Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T07:35:59.408Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

“New Social Movements” of the Early Nineteenth Century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2016

Craig Calhoun
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Sometime After 1968, analysts and participants began to speak of “new social movements” that worked outside formal institutional channels and emphasized lifestyle, ethical, or “identity” concerns rather than narrowly economic goals. A variety of examples informed the conceptualization. Alberto Melucci (1988: 247), for instance, cited feminism, the ecology movement or “greens,” the peace movement, and the youth movement. Others added the gay movement, the animal rights movement, and the antiabortion and prochoice movements. These movements were allegedly new in issues, tactics, and constituencies. Above all, they were new by contrast to the labor movement, which was the paradigmatic “old” social movement, and to Marxism and socialism, which asserted that class was the central issue in politics and that a single political economic transformation would solve the whole range of social ills. They were new even by comparison with conventional liberalism with its assumption of fixed individual identities and interests. The new social movements thus challenged the conventional division of politics into left and right and broadened the definition of politics to include issues that had been considered outside the domain of political action (Scott 1990).

Type
Special Section: Historical Perspectives on Social Movements, Part 2
Information
Social Science History , Volume 17 , Issue 3 , Fall 1993 , pp. 385 - 427
Copyright
Copyright © Social Science History Association 1993 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amann, Peter (1975) Revolution and Mass Democracy: The Paris Club Movement in 1848. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ronald, Aminzade (forthcoming) Ballots and Barricades. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Aronowitz, Stanley (1992) Identity Politics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Barber, Benjamin (1984) Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bell, Daniel (1982) The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Berk, Richard A. (1974) Collective Behavior. Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre (1984) Distinction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Craig (1982) The Question of Class Struggle. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Craig (1983a) “The radicalism of tradition: Community strength or vener able disguise and borrowed language?” American Journal of Sociology 88: 886–914.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Craig (1983b) “Industrialization and social radicalism: British and French workers’ movements and the mid-nineteenth century crisis.” Theory and Society 12: 485–504.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Craig (1988) “Populist politics, communications media, and large scale social integration.” Sociological Theory 6: 219-41.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Craig (1989) “Classical social theory and the French revolution of 1848.” Sociological Theory 7: 210-25.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Craig (1993) “Postmodernism as pseudohistory.” Theory, Culture and Society: 10: 75–96.Google Scholar
Cohen, Jean (1985) “Strategy or identity: New theoretical paradigms and contemporary social movements.” Social Research 52: 663–716.Google Scholar
Cohen, Jean, and Arato, Andrew (1992) Civil Society and Political Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Currie, Eliott, and Skolnick, Jerome H. (1970) “A critical note on conceptions of collective behavior.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 391: 34–45.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. (1956) A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. (1961) Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Drescher, Seymour (1987) Capitalism and Antislavery. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eder, Klaus (1985) “The ‘new social movements’: Moral crusades, political pressure groups, or social movements?” Social Research 52: 869–901.Google Scholar
Engels, Friedrich (1978 [1892]) “Socialism: Utopian and scientific,” in Tucker, R. C. (ed.) The Marx-Engels Reader. 2d ed. New York: Norton: 683–717.Google Scholar
Evans, Peter B., Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, and Skocpol, Theda, eds. (1985) Bringing the State Back In. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Evans, Sara M., and Boyte, Harry C. (1986) Free Spaces. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fladeland, Betty (1984) Abolitionists and Working-Class Problems in the Age of Industrialization. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar
Galbraith, John K. (1967) The New Industrial State. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.Google Scholar
Goodwyn, Lawrence (1976) Democratic Promise: The Populist Movement in America. New York: Oxford.Google Scholar
Gordon, Linda (1990) Woman’s Body,Woman’s Right: Birth Control in America. Baltimore: Penguin.Google Scholar
Gouldner, Alvin (1970) The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology. Boston: Beacon.Google Scholar
Gusfield, Joseph (1963) Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jurgen (1962) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jurgen (1967) Legitimation Crisis. Boston: Beacon.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jurgen (1984) The Theory of Communicative Action. Vol. 1, Reason and the Rationalization of Society. Boston: Beacon.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jurgen (1988) The Theory of Communicative Action. Vol. 2, Lifeworld and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason. Boston: Beacon.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jurgen (1990) The New Conservatism: Cultural Criticism and the Historians’ Debate. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Harrison, John F. C. (1969) Quest for the New Moral World: Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America. New York: Scribners.Google Scholar
Held, David (1987) Models of Democracy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hirsch, Joachim (1988) “The crisis of Fordism, transformations of the ‘Keynesian’ security state, and new social movements.” Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change 10: 43–55.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Albeit (1982) Shifting Involvements. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hostetler, John A. (1980) Amish Society. 3d ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald (1990) Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Richard (1978) A Shopkeepers’ Millenium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837. New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Jones, Gareth Stedman (1984) Languages of Class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss (1972) Commitment and Community: Communes and Utopias in Sociological Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Katznelson, Ira, and Zolberg, Ari, eds. (1987) Working-Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Klandermans, B., Kriesi, H., and Tarrow, S., eds. (1988) From Structure to Action: Comparing Movement Participation across Cultures. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Kramer, L. (1988) Threshold of a New World: Intellectuals and the Exile Experience in Paris, 1830-1848. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Laclau, Ernesto, and Mouffe, Chantal (1985) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Lears, Jackson (1981) No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Lipset, Seymour Martin (1963) Political Man. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Lyotard, J.-F. (1984) The Postmodern Condition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug (1982) Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer (1988) “Social movements,” in Smelser, N. J. (ed.) Handbook of Sociology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage: 695–737.Google Scholar
