Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:21:56.617Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Factionalism and Representation: Some Insight from the Nineteenth-Century United States

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2016

Michael Les Benedict
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Historians of mid-nineteenth-century American politics all know it to be an era when intraparty factional rivalry was almost as bitter as the struggle between parties. Recent studies, such as Joel Silbey’s A Respectable Minority (1977) and Michael Perman’s The Road to Reaction (1984), concentrate on disagreements between “legitimists” and “purists” in both parties. My own A Compromise of Principle (Benedict, 1975) stressed factionalism among Republicans in the 1860s, while the first chapter of Robert D. Marcus’s study of political structure in the Gilded Age, Grand Old Party (1971), is entitled “Faction.”

Type
Research Article
Information
Social Science History , Volume 9 , Issue 4 , Fall 1985 , pp. 361 - 398
Copyright
Copyright © Social Science History Association 1985 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, R. H. (1976) “Massachusetts: maintaining hegemony” in Mohr, J. C. (ed.) Radical Republicans in the North: State Politics During Reconstruction. Baltimore, MD and London, England: Johns Hopkins University Press: 1–25.Google Scholar
Adams, H. (1869) “The Session.” North American Review. 108 (April): 617.Google Scholar
Aronoff, M.J. (1978) “Fission and fusion,” in Belloni, E. P. and Beller, D. C.(eds.) Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective. Santa Barbara, CA and Oxford, England: ABC-Clio Press: 109–139.Google Scholar
Banton, M. [ed.] (1965) Political Systems and Distribution of Power. London, England: Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar
Barclay, T. S. (1926) The Liberal Republican Movement in Missouri, 1865–1871. Columbia, MO: State Historical Society of Missouri.Google Scholar
Beldon, T. G., and Beldon, M. R. (1956) So Fell the Angels. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co.Google Scholar
Beller, D. C. and Belloni, F. P. (1978) “Party and faction: modes of political competition,” in Belloni, F. P. and Beller, D. C. (eds.) Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective. Santa Barbara, CA and Oxford, England: ABC-Clio Press: 417–450.Google Scholar
Belloni, F. P. (1972) “Politics in a faction-dominant system: analysis of christian democratic party of Italy.” Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA.Google Scholar
Belloni, F. P. (1978) “Factionalism, the party system, and Italian politics,” in Belloni, F. P. and Beller, D. C. (eds.) Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective. Santa Barbara, CA and Oxford, England: ABC-Clio Press.Google Scholar
Benedict, M. L. (1972) “The rout of radicalism: republicans and the election of 1867.” Civil War History 17 (November): 334–344.Google Scholar
Benedict, M. L. (1975) A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction, 1863–1869. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Benedict, M. L. (1980a) “Laissez-faire, class legislation, and the origins of substantive due process of law.” Paper delivered at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Washington, DC, March 25.Google Scholar
Benedict, M. L. (1980b) “Southern Democrats in the crisis of 1876-1877: a reconsideration of reunion and reaction.” Journal of Southern History 46 (November): 489–524.Google Scholar
Bigelow, J. (1909) Retrospections of an Active Life (4 vols.). New York: The Baker and Taylor Company.Google Scholar
Black, E. and Black, M. (1982) “Successful and durable democratic factions in southern politics,” in Moreland, L. W. et. al. (eds.) Contemporary Southern Political Attitudes and Behavior: Studies and Essays. New York, NY: Praeger: 99–106.Google Scholar
Blackburn, G. M. (1976) “Michigan: quickening government in a developing state,” in Mohr, J. C. (ed.) Radical Republicans in the North: State Politics During Reconstruction. Baltimore, MD and London, England: Johns Hopkins University Press: 119–143.Google Scholar
Blake, N. M. (1935) William Mahone of Virginia: Soldier and Political Insurgent. Richmond, VA: Garrett and Massie.Google Scholar
Bonadio, F. A. (1970) North of Reconstruction: Ohio Politics, 1865–1870. New York, NY: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Bone, H. A. (1971) American Politics and the Party System (4th ed.) New York and other cities.Google Scholar
Boston Weekly Commonwealth (1866).Google Scholar
Boynton, H. V. (1876) “The Whiskey Ring.” North American Review 123 (October): 280–327.Google Scholar
Canon, B. C. (1978) “Factionalism in the south: a test of a theory and a revision of V. O. Key, Jr.” American Political Science Review 22 (November): 833–848.Google Scholar
Carman, H. J. and Luthin, R. H. (1943) Lincoln and the Patronage. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Cassinelli, C. W. (1973) “The law of oligarchy.” American Political Science Review 67 (September): 773–784.Google Scholar
Chambers, W. N. (1963) Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776–1809. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chidsey, D. B. (1935) The Gentleman From New York: A Life of Roscoe Conklin. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Cincinnati Historical Society. Salmon P. Chase’s papers. Cincinnati, OH.Google Scholar
Cincinnati Daily Commercial (1867).Google Scholar
Current, R. N. (1976) “Wisconsin: shifting strategies to stay on top,” in Mohr, J. C. (ed.) Radical Republicans in the North: State Politics During Reconstruction. Baltimore, MD and London, England: Johns Hopkins University Press: 144–166.Google Scholar
Curtis, G. W. (1894) “Machine politics and the remedy,” vol. 3 in Norton, C. E. (ed.) Orations and Addresses of George William Curtis (3 vols.). New York, NY: Harper and Brothers.Google Scholar
Dobson, J. M. (1972) Politics in the Gilded Age: A New Perspective. New York, NY and other cities: Praeger.Google Scholar
Downey, M. T. (1963) “The rebirth of reform: a study of reform movements, 1865–1871.” Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton.Google Scholar
Driggs, O. T. Jr. (1949) “The issues of the Powell Clayton regime, 1868–1871.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 8 (Spring): 1–75.Google Scholar
Duverger, M. (1954) Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Dykstra, R. A. (1976) “Iowa: ‘bright radical star,’” in Mohr, J. C. (ed.) Radical Republicans in the North: State Politics During Reconstruction. Baltimore, MD and London, England: Johns Hopkins University Press: 167–193.Google Scholar
Echols, M. T. and Ranney, A. (1976) “The impact of intraparty competition reconsidered: the case of Florida.” Western Political Quarterly 24 (December): 142–153.Google Scholar
Epstein, L. (1958) Politics in Wisconsin. Madison, wi.Google Scholar
Fenton, J. H. (1957) Politics in the Border States: A Study of Political Organization and Political Change Common to the Border States—Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri. New Orleans, LA: Hauser Press.Google Scholar
Fish, C. R. (1904) The Civil Service and the Patronage. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Foulke, W. D. (1899) Life of Oliver P. Morton, Including His Most Important Speeches (2 vols.). Indianapolis, IN and Kansas City, MO: Bowen-Merrill.Google Scholar
Fukui, H. (1978) “Japan: factionalism in a dominant party system,” in Belloni, F. P. and Beller, D. C. (eds.) Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective. Santa Barbara, CA and Oxford, England: ABC-Clio: 43–72.Google Scholar
George, M. K. (1965) “Zachariah Chandler, radical revisited.” Ph.D. dissertation, St. Louis University.Google Scholar
Gillette, H. F. (1970) “Corrupt and contented: Philadelphia’s political machine, 1865-1887.” Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University.Google Scholar
Gray, R. D. [ed.] (1977) Gentlemen From Indiana: National Party Candidates, 1836-1940. Indiana Historical Collections, Volume 50. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Historical Bureau.Google Scholar
Greenstein, F. I. (1970) The American Party System and the American People (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Gusfield, J. R. (1968) “Social movements: the study of social movements,” in the International Encyclopedia of Social Science (18 vols.). New York, NY: The Macmillan Company: 14: 445–450.Google Scholar
Harper’s Weekly (1867–1879).Google Scholar
Harrel, J. M. (1893) The Brooks and Baxter War. St. Louis, MO: n.p. Harris, A. G. (1942) “The whiskey frauds of Grant’s administration.” Masters thesis, The Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Harris, J. P. (1953) The Advice and Consent of the Senate: A Study of the Confirmation of Appointments by the United States Senate. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Harris, W. C. (1917) Public Life of Zachariah Chandler, 1851–1875. Lansing, MI.Google Scholar
Haworth, P. L. (1906) The Hayes-Tilden Disputed Election of 1876. Cleveland, OH: Burrows Bros. Co.Google Scholar
Hayes Memorial Library. Rutherford B. Hayes Collection. Fremont, OH.Google Scholar
Hershkowitz, L. (1977) Tweed’s New York: Another Look. Garden City, NJ: Anchor Press.Google Scholar
Hine, W. C. (1979) “Frustration, factionalism, and failure: The Republican party and reconstruction in Charleston, 1865-1877.” Ph.D. dissertation, Kent State University.Google Scholar
Hirshson, S. P. (1967) Grenville M. Dodge: Soldier, Politician, Railroad Pioneer. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Hofstadter, R. (1955) The Age of Reform: From Bryant to F. D. R. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Holt, Thomas (1977) Black Over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina During Reconstruction. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Hoogenboom, A. (1970) “Civil service reform and public morality,” in Morgan, H. W. (ed.) The Gilded Age (rev. ed.). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press: 77–95.Google Scholar
Houghton Library. Palfrey papers. Harvard University. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
House, A. V. (1956) “Men, morals, and manipulation in the Pennsylvania democracy of 1875.” Pennsylvania History 23 (April): 248–266.Google Scholar
