nationalism,” in Rokkan, Stein and Urwin, Derek (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity. London: Sage: 355–87.Google Scholar
Heiberg, Marianne (1989) The Making of the Basque Nation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hollyman, John (1975) “Basque revolutionary separatism,” in Preston, Paul (ed.) Spain in Crisis. London: Harvester Press: 212–33.Google Scholar
Hughes, Robert (1992) Barcelona. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Johnston, Hank (1991) Tales of Nationalism: Catalonia, 1939-1979. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Temma (1992) Red City, Blue Period: Social Movements in Picasso’s Barcelona. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kertzer, David (1988) Ritual, Politics and Power. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Khatami, Siamak (1997) “Between class and nation: Ideology and radical Basque ethnonationalism,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 20: 395–417.Google Scholar
Lasagabaster, Jesús María (1997) “The promotion of cultural production in Basque,” in Graham, Helen and Labanyi, Jo (eds.) Spanish Cultural Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 336–42.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan J., Gómez-Reino, Manuel, Orizo, Francisco A., and Vila, Darío (1981) Informe sociológico sobre el cambio político en España, 1975-1981. Madrid: Euramérica.Google Scholar
Llera, Francisco (1993) “Conflicto en Euzkadi revisited,” in Gunther, Richard (ed.) Politics, Society and Democracy: The Case of Spain. Boulder, CO: Westview: 169–95.Google Scholar
Long, Elizabeth (ed.) (1997) From Sociology to Cultural Studies. Maiden, MA: Black-well.Google Scholar
López Guerra, Luis (1989) “National and regional pluralism in contemporary Spain,” in Herr, Richard and Polt, John (eds.) Iberian Identity. Berkeley: University of California Institute of International Studies: 19–28.Google Scholar
Mar-Molinero, Clare (1995) “The politics of language: Spain’s minority languages,” in Graham, Helen and Labanyi, Jo (eds.) Spanish Cultural Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 336–42.Google Scholar
Murgades, Josep (1986) “Noucentisme,” in Termes, Josep (ed.) Catalanisme. Barcelona: L’Avenç/Xarxa Cultural: 99–114. Quoted in Daniele Conversi (1997) The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain. Reno: University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar
Newman, Saul (1996) Ethnoregional Conflict in Democracies: Mostly Ballots, Rarely Bullets. Westport, CT: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Parés I Maicas, Manuel (ed.) (1985) Approach to Catalonia. Barcelona: Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona.Google Scholar
Payne, Stanley (1975) Basque Nationalism. Reno: University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar
Payne, Stanley (1985) “Representative government in Spain: The historical background,” in Penniman, H. and Mujal-León, E. (eds.) Spain at the Polls, 1977, 1979, 1982. Durham, NC: Duke University Press: 1–29.Google Scholar
Pérez-Agote, Alfonso (1987) El nacionalismo vasco a la salida del franquismo. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.Google Scholar
Pi-Sunyer, Oriol (1985) “Catalan nationalism: Some theoretical and historical considerations,” in Tiryakian, E. and Rogowski, R. (eds.) New Nationalisms in the Developed West. Boston: Allen and Unwin: 254–76.Google Scholar
Prager, Jeffrey (1993) “Politics and illusion: A psychoanalytic exploration of nationalism,” in Prager, J. and Rustin, M. (eds.) Psychoanalytic Sociology, vol. 2. London: Edward Elgar: 303–22.Google Scholar
Preston, Paul (1988) “The legacy of the Spanish Civil War,” in Hart, Stephen (ed.) No Pasarán! Art, Literature, and the Spanish Civil War. London: Tamesis Books: 11–19.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam (1986) “Some problems in the study of transition,” in O’Donnell, G., Schmitter, P., and Whitehead, L. (eds.) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press: 47–63.Google Scholar
Ross, Chris (1996) “Nationalism and party competition in the Basque Country and Catalonia.” West European Politics 19: 488–506.Google Scholar
Sarasola, Ibon (1982) Historia social de la literatura vasca. Madrid: Akal.Google Scholar
Share, Donald (1986) The Making of Spanish Democracy. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Share, Donald (1987) “Transitions to democracy and transition through transaction.” Comparative Political Studies 19: 525–48.Google Scholar
Smith, Angel (1996) “Sardana, zarzuela, or cake walk? Nationalism and internationalism in the discourse, practice, and culture of the early twentieth century Barcelona labour movement,” in Smith, A. and Mar-Molinero, C. (eds.) Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula. Oxford: Berg: 171–90.Google Scholar
Smith, Angel, and Mar-Molinero, Clare (1996) “The myths and realities of nationbuilding in the Iberian peninsula,” in Smith, A. and Mar-Molinero, C. (eds.) Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula. Oxford: Berg: 1–30.Google Scholar
Solé-Tura, Jordi (1974) Catalanismo y revolución burguesa. Madrid: Edicusa. Quoted in Kathryn Woolard (1989) Double Talk: Bilingualism and the Politics of Ethnicity in California. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Solé-Tura, Jordi (1985) Nacionalidades y nacionalismos en España: Autonomías, federalismo, autodeterminación. Madrid: Alianza.Google Scholar
Sullivan, John (1988) ETA and Basque Nationalism. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tejerina, Benjamín (1992) Nacionalismo y lengua. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.Google Scholar
Tejerina, Benjamín (1996) “Language and Basque nationalism: Collective identity, social conflict and institutionalization,” in Smith, A. and Mar-Molinero, C. (eds.) Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula. Oxford: Berg: 221–36.Google Scholar
Terry, Arthur (1995) “Catalan literary modernisme and noucentisme: From dissidence to order,” in Graham, Helen and Labanyi, Jo (eds.) Spanish Cultural Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 55–57.Google Scholar
Vicens Vives, Jaume (1954) Noticia de Catalunya. Barcelona: Destine Quoted in Giner, Salvador, Flaquer, Lluis, Busquet, Jordi, and Bultà, Núria (1996) La cultura catalana: El sagrat i el profà. Barcelona: Edicions 62.Google Scholar
Vilar, Pierre (1967) Spain: A Brief History. Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Woolard, Kathryn (1989) Double Talk: Bilingualism and the Politics of Ethnicity in Catalonia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Ysàs, Pere (1994) “Democracia y autonomía en la transición española,” in Redero San Roman, Manuel (ed.) La transición a la democracia en España. Madrid: Ayer: 77–108.Google Scholar
Zirakzadeh, Cyrus (1991) A Rebellious People: Basques, Protests, and Politics. Reno: University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar
Zulaika, Joseba (1985) “The tragedy of Carlos,” in Douglass, William (ed.) Basque Politics: A Case Study in Ethnic Nationalism. Reno: University of Nevada Press: 309–31.Google Scholar
Zulaika, Joseba(1988) Basque Violence: Metaphor and Sacrament. Reno: University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar