Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T16:43:34.651Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Self-Change Strategies in Smokers and Former Smokers: Spanish Adaptation of the SCS-CS and SCS-FS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2013

José Luis Carballo ,
Roberto Secades-Villa ,
José Ramón Fernández-Hermida ,
Olaya García-Rodríguez  and
Mª Teresa Bobes-Bascarán
José Luis Carballo*
Affiliation:
Universidad Miguel Hernández (Spain)
Roberto Secades-Villa
Affiliation:
Universidad de Oviedo (Spain)
José Ramón Fernández-Hermida
Affiliation:
Universidad de Oviedo (Spain)
Olaya García-Rodríguez
Affiliation:
Universidad de Barcelona (Spàin)
Mª Teresa Bobes-Bascarán
Affiliation:
Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia (Spain)
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to José Luis Carballo Crespo. Universidad Miguel Hernández. Departamento de Psicología de la Salud (Edificio Altamira). Avda. de la Universidad, s/n. 03202 Elche. Alicante (Spain). Phone: +34-966658309. Fax: +34-966658904. E-mail: jcarballo@umh.es
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to validate and adapt the Self-Change Strategies in Current Smokers (SCS-CS) and the Self-Change Strategies in Former Smokers (SCS-FS) (Christie & Etter, 2005) to the Spanish population. We also wished to analyze the differences in the self-change strategies used as a function of gender. Participants were 370 subjects (190 smokers and 180 former smokers) who were recruited by means of the “snowball” method. The alpha coefficients for the SCS-CS and the SCS-FS were .86 and .87, respectively. Both scales present satisfactory psychometric properties, so they are shown to be useful instruments to use in the Spanish population. The SCS-CS score showed that male smokers used more self-change strategies than females (46.6 vs. 11.9, p < .01), specifically, more cognitive strategies. In the SCS-CS, men scored higher than women (49 vs. 12.08, p < .01), in both the group of cognitive and behavioral strategies. The psychological mechanisms used to control the smoking habit are the same in men as in women, but the men tend to use a larger number of strategies. Treatments to quit smoking do not need to be substantially different, but they should be more intensive in the case of women smokers.

El objetivo de este estudio fue validar y adaptar a la población española la Self-Change Strategies in Current Smokers (SCS-CS) y la Self-Change Strategies in Former Smokers (SCS-FS) (Christie & Etter, 2005). También tratamos de analizar las diferencias de las estrategias de autocambio empleadas en función del género. Participaron 370 sujetos (190 fumadores y 180 exfumadores) que fueron reclutados mediante el método “bola de nieve”. Los coeficientes alfa para las escalas SCS-CS y SCS-FS fueron de 0,86 y 0,87 respectivamente. Ambas escalas presentan, por tanto, buenas propiedades psicométricas, por lo que se muestran como instrumentos útiles para utilizar en población española. La puntuación en la SCS-CS mostró que los hombres fumadores utilizan más estrategias de autocambio que las mujeres (46,6 frente a 11,9) (p<0,01), en particular, más estrategias de tipo cognitivo. En la escala SCS-FS, los hombres volvieron a puntuar más alto (49 frente a 12,08) (p<0,01), tanto en el grupo de estrategias cognitivas como en las conductuales. Los mecanismos psicológicos que se emplean para controlar el hábito de fumar son los mismos en hombres que en mujeres, pero los hombres tienden a utilizar mayor número de estrategias. Los tratamientos para dejar de fumar no deben ser sustancialmente diferentes, aunque sí más intensivos en el caso de las mujeres fumadoras.

