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Relational Learning in Glaucous-Winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2013

Tatyana A. Obozova*
Affiliation:
M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russia)
Anna A. Smirnova
Affiliation:
M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russia)
Zoya A. Zorina
Affiliation:
M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russia)
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Tatyana Obozova. Department of Higher Nervous Activity, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899, Vorob'evy gory, 1–12, Moscow (Russia). E-mail: obozovat@mail.ru
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Abstract

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An experimental approach was created for the comparative investigation of the cognitive abilities of the glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens) in their natural habitat. The territoriality of gulls during the breeding period and the fact that the gulls inhabiting the territory of the Komandorsky Reserve are practically not in fear of humans allowed us to work with individually recognized birds directly at their nest sites inside the colony. The possibility of using this approach to investigate their cognitive abilities was demonstrated on 24 gulls, in particular, to investigate their abilities for relative size generalization. The first experiment illustrated that the gulls are able to learn to discriminate two pairs of stimuli according to the feature: ‘larger’ or ‘smaller’. They were then given a test to transfer the discriminative rule in which novel combinations of the same stimuli were used. The gulls successfully coped with only a few of these tests. In the next experiment the birds were taught to discriminate four pairs of similar stimuli. The majority of the birds coped with the tests to transfer the discriminative rule both to the novel combinations of familiar stimuli, and also to the novel stimuli of the familiar category (items of different colour and shape). However, none of the birds transferred the discriminative rule to stimuli of a novel category (sets differing by number of components). Thus, in their ability to generalize at a preconceptual level gulls are more comparable with pigeons, whereas large-brained birds (crows and parrots), are capable of concept formation.

Se empleó un enfoque experimental creado para la investigación comparativa de las habilidades cognitivas de los Larus glaucescens en su hábitat natural. La territorialidad de esta especie durante el periodo de reproducción, y el hecho de que las gaviotas que habitan el Parque natural de Komandorski no temen prácticamente al hombre, ha permitido trabajar con ejemplares individuales (concretos) directamente en sus lugares de anidamiento dentro de la colonia. Se ha demostrado sobre 24 gaviotas la posibilidad de empleo de dicho enfoque para la investigación de sus habilidades cognitivas, en concreto, para la investigación de su habilidad de generalización según el atributo relativo del tamaño. En el primer experimento se esclareció que las gaviotas son capaces de aprender a diferenciar dos pares de estímulos según sus atributos de “más” (un grupo de pájaros) y “menos” (segundo grupo de pájaros). Después se les presentaron pruebas para la transferencia de la regla de selección, en las cuales se empleaban nuevas combinaciones de los mismos estímulos. Las gaviotas realizaron de forma exitosa sólo con algunas de estas pruebas. En el siguiente experimento aprendían a diferenciar cuatro pares de estímulos análogos. La mayoría de los pájaros fueron exitosos tanto en las pruebas de transferencia de la regla de selección de nuevas combinaciones de estímulos conocidos, como de estímulos nuevos de la misma categoría (objetos de otro color y forma). Sin embargo, ni un pájaro fue capaz de transferir la regla de selección sobre estímulos de otra categoría (cantidades que difieren en el número de componentes). Así, en cuanto a las habilidades de generalización a un nivel pre-conceptual, las gaviotas son comparables más bien con palomas, ya que pájaros con una organización superior, como son los cuervos o loros, son capaces de formar conceptos.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

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