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Executive Functions and Improvement of Thinking: An Intervention Program to Enhance Deductive Reasoning Abilities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 December 2022

Juan Antonio García-Madruga Open the ORCID record for Juan Antonio García-Madruga [Opens in a new window] ,
Isabel Orenes Open the ORCID record for Isabel Orenes [Opens in a new window] ,
José Óscar Vila Chaves Open the ORCID record for José Óscar Vila Chaves [Opens in a new window]  and
Isabel Gómez-Veiga Open the ORCID record for Isabel Gómez-Veiga [Opens in a new window]
Juan Antonio García-Madruga*
Affiliation:
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (Spain)
Isabel Orenes
Affiliation:
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (Spain)
José Óscar Vila Chaves
Affiliation:
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (Spain)
Isabel Gómez-Veiga
Affiliation:
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (Spain)
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Juan Antonio García-Madruga. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia. Facultad de Psicología. Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación. Juan del Rosal, 10. 28040 Madrid (Spain). E-mail: jmadruga@psi.uned.es
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Abstract

Empirical and theoretical advances and application to society are moved at different speed. Application work is frequently developed later because it requires the integration of knowledge from different research areas. In the present paper, we integrate literature coming from diverse areas of research in order to design a deductive reasoning intervention, based on the involved executive functions. Executive functions include working memory (WM)’s online executive processes and other off-line functions such as task revising and planning. Deductive reasoning is a sequential thinking process driven by reasoners’ meta-deductive knowledge and goals that requires the construction and manipulation of representations. We present a new theoretical view about the relationship between executive function and higher-level thinking, a critical analysis of the possibilities and limitations of cognitive training, and a metacognitive training procedure on executive functions to improve deductive reasoning. This procedure integrates direct instruction on deduction and meta-deductive concepts (consistency, necessity) and strategies (search for counterexamples and exhaustivity), together with the simultaneous training of WM and executive functions involved: Focus and switch attention, update WM representations, inhibit and revise intuitive responses, and control the emotional stress yielded by tasks. Likewise, it includes direct training of some complex WM tasks that demands people to carry out similar cognitive assignment than deduction. Our training program would be included in the school curriculum and attempts not only to improve deductive reasoning in experimental tasks, but also to increase students’ ability to uncover fallacies in discourse, to automatize some basic logical skills, and to be able to use logical intuitions.

Keywords

cognitive trainingdeductive reasoningexecutive processesmetacognitionworking memory
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 25 , 2022 , e32
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid

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Footnotes

Acknowledgement: This research was begun by the first author during a sabbatical period visiting Phil Johnson-Laird at Princeton University and Cesare Cornoldi at the Università degli Studi di Padova. We thank both for their ideas and support. A preliminary version was presented in the Thinking Meeting in Memory of Vittorio Girotto, in London in 2016.

Funding statement: This research was conducted with the financial support of Projects EDU2014–56423 and PID2019–110476RB–I00, from the Ministerio de Economía, Industria, y Competividad, and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Gobierno de España.

Conflict of interest: None.

Data sharing: This research does not include any new data.

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