Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T16:15:18.843Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Mapping Influence: Partisan Networks across the United States, 2000 to 2016

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Kevin Reuning Open the ORCID record for Kevin Reuning [Opens in a new window]
Kevin Reuning*
Affiliation:
Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
*
Kevin Reuning, Miami University, 222 Harrison Hall, Oxford, OH 45056, USA. Email: kevin.reuning@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The parties as networks approach has become a critical component of understanding American political parties. Research on it has so far mainly focused on variation in the placement of candidates within a network at the national level. This is in part due to a lack of data on state-level party networks. In this article, I fill that gap by developing state party networks for 47 states from 2000 to 2016 using candidate donation data. To do this, I introduce a backboning network analysis method not yet used in political science to infer relationships among donors at the state level. Finally, I validate these state networks and then show how parties have varied across states and over time. The networks developed here will be made publicly available for future research. Being able to quantify variation in party network structure will be important for understanding variation in party-policy linkages at the state level.

Keywords

political partiesparties and interest groupsnetwork analysisquantitative methodsmethodologyparty organizationsparties and electionsparty activists
Type
Research Article
Information
State Politics & Policy Quarterly , Volume 20 , Issue 3 , September 2020 , pp. 267 - 291
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adai, Alex T., Date, Shailesh V., Wieland, Shannon, and Marcotte, Edward M.. 2004. “LGL: Creating a Map of Protein Function with an Algorithm for Visualizing Very Large Biological Networks.” Journal of Molecular Biology 340 (1): 179–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aldrich, John. 1995. Why Parties? Chicago: Chicago University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bawn, Kathleen, Cohen, Martin, Karol, David, Masket, Seth, Noel, Hans, and Zaller, John. 2012. “A Theory of Political Parties: Groups, Policy Demands and Nomination in American Politics.” Perspective on Politics 10(3):571–597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beyers, Jan, and Braun, Caelesta. 2014. “Ties That Count: Explaining Interest Group Access to Policymakers.” Journal of Public Policy 34 (1): 93–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bezáková, Ivona. 2008. “Sampling Binary Contingency Tables.” Computing in Science & Engineering 10(2). (accessed November 27, 2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonica, Adam. 2014. “Mapping the Ideological Marketplace.” American Journal of Political Science 58(2):367–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borgatti, Stephen P., and Halgin, Daniel S.. 2011. “Analyzing Affiliation Networks.” In Scott, John and Carrington, Peter J. (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis, (pp. 417–433). London: Sage Publications Inc.Google Scholar
Breiger, Ronald L. 1974. “The Duality of Persons and Groups.” Social Forces 53 (2): 181–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butts, Carter T. 2009. “Revisiting the Foundations of Network Analysis.” Science 325 (5939): 414–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carson, Jamie L. 2005. “Strategy, Selection, and Candidate Competition in US House and Senate Elections.” Journal of Politics 67 (1): 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castellano, Claudio, Fortunato, Santo, and Loreto, Vittorio. 2009. “Statistical Physics of Social Dynamics.” Reviews of Modern Physics 81 (2): 591–646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cha, J. Mijin, and Rapoport, Miles. 2013. Fresh Start: The Impact of Public Campaign Financing in Connecticut. Demos.Google Scholar
Cohen, Marty, Karol, David, Noel, Hans, and Zaller, John. 2008. The Party Decides. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Alison, and Gardner, Burleigh. 1941. Deep South: A Social Anthropological Study of Caste and Class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Desmarais, Bruce A., Raja, Raymond J. La, and Kowal, Michael S.. 2015. “The Fates of Challengers in U.S. House Elections: The Role of Extended Party Networks in Supporting Candidates and Shaping Electoral Outcomes.” American Journal of Political Science 59 (1): 194–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duverger, Maurice. 1959. Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Fiorina, Morris P., and Abrams, Samuel J.. 2008. “Political Polarization in the American Public.” Annual Review of Political Science 11:563–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fouirnaies, Alexander. 2018. “When Are Agenda Setters Valuable?” American Journal of Political Science 62 (1): 176–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fouirnaies, Alexander, and Hall, Andrew B.. 2014. “The Financial Incumbency Advantage: Causes and Consequences.” The Journal of Politics 76 (3): 711–724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, James L., Cotter, Cornelius P., Bibby, John F., and Huckshorn, Robert J.. 1983. “Assessing Party Organizational Strength.” American Journal of Political Science 27:193–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodliffe, Jay. 2001. “The Effect of War Chests on Challenger Entry in US House Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 45:830–844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodliffe, Jay. 2005. “When Do War Chests Deter?” Journal of Theoretical Politics 17 (2): 249–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodliffe, Jay. 2007. “Campaign War Chests and Challenger Quality in Senate Elections.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 32 (1): 135–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossback, Lawrence, and Hammock, Allan. 2003. “Overcoming One-Party Dominance: How Contextual Politics and West Virginia Helped Put George Bush in the White House.” Politics & Policy 31 (3): 406–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, Matt, and Dominguez, Casey B. K.. 2009. “Party Coalitions and Interest Group Networks.” American Politics Research 37 (5): 767–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassell, Hans. 2016. “Party Control of Party Primaries: Party Influence in Nominations for the US Senate.” Journal of Politics 78 (1): 75–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heaney, Michael T. 2004. “Issue Networks, Information, and Interest Group Alliances: The Case of Wisconsin Welfare Politics, 1993-99.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 4 (3): 237–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holden, Zach. 2016. “2013 and 2014: Monetary Competitiveness in State Legislative Races.” National Institute On Money In Politics. (accessed November 27, 2019).Google Scholar
Emöke-Agnes, Horvát, and Zweig, Katharina Anna. 2013. “A Fixed Degree Sequence Model for the One-Mode Projection of Multiplex Bipartite Graphs.” Social Network Analysis and Mining 3 (4): 1209–1224.Google Scholar
Klimek, Peter, Lambiotte, Renaud, and Thurner, Stefan. 2008. “Opinion Formation in Laggard Societies.” EPL (Europhysics Letters) 82 (2): 28008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koger, Gregory, Masket, Seth, and Noel, Hans. 2009. “Partisan Webs: Information Exchange and Party Networks.” British Journal of Political Science 16 (3): 57–85.Google Scholar
Latapy, Matthieu, Magnien, Clémence, and Vecchio, Nathalie Del. 2008. “Basic Notions for the Analysis of Large Two-Mode Networks.” Social Networks 30 (1): 31–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarus, Jeffrey. 2008. “Incumbent Vulnerability and Challenger Entry in Statewide Elections.” American Politics Research 36 (1): 108–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levendusky, Matthew. 2009. The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mallinson, Daniel J. 2014. “Upstream Influence: The Positive Impact of PAC Contributions on Marcellus Shale Roll Call Votes in Pennsylvania.” Interest Groups & Advocacy 3 (3): 293–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masket, Seth. 2016. The Inevitable Party: Why Attempts to Kill the Party System Fail and How They Weaken Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masket, Seth, and Shor, Boris. 2015. “Polarization without Parties: Term Limits and Legislative Partisanship in Nebraska's Unicameral Legislature.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 15 (1): 67–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, Jane. 2016. Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires behind the Rise of the Radical Right. New York: Anchor.Google Scholar
Mayhew, David R. 1986. Placing Parties in American Politics: Organization, Electoral Settings, and Government Activity in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neal, Zachary. 2014. “The Backbone of Bipartite Projections: Inferring Relationships from Co-Authorship, Co-Sponsorship, Co-Attendance and other Co-Behaviors.” Social Networks 39:84–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, Benjamin J., Johnston, Christopher D., Strickland, April A., and Citrin, Jack. 2012. “Immigration Crackdown in the American Workplace: Explaining Variation in E-Verify Policy Adoption across the US States.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 12 (2): 160–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, Mark E. J. 2003. “Mixing Patterns in Networks.” Physical Review E 67 (2): 026126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noel, Hans. 2014. Political Ideologies and Political Parties in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nyhan, Brendan, and Montgomery, Jacob M.. 2015. “Connecting the Candidates: Consultant Networks and the Diffusion of Campaign Strategy in American Congressional Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 59 (2): 292–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramsden, Graham P. 2002. “State Legislative Campaign Finance Research: A Review Essay.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 2 (2): 176–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rigby, Elizabeth, and Wright, Gerald C.. 2013. “Political Parties and Representation of the Poor in the American States.” American Journal of Political Science 57 (3): 552–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlozman, Kay Lehman, Verba, Sidney, and Brady, Henry E.. 2012. The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Elena. 2017. “The Bathroom Bill That Ate North Carolina.” Politico, March 23.. (accessed November 27, 2019).Google Scholar
Serrano, M. Ángeles, Boguna, Marián, and Vespignani, Alessandro. 2009. “Extracting the Multiscale Backbone of Complex Weighted Networks.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (16): 6483–6488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shor, Boris. 2014. “How U.S. State Legislatures are Polarized and Getting More Polarized (in 2 Graphs).” Washington Post, January 14, (accessed November 27, 2019).Google Scholar
Shor, Boris. 2017. “Colorado Passes California for the Polarization Crown.” (accessed November 27, 2019).Google Scholar
Skinner, Richard, Masket, Seth, and Dulio, David. 2013. “527 Committees, Formal Parties, and Party Adaptation.” The Forum 11 (2): 137–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, James M. Jr. 1992. “Long-Term Investing in Politicians; or, Give Early, Give Often.” The Journal of Law & Economics 35 (1): 15–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strolovitch, Dara Z. 2008. Affirmative Advocacy: Race, Class, and Gender in Interest Group Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Trochim, William M. K., and Donnelly, James P.. 2001. Research Methods Knowledge Base. Cincinnati: Atomic Dog.Google Scholar
Watts, Duncan J., and Strogatz, Steven H.. 1998. “Collective Dynamics of ‘Small-World’ Networks.” Nature 393 (6684): 440–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, Song, Limbocker, Scott, Dowdle, Andrew, Stewart, Patrick A., and Sebold, Karen. 2015. “Party Cohesion in Presidential Races: Applying Social Network Theory to the Preprimary Multiple Donor Networks of 2004 and 2008.” Party Politics 21 (4): 638–648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Yan, Friend, Andrew J., Traud, Amanda L., Porter, Mason A., Fowler, James H., and Mucha, Peter J.. 2008. “Community Structure in Congressional Cosponsorship Networks.” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications 387 (7): 1705–1712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Reuning supplementary material

Appendix

Download Reuning supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 1.7 MB