Keywords

smoking-cessationself-changepsychometric-scalesgenderabandono del tabaquismoautocambioescalas psicométricasgénero
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 12 , Issue 2 , November 2009 , pp. 808 - 814
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Babor, T. F., Grant, M., Acuda, W., Burns, F. H., Campillo, C., Del Boca, F. K., Hodgson, R., Ivanets, N. N., Lukomskya, M., Machona, M. et al. , & (1994). A randomized clinical trial of brief interventions in primary care: summary of a WHO project. Addiction, 89(6), 657–660.Google Scholar
Baker, T. B., Fox, B. J., & Hasselblad, V. (2000). Treating tobacco use and dependence. Clinical practice guideline. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service.Google Scholar
Bjornson, W., Rand, C., Connett, J. E., Lindgren, P., Nides, M., Pope, F., Buist, A. S., Hoppe-Ryan, C., & O'Hara, P. (1995). Gender differences in smoking cessation after 3 years in the Lung Health Study. Am J Public Health, 85(2), 223–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carballo, J. L., Fernández-Hermida, J. R., Sobell, L. C., Dum, M., Secades-Villa, R., García-Rodríguez, O. et al. , (2008). Differences among substance abusers in Spain who recovered with treatment or on their own. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 94–105.Google Scholar
Christie, D. H., & Etter, J. F. (2005). Validation of English-language versions of three scales measuring attitudes towards smoking, smoking-related self-efficacy and the use of smoking cessation strategies. Addict Behav, 30(5), 981–988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erickson, B. (1979). Some problems of inference from chain data. Sociological Methodology, 10, 276–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etter, J. F., Bergman, M. M., Humair, J. P., & Perneger, T. V. (2000a). Development and validation of a scale measuring self-efficacy of current and former smokers. Addiction, 95(6), 901–913.Google Scholar
Etter, J. F., Bergman, M. M., & Perneger, T. V. (2000b). On quitting smoking: development of two scales measuring the use of self-change strategies in current and former smokers (SCS-CS and SCS-FS). Addict Behav, 25(4), 523–538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etter, J. F., & Perneger, T. V. (2001). A comparison of cigarette smokers recruited through the Internet or by mail. Int J Epidemiol, 30(3), 521–525.Google Scholar
Etter, J. F., Prokhorov, A. V., & Perneger, T. V. (2002). Gender differences in the psychological determinants of cigarette smoking. Addiction, 97(6), 733–743.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heckathorn, D. (1997). Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations. Social Problems, 44 (174–179).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heckathorn, D. (2002). Respondent driven sampling II: deriving valid population estimates from chain-referral samples of hidden populations. Social Problems, 49, 11–34.Google Scholar
Hughes, J. R. (1995). Combining behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: an update. In Onken, L. S., Blaine, J. D. & Boren, J. J. (Eds.), Integrating behavioral therapies with medications in the treatment of drug dependence. NIDA Research Monograph 150. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service.Google Scholar
Hughes, J. R., Giovino, G. A., Klevens, R. M., & Fiore, M. C. (1997). Assessing the generalizability of smoking studies. Addiction, 92(4), 469–472.Google Scholar
Klingemann, H., & Sobell, L. (2007). Promoting self-change from problem substance use: Practical implications for policy, prevention, and treatment. London: Springer Verlag.Google Scholar
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Palomar Lever, J. (2008). Poverty, Stressful Life Events, and Coping Strategies. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11, 228–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perkins, K. A. (2001). Smoking cessation in women. Special considerations. CNS Drugs, 15(5), 391–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plan Nacional sobre Drogas. (2007). Encuesta Domiciliaria sobre Alcohol y Drogas en España 2005-2006 Madrid: Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.Google Scholar
Prochaska, J. O., Crimi, P., Lapsanski, D., Martel, L., & Reid, P. (1982). Self-change processes, self-efficacy and self-concept in relapse and maintenance of cessation of smoking. Psychol Rep, 51 (3 Pt 1), 983–990.Google Scholar
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol, 51(3), 390–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1984). Self change processes, self efficacy and decisional balance across five stages of smoking cessation. Prog Clin Biol Res, 156, 131–140.Google ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., & Norcross, J. C. (1992). In search of how people change. Applications to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol, 47(9), 1102–1114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Room, R., Janca, A., Bennett, L. A., Schmidt, L., & Sartorius, N. (1996). WHO cross-cultural applicability research on diagnosis and assessment of substance use disorders: an overview of methods and selected results. Addiction, 91(2), 199–220.Google Scholar
Royce, J. M., Corbett, K., Sorensen, G., & Ockene, J. (1997). Gender, social pressure, and smoking cessations: the Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT) at baseline. Soc Sci Med, 44(3), 359–370.Google Scholar
Schnoll, R. A., Patterson, F., & Lerman, C. (2007). Treating tobacco dependence in women. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 16(8), 1211–1218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sierra Baigrie, S., & Lemos Giráldez, S. (2008). Examining the Relationship between Binge Eating and Coping Strategies and the Definition of Binge Eating in a Sample of Spanish Adolescents. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11, 172–181.Google Scholar
Sobell, L. C., Klingemann, H. K., Toneatto, T., Sobell, M. B., Agrawal, S., & Leo, G. I. (2001). Alcohol and drug abusers' perceived reasons for self-change in Canada and Switzerland: computer-assisted content analysis. Substance Use & Misuse, 36(11), 1467–1500.Google Scholar
Velicer, W. F., Norman, G. J., Fava, J. L., & Prochaska, J. O. (1999). Testing 40 predictions from the transtheoretical model. Addictive Behaviors, 24, 455–469.Google Scholar
Ward, K. D., Klesges, R. C., Zbikowski, S. M., Bliss, R. E., & Garvey, A. J. (1997). Gender differences in the outcome of an unaided smoking cessation attempt. Addict Behav, 22(4), 521–533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed