Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T01:51:25.742Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Impact of Parenting Styles on Adolescents' Self-Esteem and Internalization of Values in Spain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 April 2014

Isabel Martínez  and
José Fernando García
Isabel Martínez*
Affiliation:
Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
José Fernando García
Affiliation:
Universidad de Valencia
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Isabel Martínez. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Psicología, Avda. de los Alfares, 44, 16071- Cuenca (Spain). Tel: +34-969179100. Fax: +34-969179107. E-mail: MIsabel.Martinez@uclm.es
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The relationship of parenting styles with adolescents' outcomes was analyzed within a sample of Spanish adolescents. A sample of 1456 teenagers from 13 to 16 years of age, of whom 54.3% were females, reported on their parents' child-rearing practices. The teenagers' parents were classified into one of four groups (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, or neglectful). The adolescents were then contrasted on two different outcomes: (1) priority given to Schwartz's self-transcendence (universalism and benevolence) and conservation (security, conformity, and tradition) values and (2) level of self-esteem (appraised in five domains: academic, social, emotional, family and physical). The results show that Spanish adolescents from indulgent households have the same or better outcomes than adolescents from authoritative homes. Parenting is related with two self-esteem dimensions—academic and family—and with all the self-transcendence and conservation values. Adolescents of indulgent parents show highest scores in self-esteem whereas adolescents from authoritarian parents obtain the worst results. In contrast, there were no differences between the priority given by adolescents of authoritative and indulgent parents to any of the self-transcendence and conservation values, whereas adolescents of authoritarian and neglectful parents, in general, assign the lowest priority to all of these values.

La relación entre los estilos de socialización parental y sus efectos en los adolescentes se ha analizado con jóvenes españoles. Se midieron las practicas de socialización de los padres en una muestra de 1456 adolescentes de 13 a 16 años, de los cuales el 54,3% eran chicas. Los padres fueron clasificados en cuatro grupos diferentes (autorizativos, autoritarios, indulgentes y negligentes). Se analizaron las puntuaciones de los adolescentes en dos variables diferentes: (1) la prioridad que los adolescentes daban a los valores de auto-trascendencia (universalismo y benevolencia) y conservación (seguridad, conformidad y tradición) de Schwartz y (2) la autoestima de los adolescentes (medida con cinco dominios: académico, social, emocional, familiar y físico). Los resultados muestran que los adolescentes españoles de hogares indulgentes consiguen los mismos o mejores resultados que los adolescentes educados en familias autorizativas. Los estilos de socialización se relacionan con dos dimensiones de la autoestima—académica y familiar—y con todos los valores de auto-trascendencia y conservación. Los hijos de padres indulgentes obtienen las mayores puntuaciones en autoestima, mientras que los hijos de padres autoritarios obtienen los peores resultados. Por otra parte, no se dan diferencias en la prioridad que los hijos de padres autorizativos e indulgentes dan a los valores de auto-trascendencia y conservación, mientras que los hijos de padres autoritarios y negligentes son los que asignan, en general, la menor prioridad a todos estos valores.

Keywords

parentingself-esteemself-transcendence valuesconservation valuessocialización parentalautoestimavalores de auto-trascendenciavalores de conservación
Type
Articles
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 10 , Issue 2 , November 2007 , pp. 338 - 348
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aluja, A., del Barrio, V., & García, L.F. (2005). Relationships between adolescents' memory of parental rearing styles, social values and socialisation behavior traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 903–912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amato, P.R., & Fowler, F. (2002). Parenting practices, child adjustment, and family diversity. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64, 703–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aunola, K., Stattin, H., & Nurmi, J.E. (2000). Parenting styles and adolescents' achievement strategies. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 205–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barber, B.K. (1990). Marital quality, parental behaviors, and adolescent self-esteem. In Barber, B.K., & Rollings, B.C. (Eds.), Parent-adolescent interaction (pp. 49–74). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Barber, B.K., Chadwick, B.A., & Oerter, R. (1992). Parental behaviors and adolescent self-esteem in the United States and Germany. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 128–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37, 887–907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1978). Reciprocal rights and responsibilities in parent-child relations. Journal of Social Issues, 34, 179–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1983). Rejoinder to Lewis' reinterpretation of parental firm control effects: Are authoritative families really harmonious? Psychological Bulletin, 94, 132–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1989). Rearing competent children. In Damon, W. (Ed.), Child development today and tomorrow (pp. 349–378). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bersabé, R., Fuentes, M. J., & Motrico, E. (2001). Análisis psicométrico de dos escalas para evaluar estilos educativos parentales. Psicothema, 13, 678–684.Google Scholar
Byrne, B.M., & Shavelson, R.J. (1996). On the structure of social self-concept for pre-, early, and late adolescents: A test of the Shavelson, Hubner, and Stanton (1976) model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 599–613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cava, M. J., Musitu, G., & Murgui, S. (2006). Familia y violencia escolar: El rol mediador de la autoestima y la actitud hacia la autoridad institucional. Psicothema, 18, 367–373.Google Scholar
Chao, R.K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65, 1111–1119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chao, R.K. (2001). Extending research on the consequences of parenting style for Chinese Americans and European Americans. Child Development, 72, 1832–1843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: Freeman.Google Scholar
