Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T10:33:35.808Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The role of the thalamic reticular nucleus in visual processing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 August 2007

Adam M. Sillito  and
Helen E. Jones
Adam M. Sillito*
Affiliation:
Dept of Visual Science, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
Helen E. Jones
Affiliation:
Dept of Visual Science, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Adam M. Sillito, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK phone: +44 2076086801 fax: +44 2076086852 email: a.sillito@ucl.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is an integral part of the thalamic circuitry that mediates the transfer of information to the cortex in the major sensory pathways. Here, we consider its role in visual processing. The TRN provides an inhibitory, GABA-mediated input to relay cells in the thalamus. A key feature of TRN cells is that, because of the extent of their dendritic arborization, they have the capacity to collate visual information from the ascending relay cells and feedback axons from the cortex over a wide retinotopic area, but they feed it back to the thalamus in a narrowly focused retinotopic projection. The corticofugal input to TRN cells is mediated by a higher proportion of AMPA receptors than that to thalamic relay cells and produces sharp EPSCs. We suggest that this might bias the TRN cells to precisely timed, feature-driven feedback from the visual cortex. TRN cells are particularly well driven by either phasic or moving stimuli, so the influence on relay cells provides a strong, transient, inhibitory modulation of relay-cell activity. This might aid image segmentation and highlight responses to moving contours. Although the role of the TRN has been especially linked to selective attention, we suggest that, for vision, its function is linked more closely to the operation of the thalamocortico-thalamic loop as a whole, and that retinotopically selective attentional effects draw on the interaction with the cortical mechanism that influences TRN and relay-cell circuitry equally.

Keywords

Thalamic reticular nucleuslateral geniculate nucleuscortico-thalamic feedback
Type
Original Articles
Information
Thalamus & Related Systems , Volume 4 , Issue 1 , March 2008 , pp. 1 - 12
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ahlsen, G. and Lo, F.S. (1982) Projection of brain stem neurons to the perigeniculate nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat. Brain Research 238, 433–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, G.M. and Godwin, D.W. (2005) Presynaptic inhibition of corticothalamic feedback by metabotropic glutamate receptors. Journal of Neurophysiology 94, 163–175.Google Scholar
Alexander, G.M., Fisher, T.L. and Godwin, D.W. (2006) Differential response dynamics of corticothalamic glutamatergic synapses in the lateral geniculate nucleus and thalamic reticular nucleus. Neuroscience 137, 367–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, G.M. and Godwin, D.W. (2006) Unique presynaptic and postsynaptic roles of Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in the modulation of thalamic network activity. Neuroscience 141, 501–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alitto, H.J. and Usrey, W.M. (2003) Corticothalamic feedback and sensory processing. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 13, 440–445.Google Scholar
Andolina, I.M., Jones, H.E., Wang, W. and Sillito, A.M. (2007) Corticothalamic feedback enhances stimulus response precision in the visual system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104, 1685–1690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bickford, M.E., Ramcharan, E., Godwin, D.W., Erisir, A., Gnadt, J. and Sherman, S.M. (2000) Neurotransmitters contained in the subcortical extraretinal inputs to the monkey lateral geniculate nucleus. Journal of Comparative Neurology 424, 701–717.3.0.CO;2-B>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blethyn, K.L., Hughes, S.W., Toth, T.I., Cope, D.W. and Crunelli, V. (2006) Neuronal basis of the slow (<1 Hz) oscillation in neurons of the nucleus reticularis thalami in vitro. Journal of Neuroscience 26, 2474–2486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowling, D.B. and Michael, C.R. (1984) Terminal patterns of single, physiologically characterized optic tract fibers in the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus. Journal of Neuroscience 4, 198–216.Google Scholar
Briggs, F. and Usrey, W.M. (2006) Physiology of corticogeniculate neurons in the visual system of the awake-behaving monkey. Neuroscience Meeting Planner. Online. Program No. 241.8/I12 2006.Google Scholar