Hughes, D. F. (1963) “Salmon Portland Chase: chief justice.” Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Huntington Library. Barlow papers. San Marino, CA.Google Scholar
Indianapolis Daily Journal (1867).Google Scholar
Jewell, M. E. and Olson, David M. (1972) American State Political Parties and Elections (rev. ed.). Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, P. E. (1978) A Shopkeeper’s Millenium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837. New York, NY: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Jordon, D. M. (1971) Roscoe Conkling of New York: Voice in the Senate. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Julian, G. W. (1884) Political Recollections, 1840–1872. Chicago, IL: Riverside.Google Scholar
Keller, M. (1977) Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Key, V. O. Jr. (1942) Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups. New York, NY: Thomas Y. Crowell Co.Google Scholar
Key, V. O. Jr. (1949) Southern Politics in State and Nation. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Key, V. O. Jr. (1963) American State Politics: An Introduction. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Key, V. O. Jr. (1966a) The Responsible Electorate: Rationality in Presidential Voting, 1936–1960. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Key, V. O. Jr. (1966b) A Primer of Statistics for Political Scientists. New York, NY: Thomas Y. Crowell.Google Scholar
Klement, F. C. (1970) The Limits of Dissent: Clement C. Vallandigham and the Civil War. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar
Krane, D. and Allen, T. H. Jr. (1980) “Factional durability in Mississippi’s gubernatorial elections, 1927-1975,” in Steed, R. P. et. al. (eds.) Party Politics in the South. New York, NY: Praeger: 58–80.Google Scholar
Krug, M. (1965) Lyman Trumbull: Conservative Radical. New York, NY: A. S. Barnes & Co.Google Scholar
Landé, C. H. (1965) Leaders, Factions, and Parties: The Structure of Philippine Politics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lasswell, H. D. (1930–1935) “Factions,” in the Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (15 vols.). New York, NY: The Macmillan Co: 5: 51.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. C. et. al. [eds.] (1982) The Letters of Henry Adams, Vol. 11: 1868–1885. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
L.C. (Library of Congress). Allen papers. Manuscript Division.Google Scholar
L.C. (Library of Congress) Bayard papers. Manuscript Division.Google Scholar
L.C. (Library of Congress) Benjamin F. Wade, personal papers. Manuscript Division.Google Scholar
L.C. (Library of Congress) James A. Garfield, personal papers. Manuscript Division.Google Scholar
L.C. (Library of Congress) John Sherman, personal papers. Manuscript Division.Google Scholar
L.C. (Library of Congress) Marble papers. Manuscript Division.Google Scholar
L.C. (Library of Congress) McCulloch papers. Manuscript Division.Google Scholar
L.C. (Library of Congress) Salmon P. Chase’s papers. Manuscript Division.Google Scholar
L.C. (Library of Congress) Lyman Trumbull papers. Manuscript Division.Google Scholar
L.C. (Library of Congress) David A. Wells papers. Manuscript Division.Google Scholar
Lockard, D. (1959) New England State Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lockard, D. (1969) Politics of State and Local Government (2nd ed.). New York, NY and London, England: The Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Logsdon, J. (1971) Horace White, Nineteenth Century Liberal. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Lowell, J. R. (1869) “A look before and after.” North American Review 108 (January): 259–260.Google Scholar
Machado, K. G. (1978) “Continuity and change in Philippine factionalism,” in Belloni, F. P. and Beller, D. C. (eds.) Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective. Santa Barbara, CA and Oxford, England: ABC-Clio: 193–218.Google Scholar
Marcus, R. D. (1971) Grand Old Party: Political Structure in the Gilded Age, 1880–1896. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McDaniel, R. C. (1974) “Georgia carpetbagger: John Emory Bryant, and the ambiguity of reform during reconstruction.” Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University.Google Scholar
Memphis Daily Avalanche (1876).Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1957) Social Theory and Social Structure (rev. ed.). Glencoe, IL: Free Press.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1968) “Moisei I. Ostrogorski,” in the International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences (18 vols.). New York, NY: The Macmillan Company: 11: 347–351.Google Scholar
Michels, R. (1959) Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. New York, NY: Collier Books.Google Scholar
Mohr, J. C. [ed.] (1973) The Radical Republicans and Reform in New York During Reconstruction. Baltimore, MD and London, England: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Moreland, L. W., et. al. [eds.] (1982) Contemporary Southern Political Attitudes and Behavior: Studies and Essays. New York, NY: Praeger.Google Scholar
Morgan, H. W. [ed.] (1970) The Gilded Age (rev. ed.). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Morton, R. L. (1915) The Negro in Virginia Politics, 1865–1902. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar
Mosca, G. (1939) The Ruling Class. New York, NY: MacGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Mushkat, J. (1981) The Reconstruction of the New York Democracy, 1861–1874. Rutherford, NJ and other cities: Farleigh Dickinson University Press.Google Scholar
Nashville Weekly American (1876).Google Scholar
Nathan, A. J. (1978) “An analysis of factionalism of Chinese Communist Party politics,” in Belloni, F. P. and Beller, D. C. (eds.) Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective. Santa Barbara, CA and Oxford, England: ABC-Clio: 387–416.Google Scholar
Nathans, E. S. (1968) Losing the Peace: Georgia Republicans and Reconstruction, 1865–1871. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar
Nation (1867–1879).Google Scholar
New York Historical Society. Miscellaneous Mss. Seymour. New York, NY.Google Scholar
New York Times (1867).Google Scholar
Nicholas, R. W. (1965) “Factions: a comparative analysis,” in Banton, M. (ed.) Political Systems and Distribution of Power. London, England: Tavistock Publications: 21–61.Google Scholar
Nicholson, N. K. (1972) “The factional model and the study of politics.” Comparative Political Studies 5 (October): 291–314.Google Scholar
Nicholson, N. K. (1978) “Factionalism and public policy in India: the vertical dimension,” in Belloni, F. P. and Beller, D. C. (eds.) Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective. Santa Barbara, CA and Oxford, England: ABC-Clio: 161–192.Google Scholar
Niven, J. (1973) “Connecticut: slow progress in the land of steady habits,” in Mohr, J. C. (ed.) Radical Republicans in the North. Baltimore, MD and London, England: Johns Hopkins University Press: 26–49.Google Scholar
North American Review (1867–1879).Google Scholar
Norton, C. E. [ed.] (1894) Orations and Addresses of George William Curtis (3 vols). New York, NY: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar
Oberlin College Library. Cox papers. Oberlin, OH.Google Scholar
Ogden, R. (1907) Life and Letters of Edward Lawrence Godkin (2 vols.). New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Ostrogorski, M. I. (1921) Democracy and the Party System in the United States: A Study in Extra-Constitutional Government. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Ostrogorski, M. I. (1922) Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties (2 vols.). New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Parks, J. H. (1977) Joseph E. Brown of Georgia. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar
Perman, M. (1984) The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869–1879. Chapel Hill, NC: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Perzer, E. (1965) “Alexander Long, Salmon P. Chase, and the election of 1868.” Bulletin of the Cincinnati Historical Society 23 (January): 3–10.Google Scholar
Peterson, N. L. (1965) Freedom and Franchise: The Political Career of B. Gatz Brown. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.Google Scholar
Polakoff, K. I. (1973) The Politics of Inertia: The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar
Powell, J. D. (1970) “Peasant society and clientelist politics.” American Political Science Review 64 (June): 411–425.Google Scholar
Ranney, A. (1974) Curing the Mischief of Faction: Party Reform in America. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Riddleberger, P. W. (1966) George Washington Julian, Radical Republican: A Study in Nineteenth Century Politics and Reform. Volume XLIV of the Indiana Historical Collections. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Historical Bureau.Google Scholar
Ridge, M. (1962) Ignatius Donnelly: Portrait of a Politician. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rienow, R. and Rienow, L. T. (1965) Of Snuff, Sin and the Senate. Chicago, IL: Follett Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Roback, T. H. and James, J. J. (1978) “Party factions in the United States,” in Belloni, F. P. and Beller, D. C. (eds.) Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective. Santa Barbara, CA and Oxford, England: ABC-Clio: 329–360.Google Scholar
Robinson, M. C. (1973) “Illinois politics in the post-Civil War era: the liberal republican movement, a test case.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wyoming.Google Scholar
Rose, R. (1964) “Parties, factions, and tendencies in Britain.” Political Studies 12 (February): 33–46.Google Scholar
Roseboom, E. H. (1944) The Civil War Era, 1850–1873. Columbus, OH: Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society.Google Scholar
Rothman, D. J. (1971) The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order in the New York Republic. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co.Google Scholar
Sage, L. L. (1956) W. B. Allison: A Study in Practical Politics. Iowa City, IA: State Historical Society of Iowa.Google Scholar
Sortori, G. (1976) Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis (2 vols.). Cambridge, England and other cities: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, J. (1968) “Political parties: party units,” in the International Encyclopedia of Social Science (18 vols.). New York, NY: The Macmillan Company: 11: 428–435.Google Scholar