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dornbusch, S. M., Ritter, P. L., Leiderman, P. H., Roberts, D. F., & Fraleigh, M. J. (1987). The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance. Child Development, 58, 1244–1257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dwairy, M., Achoui, M., Abouserfe, R., & Farah, A. (2006). Parenting styles, individuation, and mental health of Arab adolescents: A third cross-regional research study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 262–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdfelder, E., Faul, F., & Buchner, A. (1996). GPOWER: A general power analysis program. Behavior Research Methods Instruments & Computers, 28, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, S.S., & Rosenthal, D.A. (1991). Age expectations of behavioural autonomy in Hong Kong, Australian and American youth: The influence of family variables and adolescents' values. International Journal of Psychology, 26, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felson, R.B., & Zielinski, M.A. (1989). Children's self-esteem and parental support. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 727–735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garaigordobil, M., Durá, A., & Pérez, J.I. (2005). Psychopathological symptoms, behavioural problems, and self-concept/self-esteem: A study of adolescents aged 14 to 17 years old. Annuary of Clinical and Health Psychology, 1, 53–63.Google Scholar
García, J.F., Frías, M.D., & Pascual, J. (1999). Los diseños de la investigación experimental: Comprobación de las hipótesis. Valencia, Spain: Cristóbal Serrano Villalba.Google Scholar
García, J. F., & Musitu, G. (1999). AF5: Autoconcepto forma 5. Madrid: TEA.Google Scholar
García, J.F., Musitu, G., & Veiga, F. (2006). Autoconcepto en adultos de España y Portugal. Psicothema, 18, 551–556.Google Scholar
Gecas, V., & Schwalbe, M.L. (1986). Parental behavior and adolescent self-esteem. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 37–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gouveia, V.V., Clemente, M., & Espinosa, P. (2003). The horizontal and vertical attributes of individualism and collectivism in a Spanish population. Journal of Social Psychology, 143, 43–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grotevant, H.D., & Cooper, C.R. (1998). Individuality and connectedness in adolescent development: Review and prospects for research on identity, relationships, and context. In Skoe, E.E.A. & van der Lippe, A.L. (Eds.), Personality development in adolescence: A cross national and life span perspective. Adolescence and society (pp. 3–37). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Grusec, J.E., & Goodnow, J.J. (1994). Impact of parental discipline methods on the child's internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points-of-view. Developmental Psychology, 30, 4–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grusec, J.E., Goodnow, J.J., & Kuczynski, L. (2000). New directions in analyses of parenting contributions to children's acquisition of values. Child Development, 71, 205–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grusec, J.E., Rudy, D., & Martini, T. (1997). Parenting cognitions and child outcomes: An overview and implications for children's internalization of values. In Grusec, J. E. & Kuczynski, L. (Eds.), Parenting and children's internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory (pp. 259–282). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Gual, P., Pérez-Gaspar, M., Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A., Lahortiga, F., de Irala-Estevez, J., & Cervera-Enguix, S. (2002). Self-esteem, personality, and eating disorders: Baseline assessment of a prospective population-based cohort. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 261–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ho, D.Y.F. (1989). Continuity and variation in Chinese patterns of socialization. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 149–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Insa, L.L. (2003). Las prioridades de valor en la adolescencia: Diferencias en función del sexo y la edad. Informació Psicológica, 81, 55–62.Google Scholar
Kalton, G. (1983). Introduction to survey sampling. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, M.L., Power, T.G., & Wimbush, D.D. (1992). Determinants of disciplinary practices in low-income black mothers. Child Development, 63, 573–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerlinger, F.N. (1973). Foundations of behavioral research (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.Google Scholar
Kim, E. (2001). Korean American parent-child relationships, acculturation, and young adolescents' psychosocial functioning. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.Google Scholar
Kim, K., & Rohner, R.P. (2002). Parental warmth, control, and involvement in schooling: Predicting academic achievement among Korean American adolescents. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 127–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kremers, S.P., Brug, J., de Vries, H., & Engels, R.C.M.E. (2003). Parenting style and adolescent fruit consumption. Appetite, 41, 43–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamborn, S.D., Mounts, N.S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S.M. (1991). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 62, 1049–1065.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, C.C. (1981). The effects of parental firm control: A reinterpretation of findings. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 547–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llinares, L. (1998). La configuración del autoconcepto y los valores en el contexto familiar. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Valencia, Spain.Google Scholar
Maccoby, E.E., & Martin, J.A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In Mussen, P.H. (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1–101). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. (1997). The coherence of individual development: An evolutionary perspective on children's internalization of parental values. In Grusec, J.E., & Kuczynski, L. (Eds.), Parenting and children's internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory (pp. 362–397). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Marchetti, B. (1997). Concetto di se'relazioni familiari e valori. Unpublished master's thesis, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Italy.Google Scholar
Martínez, I. (2003). Estudio transcultural de los estilos de socialización parental. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Valencia, Spain.Google Scholar
