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Black Holes in Binary Systems: Observational Appearances∗

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 August 2015

N. I. Shakura  and
R. A. Sunyaev
N. I. Shakura
Affiliation:
Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow, U.S.S.R.
R. A. Sunyaev
Affiliation:
Institute of Applied Mathematics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

Abstract

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The outward transfer of angular momentum of accreting matter can lead to the formation of a disk around the black hole. The structure and radiation spectrum of the disk depends, in the main, on the rate of matter inflow Ṁ into the disk at its external boundary. Dependence on the efficiency of mechanisms of angular momentum transport (connected with the magnetic field and turbulence) is weaker. If Ṁ = 10−9–3 × 10−8 M⊙/yr, the disk around the black hole is a powerful source of X-radiation with hv ∼ 1–10 keV and luminosity L ∼ 1037–1038 erg s−1. If the flux of the accreting matter decreases, the effective temperature of radiation and the luminosity will drop. At the same time when Ṁ > 10−9M⊙ yr−1, the optical luminosity of the disk exceeds the solar one. The main contribution to the optical luminosity of the black hole is due to the re-radiation of that part of the X-ray and ultraviolet energy which is initially produced in the central high temperature regions of the disk and which is then absorbed by the low temperature outer regions. The optical radiation spectrum of such objects must be saturated by the broad emission recombination and resonance lines. Variability is connected with the character of the motion of the black hole and the gas flow in binary systems and possibly with eclipses. For well defined conditions, the hard radiation can evaporate the gas. This can counteract the matter inflow into the disk and lead to autoregulation of the accretion.

If M ≫ 3 × 10−8 (M/M⊙) M⊙ yr−1, the luminosity of the disk around the black hole is stabilized at the critical level of Lcr = 1038 (M/M⊙) erg s−1. A small fraction of the accreting matter falls under the gravitational radius whereas the major part of it flows out with high velocities from the central regions of the disk. The outflowing matter is opaque to the disk radiation and completely transforms its spectrum. As a consequence, a black hole in a supercritical regime of accretion can appear as a bright star with a strong outflow of matter.

Type
Part II: Theoretical Models for Compact Sources
Information
Symposium - International Astronomical Union , Volume 55: X- and Gamma-Ray Astronomy , 1973 , pp. 155 - 164
Copyright
Copyright © Reidel 1973 

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