Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T05:02:28.297Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Psychological Consequences of Tardive Dyskinesia the Effect of Drug-Induced Parkinsonism and the Topography of the Dyskinetic Movements

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Keith W. Brown*
Affiliation:
Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh
Thomas White
Affiliation:
Douglas Inch Centre, 2 Woodside Terrace, Glasgow
*
Correspondence

Abstract

The effect of drug-induced Parkinsonism and of the topography of the dyskinetic movements on the psychological consequences of tardive dyskinesia was assessed in 20 schizophrenic subjects and 20 non-dyskinetic schizophrenic controls matched for age, sex, the presence of anticholinergic medication, and the presence and severity of drug-induced Parkinsonism. Limb–truncal subscale scores but not orofacial scores had a significant correlation with cognitive impairment and with negative symptoms. Drug-induced Parkinsonism was found to be a powerful confounding variable.

Type
Papers
Copyright
Copyright © 1991 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, G. E., De Long, M. R. & Strick, P. L. (1986) Parallel organisation of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review of Neurosciences, 9, 357381.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM—III). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. (1981) Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City: University of Iowa.Google Scholar
Barnes, T. R. E. (1988) Tardive dyskinesia: Risk factors, pathophysiology and treatment. In Recent Advances in Clinical Psychiatry No 6 (eds Granville-Grossman, K. & Wing, P.) pp. 185207. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Bartels, M. & Themelis, J. (1983) Computerised tomography in tardive dyskinesia: Evidence of structural abnormalities in the basal ganglia system. Archiv fuer Psychiatrische Nervenkrankheiten, 233, 371379.Google Scholar
Gerlach, J. & Casey, D. E. (1988) Tardive dyskinesia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77, 369378.Google Scholar
Griel, W., Haag, H., Rossnagl, G., et al (1984) Effect of anticholinergics on TD — A controlled discontinuation study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 304310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groves, P. M. (1983) A theory of the functional organisation of the neostriatum and the neostriatal control of voluntary movement. Brain Research and Development, 5, 109123.Google Scholar
Hoffman, W. F., Labs, S. M., Casey, D. E. (1987) Neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism in older schizophrenics. Biological Psychiatry, 22, 427439.Google Scholar
Jellinger, K. (1977) Neuropathological findings after neuroleptic long-term therapy. In Neurotoxicology (eds Roizen, L., Sharki, H. & Grevil, N.), pp. 2542. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Klawans, H. & Rubovits, R. (1974) Effect of cholinergic and anticholinergic agents on tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 27, 941945.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohr, J. B., Wisniewski, A. & Jeste, D. V. (1986) Neurological aspects of tardive dyskinesia. In Handbook of Schizophrenia, Vol 1 (eds Nasrallah, H. A. & Weinberger, D. R.), pp. 97119. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
National Institute of Mental Health (1976a) Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale. In Early Clinical Drug Evolution Unit Assessment Manual (ed. Guy, W.), pp. 534537. Rockville, Md: US Department of Health and Human Resources.Google Scholar
National Institute of Mental Health (1976b) Nurse Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation. In Early Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit Assessment Manual (ed. Guy, W.), pp. 266269. Rockville, Md: US Department of Health and Human Resources.Google Scholar
Opler, L. A., Kay, S. R., Rosado, V., et al (1984) Positive and negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 172, 317325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prosser, E. S., Csernansky, J. G. & Kaplan, J. (1987) Depression, parkinsonian symptoms and negative symptoms in schizophrenics treated with neuroleptics. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 175, 100105.Google Scholar
Quereshi, K. N. & Hodkinson, H. M. (1974) Evaluation of a ten-question mental test in the institutionalised elderly. Age and Aging, 1, 152157.Google Scholar
Schooler, N. R. & Kane, J. M. (1982) Research diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 686687.Google Scholar
Simpson, G. M. & Angus, J. W. S. (1970) A rating scale for extrapyramidal side-effects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (Suppl. 212), 1119.Google Scholar
Simpson, G. M., Lee, J. H., Zoubek, B., et al (1979) A rating scale for tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology, 64, 171179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Struve, F. A. & Wilner, A. E. (1983) Cognitive dysfunction and tardive dyskinesia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 597600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waddington, J. L. & Youssef, H. A. (1986) Late onset involuntary movements in chronic schizophrenia: Relationship of “tardive” dyskinesia to intellectual impairment and negative symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 616620.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.