Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T09:51:02.552Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Associative and Implicit Memory Performance as a Function of Cognitive Reserve in Elderly Adults with and without Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2016

Salvador Algarabel ,
Alicia Sales ,
Alfonso Pitarque ,
Juan C. Meléndez ,
Joaquín Escudero  and
Teresa Mayordomo
Salvador Algarabel
Affiliation:
Universidad de Valencia (Spain)
Alicia Sales
Affiliation:
Universidad de Valencia (Spain)
Alfonso Pitarque*
Affiliation:
Universidad de Valencia (Spain)
Juan C. Meléndez
Affiliation:
Universidad de Valencia (Spain)
Joaquín Escudero
Affiliation:
Hospital General de Valencia (Spain)
Teresa Mayordomo
Affiliation:
Universidad de Valencia (Spain)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Alfonso Pitarque. Universidad de Valencia - Methodology-Psychology. Valencia (Spain). E-mail: pitarque@uv.es
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study aims to analyze implicit and explicit memory performance as a function of cognitive reserve (CR) in a healthy control group (N = 39) and a mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group (N = 37). Both groups were subdivided into high and low cognitive reserve, and were asked to complete an explicit and implicit associative recognition tasks. The results showed that the control group was able to learn both tasks (η2 = .19, p < .0001), and the high CR group fared better (η2 = .06, p < .05). The MCI sample, conversely, was unable to learn the implicit relationship, and showed very little learning on the explicit association task. Participants diagnosed with MCI showed little plasticity in learning associations regardless of CR (η2 = .12, p < .01).

Keywords

cognitive reservemild cognitive impairmentassociative recognitionexplicit memoryimplicit memory
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 19 , 2016 , E4
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alameda, J. R., & Cuetos, F. (1995). Diccionario de frecuencias de las unidades lingüísticas del castellano [Frequency dictionary of the linguistic units of Spanish]. Oviedo, Spain: Universidad de Oviedo, Departamento de Psicología, Oviedo.Google Scholar
Algarabel, S., & Pitarque, A., (2010). Familiarity changes as a function of perceptual shifts. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13, 518–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600002213 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Algarabel, S., Escudero, J., Mazón, J. F., Pitarque, A., Fuentes, M., Peset, V., & La Cruz, L. (2009). Familiarity-based recognition in the young, healthy elderly, mild cognitive impaired and Alzheimer's patients. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2056–2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.016 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Algarabel, S., Fuentes, M., Escudero, J., Pitarque, A., Peset, V., Mazón, J. F., & Meléndez, J. C. (2012). Recognition memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 19, 608–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2011.640657 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Algarabel, S., Pitarque, A., Cómbita, L. M., & Rodríguez, L. A. (2013). Implicit relational effects in associative recognition. Psicológica, 34, 163–177.Google Scholar
Algarabel, S., Pitarque, A., Tomás, J. M., & Mazón, J. F. (2010a). Explorations on familiarity produced by words with specific combinations of letters. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 22, 265–285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09541440902767818 Google Scholar
Algarabel, S., Rodríguez, L. A., Escudero, J., Fuentes, M., Peset, V., Pitarque, A., & Mazón, J. (2010b). Recognition by familiarity is preserved in Parkinson’s without dementia and Lewy-Body disease. Neuropsychology, 24, 599–607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angel, L., Fay, S., Bouazzaoui, B., Baudouin, A., & Isingrini, M. (2010). Protective role of educational level on episodic memory aging: An event-related potential study. Brain and Cognition, 74, 312–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2010.08.012 Google Scholar
Bender, A. R., Naveh-Benjamin, M., & Raz, N. (2010). Associative deficit in recognition memory in a lifespan sample of healthy adults. Psychology and Aging, 25, 940–948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020595 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedet, M. J., & Alexandre, M. A. (1998). Test de Aprendizaje Verbal España-Complutense (TAVEC) [Spain-Complutense Verbal Learning Test]. Madrid, Spain: TEA.Google Scholar
Colom, R., Jung, R. E., & Haier, R. J. (2006). Distributed brain sites for the g-factor of intelligence. NeuroImage, 31, 1359–1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.006 Google Scholar
Conway, A. R. A., Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2003). Working memory capacity and its relation to general intelligence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 547–552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.10.005 Google Scholar
Craik, F. I. M. (2002). Levels of processing: Past, present, and future?. Memory, 10, 305–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658210244000135 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 104, 268–294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.268 Google Scholar
Dew, I. T. Z., & Giovanello, K. S. (2010). Differential age effects for implicit and explicit conceptual associative memory. Psychology and Aging, 25, 911–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0019940 Google Scholar
Dew, I. T. Z., Bayen, U. J., & Giovanello, K. S. (2007). Implicit relational memory in young and older adults. Journal of Psychology, 215, 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.215.1.25 Google Scholar
Fleischman, D. A., & Gabrieli, J. (1998). Repetition priming in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease: A review of findings and theories. Psychology and Aging, 13, 88–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.13.1.88 Google Scholar
Fleischman, D. A., Wilson, R. S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Bienias, J. L., & Bennett, D. A. (2004). A longitudinal study of implicit and explicit memory in old persons. Psychology and Aging, 19, 617–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.4.617 Google Scholar
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini Mental State. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinical. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, L. T., Soldan, A., Thomas, A. K., & Stern, Y. (2013). Effect of repetition lag on priming of unfamiliar visual objects in young and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 28, 219–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030929 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graf, P., & Schacter, D. L. (1985). Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. Journal Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 501–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.11.3.501 Google ScholarPubMed
Light, L. L., & Singh, A. (1987). Implicit and explicit memory in young and older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 13, 531–541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.13.4.531 Google ScholarPubMed
Lobo, A., Saz, P., & Marcos, G. (2002). Adaptación del Examen Cognoscitivo Mini-Mental [Adaptation of Mini-Mental State Examination]. Madrid, Spain: TEA Ediciones.Google Scholar
Old, S. R., & Naveh-Benjamin, M. (2008). Differential effects of age on item and associative measures of memory: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 23, 104–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.104 Google Scholar
Peña-Casanova, J. (2005). Test Barcelona revisado [Revised Barcelona Test]. Barcelona, Spain: Masson.Google Scholar
Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entitiy. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 183–194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x Google Scholar
Reber, A. S., Walkenfeld, F. F., & Hernstadt, R. (1991). Implicit and explicit learning: Individual differences and IQ. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 888–896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.17.5.888 Google Scholar
Reingold, E. M., & Goshen-Gottstein, Y. (1996). Automatic retrieval of new associations under shallow encoding conditions. Consciousness and Cognition, 5, 117–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1996.0007 Google Scholar
Reisberg, B., Ferris, S. H., de Leon, M. J., & Crook, T. (1982). The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1936–1939.Google Scholar
Rey, A. (1999). Test de copia y reproducción de memoria de figuras geométricas complejas [Copy and Reproduction of Complex Geometric Figures from Memory Test]. Madrid, Spain: TEA editions.Google Scholar
Scarmeas, N., & Stern, Y. (2003). Cognitive reserve and lifestyle. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 625–633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.5.625.14576 Google Scholar
Solé-Padullés, C., Bartrés-Faz, D., Junqué, C., Vendrell, P., Rami, L., Clemente, I. C., …, & Molinuevo, J. L. (2009). Brain structure and function related to cognitive reserve variables in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 30, 1114–1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.10.008 Google Scholar
Stern, Y. (2009). Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2015–2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004 Google Scholar
Stern, Y., Habeck, C., Moeller, J., Scarmeas, N., Anderson, K. E., Hilton, H. J., …, & van Heertum, R. (2005). Brain networks associated with cognitive reserve in healthy young and old adults. Cerebral Cortex, 15, 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh142 Google Scholar
Valenzuela, M., & Sachdev, P. (2006). Brain reserve and dementia: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 36, 441–454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291705006264 Google Scholar
Vance, D. E., & Crowe, M. (2006). A proposed model of neuroplasticity and cognitive reserve in older adults. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 30, 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J016v30n03_04 Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2004). Wechsler Memory Scale III. Madrid, Spain: TEA ediciones.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2001). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults-III (WAIS-III). Madrid, Spain: TEA ediciones.Google Scholar
Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4 Google Scholar
Zahodne, L. B., Glymour, M. M., Sparks, C., Bontempo, D., Dixon, R. A., MacDonald, S. W. S., & Manly, J. J. (2011). Education does not slow cognitive decline with aging: 12-year evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 1039–1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355617711001044 CrossRefGoogle Scholar