Schmidt, S. W. el. al. [eds.] (1977) Friends, Followers, and Factions: A Reader in Political Clientelism. Berkeley, CA and other cities: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Schofner, J. H. (1973) Nor Is It Over Yet: Florida in the Era of Reconstruction, 1863–1877. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press.Google Scholar
Seldon, M. E. (1977) “George Washington Julian: political independent,” in Gray, R. D. (ed.) Gentlemen From Indiana: National Party Candidates, 1836–1840. Indiana Historical Collections, Volume 50. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Historical Bureau: 31–54.Google Scholar
Shadgett, O. H. (1964) The Republican Party in Georgia From Reconstruction Through 1900. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Silbey, J. (1977) A Respectable Minority: The Democratic party in the Civil War Era, 1860–1868. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Sindler, A. P. (1955) “Bi-factional rivalry as an alternative to two-party competition in Louisiana.” American Political Science Review 44 (September): 641–662.Google Scholar
Sindler, A. P. (1956) Huey Long’s Louisiana: State Politics, 1920–1952. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Sproat, J. G. (1968) “The Best Men”: Liberal Reformers in the Gilded Age. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Steed, R. P. et. al. [eds.] (1980) Party Politics in the South. New York, NY: Praeger.Google Scholar
Summers, M. W. (1984) Railroads, Reconstruction and the Gospel of Prosperity: Aid Under the Radical Republicans, 1865–1877. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Swenson, P. D. (1976) “Illinois: disillusionment with state activism,” in Mohr, J. C. (ed.) Radical Republicans in the North: State Politics During Reconstruction. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press: 104–118.Google Scholar
Swinney, E. (1967) “United States v. Powell Clayton: use of the federal enforcement acts in Arkansas.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 26 (Summer): 143–154.Google Scholar
Tatalovich, R. (1976) “Friends and neighbors voting in Mississippi, 1943–1973.” Journal of Politics, 37 (August): 807–814.Google Scholar
Taylor, A. M. (1969) The Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia. New York, NY: Russell and Russell.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. G. (1974) Louisiana Reconstructed, 1863–1877. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. B. (1954) Matthew Hale Carpenter: Webster of the West. Madison, wi: State Historical Society of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Tusa, J. B. (1970) “Power, priorities, and political insurgency: the liberal republican movement, 1869–1872.” Ph.D. dissertation, Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
U.S. Congress (1867) Congressional Globe. 39th Congress, 2nd Session.Google Scholar
U.S. Congress (1869) Congressional Globe. 40th Congress, 3rd Session.Google Scholar
Van Wingen, J. R. (1984) “Localism, factional fluidity, and factionalism: Louisiana and Mississippi gubernatorial contests,” Social Science History 8 (Winter): 34–41.Google Scholar
Wallace, A. F. C. (1978) Rockdale: The Growth of an American Village in the Early Industrial Revolution. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Weingrod, A. (1968) “Patrons, patronage, and political parties.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 10 (July): 377–400.Google Scholar
White, H. (1913) The Life of Lyman Trumbull. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.Google Scholar
White, L. (1954) The Jacksonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1828–1861. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
White, L. (1958) The Republican Era: A Study in Administrative History, 1869–1901. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Wiggins, S. W. (1977) The Scalawags in Alabama Politics, 1865–1881. University, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Wilentz, S. (1984) Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788–1850. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
William R. Perkins Library. Mahone papers. Duke University. Durham, NC.Google Scholar
Woodward, C. V. (1966) Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co.Google Scholar
Younger, E. (1955) John A. Kasson: Politics and Diplomacy from Lincoln to McKinley. Iowa City, IA: State Historical Society of Iowa.Google Scholar
Zariski, R. (1960) “Party factions and comparative politics: some preliminary observations.” Midwest Journal of Political Science 4 (February): 27–51.Google Scholar
Zariski, R. (1978) “Party factions and comparative politics: some empirical findings,” in Belloni, F. P. and Beller, D. C. (eds.) Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective. Santa Barbara, CA and Oxford, England: ABC-Clio: 19–38.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, A. S. (1979) The Politics of Faction: Christian Democratic Rule in Italy. New Haven, CT and London, England: Yale University Press.Google Scholar