McWilliams, Wilson Carey (1973) The Idea of Fraternity in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Marty, Martin (1984) Pilgrims in Their Own Land. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Marx, Gary (1970) “Issueless riots.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 391: 21–23.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl, and Engels, Friedrich (1976 [1848]) Manifesto of the Communist Party, in Karl Marx/Frederick Engels: Collected Works, vol. 6. London: Lawrence and Wishart: 477–519.Google Scholar
Matthews, Donald (1969) “The Second Great Awakening as an Organizing Process, 1780-1830: An Hypothesis,” American Quarterly 21: 21–43.Google Scholar
Meinecke, Friedrich (1970) Cosmopolitanism and the National State. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Melucci, Alberto (1980) “The new social movements: A theoretical approach.” Social Science Information 19:199–226.Google Scholar
Melucci, Alberto (1981) “Ten hypotheses for the analysis of new movements,” inPinto, D. (ed.) Contemporary Italian Sociology. New York: Cambridge University Press: 173-94.Google Scholar
Melucci, Alberto (1988) “Social movements and the democratization of everyday life,” in Keane, J. (ed.) Civil Society and the State. London: Verso: 245-60.Google Scholar
Melucci, Alberto (1989) Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Nissenbaum, Stephen (1980) Sex, Diet, and Debility in Jacksonian America. Greenwich, CT: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Oberschall, Anthony (1973) Social Conflict and Social Movements. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Offe, Claus (1985) “New social movements: Challenging the boundaries of institutional politics.” Social Research 52: 817-68.Google Scholar
Offe, Claus (1990) “Reflections on the institutional self-transformation of movement politics: A tentative stage model,” in Dalton, R. and Kuchler, M. (eds.) Challenging the Political Order: New Social and Political Movements in Western Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 232-50.Google Scholar
Owen, Robert, and Campbell, Alexander (1829) Debate on the Evidences of Christianity Containing an Examination of the “Social System” and of All the Systems of Scepticism of Ancient and Modern Times. 2 vols. Bethany, VA: Alexander Campbell.Google Scholar
Pateman, Carole (1970) Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pizzorno, Allessandro (1978) “Political exchange and collective identity in industrial conflict,” in Crouch, C. and Pizzorno, A. (eds.) The Resurgence of Class Conflict in Western Europe since 1968, vol. 2. London: Macmillan: 277-98.Google Scholar
Pizzorno, Allessandro (1985) “On the rationality of democratic choices.” Telos 18(63): 41–69.Google Scholar
Rendali, Jane (1985a) The Origins of Modern Feminism: Women in Britain, France and the United States, 1780-1860. Chicago: Lyceum.Google Scholar
Rendali, Jane, ed. (1985b) Equal or Different: Women’s Politics, 1800-1914. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Rorabaugh, W. J. (1979) The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rose, Anne (1981) Transcendentalism as a Social Movement, 1830-1850. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ross, Steven J. (1985) Workers on the Edge: Work, Leisure and Politics in Industrializing Cincinnati, 1788-1890. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Ryan, Mary (1990) Women in Public: Between Banners and Ballots. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Ryan, Mary (1992) “Gender and public access: Women’s politics in 19th century America,” in Calhoun, C. (ed.) Habermas and the Public Sphere. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press: 259-88.Google Scholar
Scott, Alan (1990) Ideology and the New Social Movements. London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Simmel, G. (1903) “The metropolis and mental life,” in Levine, D. N. (ed.) Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 324-39.Google Scholar
Smelser, Neil (1962) Theory of Collective Behavior. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Smelser, Neil (1970) “Two critics in search of a bias: A response to Currie and Skolnick.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 391:46–55.Google Scholar
Steinmetz, George (1990) “Beyond subjectivist and objectivist theories of conflict: Marxism, post-Marxism, and the new social movements.” Wilder House Working Paper #2, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney (1988) “National politics and collective action: Recent theory and research in Western Europe and the United States.” Annual Review of Sociology 14: 421-40.Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney (1989) Struggle, Politics and Reform: Collective Action, Social Move ments and Cycles of Protest. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press (Western Societies Papers no. 21).Google Scholar
Taylor, Barbara (1983) Eve and the New Jerusalem. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Thompson, Dorothy (1986) Chartism. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. (1968) The Making of the English Working Class. Rev. ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles (1978) From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles (1982) “Britain creates the social movement,” in Cronin, J. E. and Schneer, J. (eds.) Social Conflict and the Political Order in Modern Britain. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press: 21–51.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles (1986) The Contentious French. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer sity Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles, Tilly, Richard, and Tilly, Louise (1974) The Rebellious Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Touraine, A. (1971) Post-Industrial Society. London: Wildwood House.Google Scholar
Touraine, A. (1977) The Self-Production of Society. Chicago: University of Chi cago Press.Google Scholar
Touraine, A. (1981) The Voice and the Eye. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Touraine, A. (1985) “An introduction to the study of social movements.” Social Research 52: 749-88.Google Scholar
Touraine, A. (1988) The Return of the Actor. Minneapolis: University of Minne sota Press.Google Scholar
Traugott, Mark (1985) Armies of the Poor: Determinants of Working-Class Participation in the Parisian Insurrection of June 1848. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Tucker, Kenneth H. (1991) “How new are the new social movements.” Theory, Culture and Society 8: 75–98.Google Scholar
Walicki, Andrzej (1982) Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism: The Case of Poland. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Walters, Ronald G. (1978) American Reformers, 1815-1860. New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Wilentz, Sean (1984) Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850. New York: Oxford.Google Scholar
Zablocki, Benjamin (1970) The Joyful Community. Baltimore: Penguin.Google Scholar
Zald, Mayer N., and McCarthy, John D., eds. (1979) The Dynamics of Social Movements. Cambridge: Winthrop.Google Scholar