Cox, C.L. and Sherman, S.M. (1999) Glutamate inhibits thalamic reticular neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 19, 6694–6699.Google Scholar
Cox, C.L. and Sherman, S.M. (2000) Control of dendritic outputs of inhibitory interneurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Neuron 27, 597–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, F. (1984) Function of the thalamic reticular complex: The searchlight hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 81, 4586–4590.Google Scholar
Crist, R.E., Li, W. and Gilbert, C.D. (2001) Learning to see: experience and attention in primary visual cortex. Nature Neuroscience 4, 519–525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crunelli, V. and Leresche, N. (1991) A role for GABAB receptors in excitation and inhibition of thalamocortical cells. Trends in Neurosciences 14, 16–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cudeiro, J. and Sillito, A.M. (1996) Spatial frequency tuning of orientation-discontinuitysensitive corticofugal feedback to the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. Journal of Physiology 490, 481–492.Google Scholar
Cudeiro, J. and Sillito, A.M. (2006) Looking back: corticothalamic feedback and early visual processing. Trends in Neurosciences 29, 298–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Lima, A.D. and Singer, W. (1987a) The serotoninergic fibres in the dorsal lateral genuculate nucleus of the cat: Distribution and synaptic connections demonstrated with immunocytochemistry. Journal of Comparative Neurology 258, 339–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Lima, A.D. and Singer, W. (1987b) The brainstem projection to the lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat: identification of cholinergic and monoaminergic elements. Journal of Comparative Neurology 259, 92–121.Google Scholar
Deschenes, M., Daderiaga-dorich, A. and Steriade, M. (1985) Dendrodendritic synapses in the cat reticularis thalami nucleus: a structural basis for thalamic spindle synchronization. Brain Research 334, 165–168.Google Scholar
Dubin, M.W. and Cleland, B.G. (1977) Organization of visual inputs to interneurons of lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology 40, 410–427.Google Scholar
Emri, Z., Antal, K. and Crunelli, V. (2003) The impact of corticothalamic feedback on the output dynamics of a thalamocortical neurone model: the role of synapse location and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neuroscience 117, 229–239.Google Scholar
Erisir, A., Van Horn, S.C. and Sherman, S.M. (1997) Relative numbers of cortical and brainstem inputs to the lateral geniculate nucleus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 94, 1517–1520.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, D., Usrey, W.M., Schofield, B.R. and Einstein, G. (1994) The sublaminar organization of corticogeniculate neurons in layer 6 of macaque striate cortex. Visual Neuroscience 11, 307–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedlander, M.J., Lin, C.S., Stanford, L.R. and Sherman, S.M. (1981) Morphology of functionally identified neurons in lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology 46, 80–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Funke, K. and Eysel, U. (1992) EEG-dependent modulation of response dynamics of cat dLGN relay cells and the contribution of corticogeniculate feedback. Brain Research 573, 217–227.Google Scholar
Funke, K. and Eysel, U. (1993) Modulatory effects of acetylcholine, serotonin and noradrenaline on the activity of cat perigeniculate neurons. Experimental Brain Research 95, 409–420.Google Scholar
Funke, K. and Eysel, U. (1998) Inverse correlation of firing patterns of single topographically matched perigeniculate neurons and cat dorsal lateral geniculate relay cells. Visual Neuroscience 15, 711–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gentet, L.J. and Ulrich, D. (2003) Strong, reliable and precise synaptic connections between thalamic relay cells and neurones of the nucleus reticularis in juvenile rats. Journal of Physiology 546, 801–811.Google Scholar
Gentet, L.J. and Ulrich, D. (2004) Electrophysiological characterization of synaptic connections between layer VI cortical cells and neurons of the nucleus reticularis thalami in juvenile rats. European Journal of Neuroscience 19, 625–633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godwin, D.W., Van Horn, S.C., Erisir, A., Sesma, M., Romano, C. and Sherman, S.M. (1996) Ultrastructural localization suggests that retinal and cortical inputs access different metabotropic glutamate receptors in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Journal of Neuroscience 16, 8181–8192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godwin, D.W., Vaughan, J.W. and Sherman, S.M. (1996) Metabotropic glutamate receptors switch visual response mode of lateral geniculate nucleus cells from burst to tonic. Journal of Neurophysiology 76, 1800–1816.Google Scholar
Golshani, P., Liu, X.B. and Jones, E.G. (2001) Differences in quantal amplitude reflect GluR4- subunit number at corticothalamic synapses on two populations of thalamic neurons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 98, 4172–4177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grieve, K.L. and Sillito, A.M. (1991) The length summation properties of layer VI cells in the visual cortex and hypercomplex cell end zone inhibition. Experimental Brain Research 84, 319–325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grieve, K.L. and Sillito, A.M. (1995) Differential properties of cells in the feline primary visual cortex providing the corticofugal feedback to the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual claustrum. Journal of Neuroscience 15, 4868–4874.Google Scholar
Guillery, R.W., Feig, S.L. and Van Lieshout, D.P. (2001) Connections of higher order visual relays in the thalamus: a study of corticothalamic pathways in cats. Journal of Comparative Neurology 438, 66–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guillery, R.W. and Harting, J.K. (2003) Structure and connections of the thalamic reticular nucleus: Advancing views over half a century. Journal of Comparative Neurology 463, 360–371.Google Scholar
Gulyás, B., Lagae, L., Eysel, U. and Orban, G.A. (1990) Corticofugal feedback influences the responses of geniculate neurons to moving stimuli. Experimental Brain Research 79, 441–446.Google Scholar
Haynes, J.D., Deichmann, R. and Rees, G. (2005) Eye-specific effects of binocular rivalry in the human lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature 438, 496–499.Google Scholar
Hayot, F. and Tranchina, D. (2001) Modeling corticofugal feedback and the sensitivity of lateral geniculate neurons to orientation discontinuity. Visual Neuroscience 18, 865–877.Google Scholar
Hendrickson, A.E., Wilson, J.R. and Ogren, M.P. (1978) The neuroanatomical organization of pathways between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the visual cortex in old and new world primates. Journal of Comparative Neurology 182, 123–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hendry, S.H.C. and Yoshioka, T. (1994) A neurochemically distinct third channel in the macaque dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Science 264, 575–577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, S.W., Lorincz, M., Cope, D.W., Blethyn, K.L., Kekesi, K.A., Parri, H.R. et al. (2004) Synchronized oscillations at alpha and theta frequencies in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Neuron 42, 253–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ichida, J.M. and Casagrande, V.A. (2002) Organization of the feedback pathway from striate cortex (V1) to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). Journal of Comparative Neurology 454, 272–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ide, L.S. (1982) The fine structure of the perigeniculate nucleus in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 210, 317–334.Google Scholar
Ito, M. and Gilbert, C.D. (1999) Attention modulates contextual influences in the primary visual cortex of alert monkeys. Neuron 22, 593–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, H.E. and Sillito, A.M. (1991) The length-response properties of cells in the feline dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Journal of Physiology 444, 329–348.Google Scholar
Jones, H.E., Andolina, A.M., Oakely, N.M., Murphy, P.C. and Sillito, A.M. (2000) Spatial summation in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and visual cortex. Experimental Brain Research 135, 279–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kemp, J.A. and Sillito, A.M. (1982) The nature of the excitatory transmitter mediating X and Y cell inputs to the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Journal of Physiology 323, 377–391.Google Scholar
Kemp, J.A., Roberts, H.C. and Sillito, A.M. (1982) Further studies on the action of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. Brain Research 246, 334–337.Google Scholar
Kirkland, K.L., Sillito, A.M., Jones, H.E., West, D.C. and Gerstein, G.L. (2000) Oscillations and long-lasting correlations in a model of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Visual Cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 84, 1863–1868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lam, Y.W., Cox, C.L., Varela, C. and Sherman, S.M. (2005) Morphological correlates of triadic circuitry in the lateral geniculate nucleus of cats and rats. Journal of Neurophysiology 93, 748–757.Google Scholar
Lam, Y.W. and Sherman, S.M. (2005) Mapping by laser photostimulation of connections between the thalamic reticular and ventral posterior lateral nuclei in the rat. Journal of Neurophysiology 94, 2472–2483.Google Scholar
Lam, Y.W., Nelson, C.S. and Sherman, S.M. (2006) Mapping of the functional interconnections between thalamic reticular neurons using photostimulation. Journal of Neurophysiology 96, 2593–2600.Google Scholar
Landisman, C.E., Long, M.A., Beierlein, M., Deans, M.R., Paul, D.L. and Connors, B.W. (2002) Electrical synapses in the thalamic reticular nucleus. Journal of Neuroscience 22, 1002–1009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landisman, C.E. and Connors, B.W. (2005) Long-term modulation of electrical synapses in the mammalian thalamus. Science 310, 1809–1813.Google Scholar
Larkum, M.E., Zhu, J.J. and Sakmann, B. (1999) A new cellular mechanism for coupling inputs arriving at different cortical layers. Nature 398, 338–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, W., Piech, V. and Gilbert, C.D. (2004) Perceptual learning and top-down influences in primary visual cortex. Nature Neuroscience 7, 651–657.Google Scholar
Liu, X.B. (1997) Subcellular distribution of AMPA and NMDA receptor subunit immunoreactivity in ventral posterior and reticular nuclei of rat and cat thalamus. Journal of Comparative Neurology 388, 587–602.3.0.CO;2-Z>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, X.B. and Jones, E.G. (1999) Predominance of corticothalamic synaptic inputs to thalamic reticular nucleus neurons in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 414, 67–79.Google Scholar
Lund, J.S., Lund, R.D., Hendrickson, A.E., Bunt, A.H. and Fuchs, A.F. (1975) The origin of efferent pathways from the primary visual cortex, area 17, of the macaque monkey as shown by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Journal of Comparative Neurology 164, 287–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marrocco, R.T., McClurkin, J.W. and Young, R.A. (1982) Modulation of lateral geniculate nucleus cell responsiveness by visual activation of the corticogeniculate pathway. Journal of Neuroscience 2, 256–263.Google Scholar
McAdams, C.J. and Reid, R.C. (2005) Attention modulates the responses of simple cells in monkey primary visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 25, 11023–11033.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAlonan, K., Brown, V.J. and Bowman, E.M. (2000) Thalamic reticular nucleus activation reflects attentional gating during classical conditioning. Journal of Neuroscience 20, 8897–8901.Google Scholar
McAlonan, K. and Brown, V.J. (2002) The thalamic reticular nucleus: more than a sensory nucleus? Neuroscientist 8, 302–305.Google Scholar
McAlonan, K., Cavanaugh, J. and Wurtz, R.H. (2006) Attentional modulation of thalamic reticular neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 26, 4444–4450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClurkin, J.W., Optican, L.M. and Richmond, B.J. (1994) Cortical feedback increases visual information transmitted by monkey parvocellular lateral geniculate nucleus neurons. Visual Neuroscience 11, 601–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCormick, D.A. and Prince, D.A. (1987) Neurotransmitter modulation of thalamic neuronal firing pattern. Journal of Mind and Behaviour 8, 573–589.Google Scholar
McCormick, D.A. and Wang, Z. (1991) Serotonin and noradrenaline excite GABAergic neurones of the guinea-pig and cat nucleus reticularis thalami. Journal of Physiology 442, 235–255.Google Scholar
McCormick, D.A. (1992) Neurotransmitter actions in the thalamus and cerebral cortex and their role in neuromodulation of thalamocortical activity. Progress in Neurobiology 39, 337–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCormick, D.A. and Von Krosigk, M. (1992) Corticothalamic activation modulates thalamic firing through glutamate “metabotropic” receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 89, 2774–2778.Google Scholar
Mineff, E.M. and Weinberg, R.J. (2000) Differential synaptic distribution of AMPA receptor subunits in the ventral posterior and reticular thalamic nuclei of the rat. Neuroscience 101, 969–982.Google Scholar
Montero, V.M. and Wenthold, R.J. (1989) Quantitative immunogold analysis reveals high glutamate levels in retinal and cortical synaptic terminals in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the macaque. Neuroscience 31, 639–647.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montero, V.M. (1990) Quantitative immunogold analysis reveals high glutamate levels in synaptic terminals of retino-geniculate, cortico-geniculate, and geniculo-cortical axons in the cat. Visual Neuroscience 4, 437–443.Google Scholar
Montero, V.M. (1994) Quantitative immunogold evidence for enrichment of glutamate but not aspartate in synaptic terminals of retino-geniculate, geniculo-cortical, and corticogeniculate axons in the cat. Visual Neuroscience 11, 675–681.Google Scholar
Montero, V.M. (1997) C-Fos induction in sensory pathways of rats exploring a novel complex environment: Shifts of active thalamic reticular sectors by predominant sensory cues. Neuroscience 76, 1069–1081.Google Scholar
Montero, V.M. (1999) Amblyopia decreases activation of the corticogeniculate pathway and visual thalamic reticularis in attentive rats: a “focal attention” hypothesis. Neuroscience 91, 805–817.Google Scholar
Montero, V.M. (2000) Attentional activation of the visual thalamic reticular nucleus depends on ‘top-down’ inputs from the primary visual cortex via corticogeniculate pathways. Brain Research 864, 95–104.Google Scholar
Motter, B.C. (1993) Focal attention produces spatially selective processing in visual cortical areas V1, V2, and V4 in the presence of competing stimuli. Journal of Neurophysiology 70, 909–919.Google Scholar
Murphy, P.C. and Sillito, A.M. (1987) Corticofugal feedback influences the generation of length tuning in the visual pathway. Nature 329, 727–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, P.C. and Sillito, A.M. (1989) The binocular input to cells in the feline dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Journal of Physiology 415, 393–409.Google Scholar
Murphy, P.C. and Sillito, A.M. (1996) Functional morphology of the feedback pathway from area 17 of the cat visual cortex to the lateral geniculate nucleus. Journal of Neuroscience 16, 1180–1192.Google Scholar
Murphy, P.C., Duckett, S.G. and Sillito, A.M. (1999) Feedback connections to the lateral geniculate nucleus and cortical response properties. Science 286, 1552–1554.Google Scholar
Murphy, P.C., Duckett, S.G. and Sillito, A.M. (2000) Comparison of the laminar distribution of input from areas 17 and 18 of the visual cortex to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. Journal of Neuroscience 20, 845–853.Google Scholar
O'Connor, D.H., Fukui, M.M., Pinsk, M.A. and Kastner, S. (2002) Attention modulates responses in the human lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature Neuroscience 5, 1203–1209.Google Scholar
Orban, G.A. (1994) Motion processing in monkey striate cortex. In Cerebral Cortex, Volume 10 (Peters, A. and Rockland, K.S. eds) pp. 413–441, Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Pape, H.C. and Eysel, U. (1986) Binocular interactions in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat: GABAergic inhibition reduced by dominant afferent activity. Experimental Brain Research 61, 265–271.Google Scholar
Pinault, D., Smith, Y. and Deschenes, M. (1997) Dendrodendritic and axoaxonic synapses in the thalamic reticular nucleus of the adult rat. Journal of Neuroscience 17, 3215–3233.Google Scholar
Pinto, D.J., Hartings, J.A. and Simons, D.J. (2003) Cortical damping: Analysis of thalamocortical response transformations in rodent barrel cortex. Cerebral Cortex 13, 33–44.Google Scholar
Posner, M.I. and Gilbert, C.D. (1999) Attention and primary visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 96, 2585–2587.Google Scholar
Rivadulla, C., Martinez, L.M., Varela, C. and Cudeiro, J. (2002) Completing the corticofugal loop: a visual role for the corticogeniculate type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor. Journal of Neuroscience 22, 2956–2962.Google Scholar
Robson, J.A. (1984) Reconstruction of corticogeniculate axons in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 225, 193–200.Google Scholar
Roelfsema, P.R. and Spekreijse, H. (2001) The representation of erroneously perceived stimuli in the primary visual cortex. Neuron 31, 853–863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, S.A. and Alloway, K.D. (2001) Coincidence detection or temporal integration? What the neurons in somatosensory cortex are doing. Journal of Neuroscience 21, 2462–2473.Google Scholar
Ruiz, O., Royal, D., Sary, G., Chen, X., Schall, J.D. and Casagrande, V.A. (2006) Low threshold Ca2 + -associated bursts are rare events in the LGN of the awake behaving monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology 95, 3401–3413.Google Scholar
Salt, T.E., Binns, K.E., Turner, J.P., Gasparini, F. and Kuhn, R. (1999) Antagonism of the mGlu5 agonist 2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine by the novel selective mGlu5 antagonist 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) in the thalamus. British Journal of Pharmacology 127, 1057–1059.Google Scholar
Salt, T.E. (2002) Glutamate receptor functions in sensory relay in the thalamus. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series B: Biological Sciences 357, 1759–1766.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Vives, M.V., Bal, T. and McCormick, D.A. (1997) Inhibitory interactions between perigeniculate GABAergic neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 17, 8894–8908.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Vives, M.V. and McCormick, D.A. (1997) Functional properties of perigeniculate inhibition of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus thalamocortical neurons in vitro. Journal of Neuroscience 17, 8880–8893.Google Scholar
Sanderson, K.J., Bishop, P.O. and Darian-Smith, I. (1971) The properties of the binocular receptive fields of lateral geniculate neurons. Experimental Brain Research 13, 178–207.Google Scholar
Schmielau, F. and Singer, W. (1977) The role of visual cortex for binocular interactions in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. Brain Research 120, 354–361.Google Scholar
Sherman, S.M. and Guillery, R.W. (1998) On the actions that one nerve cell can have on another: distinguishing “drivers” from “modulators”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95, 7121–7126.Google Scholar
Sherman, S.M. (2001) Tonic and burst firing: dual modes of thalamocortical relay. Trends in Neurosciences 24, 122–126.Google Scholar
Sherman, S.M. and Guillery, R.W. (2002) The role of the thalamus in the flow of information to the cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series B: Biological Sciences 357, 1695–1708.Google Scholar
Shipp, S. and Zeki, S. (1989) The organization of connections between Areas V5 and V1 in Macaque monkey visual cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience 1, 309–332.Google Scholar
Sigman, M., Pan, H., Yang, Y., Stern, E., Silbersweig, D. and Gilbert, C.D. (2005) Topdown reorganization of activity in the visual pathway after learning a shape identification task. Neuron 46, 823–835.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sillito, A.M., Kemp, J.A. and Berardi, N. (1983) The cholinergic influence on the function of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Brain Research 280, 299–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sillito, A.M., Murphy, P.C., Salt, T.E. and Moody, C.I. (1990) Dependence of retinogeniculate transmission in cat on NMDA receptors. Journal of Neurophysiology 63, 347–355.Google Scholar
Sillito, A.M., Murphy, P.C. and Salt, T.E. (1990) The contribution of the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate group of excitatory amino acid receptors to retinogeniculate transmission in the cat. Neuroscience 34, 273–280.Google Scholar
Sillito, A.M., Cudeiro, J. and Murphy, P.C. (1993) Orientation sensitive elements in the corticofugal influence on centre-surround interactions in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Experimental Brain Research 93, 6–16.Google Scholar
Sillito, A.M., Jones, H.E., Gerstein, G.L. and West, D.C. (1994) Feature-linked synchronization of thalamic relay cell firing induced by feedback from the visual cortex. Nature 369, 479–482.Google Scholar
Sillito, A.M. and Jones, H.E. (2002) Corticothalamic interactions in the transfer of visual information. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series B: Biological Sciences 357, 1739–1752.Google Scholar
Sillito, A.M. and Jones, H.E. (2003) Feedback systems in visual processing. In The Visual Neurosciences. (Chalupa, L.M. and Werner, J.S. eds) pp. 609–624, MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sillito, A.M., Cudeiro, J. and Jones, H.E. (2006) Always returning: feedback and sensory processing in visual cortex and thalamus. Trends in Neurosciences 29, 307–316.Google Scholar
Silver, M.A., Ress, D. and Heeger, D.J. (2007) Neural correlates of sustained spatial attention in human early visual cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 97, 229–237.Google Scholar
Somers, D.C., Dale, A.M., Seiffert, A.E. and Tootell, R.B. (1999) Functional MRI reveals spatially specific attentional modulation in human primary visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 96, 1663–1668.Google Scholar
Stanford, L.R., Friedlander, M.J. and Sherman, S.M. (1983) Morphological and physiological properties of geniculate W-cells of the cat: a comparison with X- and Y-cells. Journal of Neurophysiology 50, 582–608.Google Scholar
Swadlow, H.A. and Gusev, A.G. (2001) The impact of ‘bursting’ thalamic impulses at a neocortical synapse. Nature Neuroscience 4, 402–408.Google Scholar