Martínez, I., García, J.F., & Yubero, S. (2007). Parenting styles and adolescents' self-esteem in Brazil. Psychological Reports, 100, 731–745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martínez-González, M.A., Gual, P., Lahortiga, F., Alonso, Y., de Irala-Estevez, J., & Cervera, S. (2003). Parental factors, mass media influences, and the onset of eating disorders in a prospective population-based cohort. Pediatrics, 111, 315–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez, I., Musitu, G., García, J.F., & Camino, L. (2003). Un análisis intercultural de los efectos de la socialización familiar en el autoconcepto: España y Brasil. Psicologia Educação Cultura, 7, 239–259.Google Scholar
Maxwell, S.E., & Delaney, H.D. (1990). Designing experiments and analyzing data: A model comparison perspective. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Mayseless, O., Scharf, M., & Sholt, M. (2003). From authoritative parenting practices to an authoritarian context: Exploring the person-environment fit. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13, 427–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molpeceres, M.A. (1996). El sistema de valores: Su configuración cultural y su socialización familiar en la adolescencia. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Valencia, Spain.Google Scholar
Musitu, G., & García, F. (2001). ESPA29: Escala de estilos de socialización parental en la adolescencia. Madrid, Spain: TEA.Google Scholar
Musitu, G., & García, J.F. (2004). Consecuencias de la socialización familiar en la cultura española. Psicothema, 16, 288–293.Google Scholar
Pels, T., & De Haan, M. (2007). Socialization practices of Moroccan families after migration: A reconstruction in an ‘acculturative arena.’ Young, 15, 71–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quoss, B., & Zhao, W. (1995). Parenting styles and children's satisfaction with parenting in China and the United States. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 26, 265–280.Google Scholar
Rao, N., McHale, J.P., & Pearson, E. (2003). Links between socialization goals and child-rearing practices in Chinese and Indian mothers. Infant and Child Development, 12, 475–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roccas, S., Sagiv, L., Schwartz, S.H., & Knafo, A. (2002). The big five personality factors and personal values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 789–801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodd, J. (1996). Socialization attitudes and practices of Korean mothers of young children: The influence of context. In Hujala, E. (Ed.), Childhood education: International perspectives (pp. 63–73). Oulu University, Finland: Finland Association for Childhood Education International.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothenberg, D. (1997). Supporting girls in early adolescence. Washington, DC: Office of Educational Research and Improvement.Google Scholar
Rudy, D., & Grusec, J.E. (2001). Correlates of authoritarian parenting in individualist and collectivist cultures and implications for understanding the transmission of values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 202–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudy, D., & Grusec, J.E. (2006). Authoritarian parenting in individualist and collectivist groups: Associations with maternal emotion and cognition and children's self-esteem. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 68–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sagiv, L., & Schwartz, S.H. (2000). Value priorities and subjective well-being: Direct relations and congruity effects. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 177–198.3.0.CO;2-Z>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, S.H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In Zanna, M.P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S.H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, S.H. (2005). Basic human values: Their content and structure across countries. In Tamayo, A. & Porto, J.B. (Eds.), Valores e comportamento nas organizações (pp. 21–55). Petrópolis, Brazil: Vozes.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S.H., & Bardi, A. (2001). Value hierarchies across cultures: Taking a similarities perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 268–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, S.H., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a universal psychological structure of human-values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 550–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, S.H., & Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: Extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 878–891.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, S.H., & Sagiv, L. (1995). Identifying culture-specifics in the content and structure of values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 92–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shavelson, R.J., Hubner, J.J., & Stanton, G.C. (1976). Self-concept: Validation of construct interpretations. Review of Educational Research, 46, 407–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smetana, J. G. (1995). Parenting styles and conceptions of parental authority during adolescence. Child Development, 66, 299–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinberg, L., Dornbusch, S.M., & Brown, B.B. (1992). Ethnic-differences in adolescent achievement: An ecological perspective. American Psychologist, 47, 723–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S.D., Darling, N., Mounts, N.S., & Dornbusch, S.M. (1994). Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 65, 754–770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinberg, L., Mounts, N.S., Lamborn, S.D., & Dornbusch, S.M. (1991). Authoritative parenting and adolescent adjustment across varied ecological niches. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1, 19–36.Google Scholar
Struch, N., Schwartz, S.H., & van der Kloot, W.A. (2002). Meanings of basic values for women and men: A cross-cultural analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 16–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomás, J.M., & Oliver, A. (2004). Análisis psicométrico confirmatorio de una medida multidimensional del autoconcepto en español. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 38, 285–293.Google Scholar
Triandis, H.C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Triandis, H.C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69, 907–924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Villalobos, J.A., Cruz, A.V., & Sánchez, P.R. (2004). Estilos parentales y desarrollo psicosocial en estudiantes de Bachillerato. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 21, 119–129.Google Scholar
Wahler, R.G., & Cerezo, M.A. (2005). The mothering of conduct problem and normal children in Spain and the USA: Authoritarian and permissive asynchrony. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 8, 205–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed