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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 May 2016
Currently, the CDM scenario has met a crisis that the number of substructures presented by cosmological N-body simulations based on the scenario is much larger than the observed amount. If such substructures do not really exist, it must be an actual crisis for the CDM scenario. in contrast, if the reason for the overproduction of substructures in simulations is some observational bias, and many substructures are invisible or not detectable due to very low star formation efficiency by some feedback processes (e.g., Nishi & Susa 1999), the CDM scenario will survive. Thus, it is crucial for the resolution of this crisis to discriminate between these two possibilities.