Treue, S. (2001) Neural correlates of attention in primate visual cortex. Trends in Neurosciences 24, 295–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsumoto, T., Creutzfeldt, O.D. and Légendy, C.R. (1978) Functional organization of the corticofugal system from visual cortex to lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat. Experimental Brain Research 32, 345–364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uhlrich, D.J., Cucchiaro, J.B., Humphrey, A.L. and Sherman, S.M. (1991) Morphology and axonal projection patterns of individual neurons in the cat perigeniculate nucleus. Journal of Neurophysiology 65, 1528–1541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uhlrich, D.J. and Cucchiaro, J.B. (1992) GABAergic circuits in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. Progress in Brain Research 90, 171–192.Google Scholar
Uhlrich, D.J., Manning, K.A. and Feig, S.L. (2003) Laminar and cellular targets of individual thalamic reticular nucleus axons in the lateral geniculate nucleus in the prosimian primate Galago. Journal of Comparative Neurology 458, 128–143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Usrey, W.M. (2002) The role of spike timing for thalamocortical processing. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 12, 411–417.Google Scholar
Van Horn, S.C., Erisir, A. and Sherman, S.M. (2000) Relative distribution of synapses in the A-laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 416, 509–520.3.0.CO;2-H>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanduffel, W., Tootell, R.B. and Orban, G.A. (2000) Attention-dependent suppression of metabolic activity in the early stages of the macaque visual system. Cerebral Cortex 10, 109–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Von Krosigk, M., Monckton, J.E., Reiner, P.B. and McCormick, D.A. (1999) Dynamic properties of corticothalamic excitatory postsynaptic potentials and thalamic reticular inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in thalamocortical neurons of the guinea-pig dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Neuroscience 91, 7–20.Google Scholar
Wang, S., Bickford, M.E., Van Horn, S.C., Erisir, A., Godwin, D.W. and Sherman, S.M. (2001) Synaptic targets of thalamic reticular nucleus terminals in the visual thalamus of the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 440, 321–341.Google Scholar
Wang, W., Andolina, I.M., Jones, H.E., Salt, T.E. and Sillito, A.M. (2000) Influence of enhanced feedback from V1 on visual responses in the LGN. Abstract Viewer and Itinerary Planner, Society for Neuroscience Online Program number 162.9.Google Scholar
Wang, W., Jones, H.E., Andolina, I.M., Salt, T.E. and Sillito, A.M. (2006) Functional alignment of feedback effects from visual cortex to thalamus. Nature Neuroscience 9, 1330–1336.Google Scholar
Webb, B.S., Tinsley, C.J., Barraclough, N.E., Easton, A., Parker, A. and Derrington, A.M. (2002) Feedback from V1 and inhibition from beyond the classical receptive field modulates the responses of neurons in the primate lateral geniculate nucleus. Visual Neuroscience 19, 583–592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilke, M., Logothetis, N.K. and Leopold, D.A. (2006) Local field potential reflects perceptual suppression in monkey visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103, 17507–17512.Google Scholar
Williams, S.R., Turner, J.P., Anderson, C.M. and Crunelli, V. (1996) Electrophysiological and morphological properties of interneurones in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in vitro. Journal of Physiology 490, 129–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, J.R. (1993) Circuitry of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat and monkey. Acta Anatomica 147, 1–13.Google Scholar
Worgotter, F., Nelle, E., Li, B. and Funke, K. (1998) The influence of corticofugal feedback on the temporal structure of visual responses of cat thalamic relay cells. Journal of Physiology 509, 797–815.Google Scholar
Worgotter, F., Eyding, D., Macklis, J.D. and Funke, K. (2002) The influence of the corticothalamic projection on responses in thalamus and cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series B: Biological Sciences 357, 1823–1834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wrobel, A. and Bekisz, M. (1994) Visual classification of X and Y perigeniculate neurons of the cat. Experimental Brain Research 101, 307–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yen, C.T., Conley, M., Hendry, S.H. and Jones, E.G. (1985) The morphology of physiologically identified GABAergic neurons in the somatic sensory part of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the cat. Journal of Neuroscience 5, 2254–2268.Google Scholar