Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T12:46:54.228Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Theories of Depersonalization: A Re-appraisal

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

G. Sedman*
Affiliation:
University of Sheffield; now Consultant Psychiatrist, Herrison Group, St. Ann's Hospital, Canford Cliffs, Poole, Dorset

Extract

Introduction There have been many theories put forward to explain the not uncommon symptoms of depersonalization. They were aptly summarized by Ackner (1954) in the following way. There are theories which regard depersonalization as a symptom with an organic basis; there are theories which consider it a disturbance of a particular psychological function; there are analytic theories; and finally there is a theory which would suggest that depersonalization is a form of schizophrenia. This paper is concerned with a re-appraisal of all these theories in the light of recent and current research on the subject.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1970 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackner, B. (1954). ‘Depersonalisation I. Aetiology and phenomenology: II. Clinical syndromes.’ J. ment. Sci., 100, 838–72.Google Scholar
Anderson, E. W. (1938). ‘A clinical study of states of “ecstasy” occurring in affective disorders.’ J. Neurol. Psychiat., 1, 120.Google Scholar
Ardis, J. A., and McKellar, P. (1957). ‘Hypnagogic imagery and mescaline.’ J. ment. Sci., 102, 22–9.Google Scholar
Aronson, H., Waterman, C. E., and Klee, G. D. (1962). ‘Effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (L.S.D. 25) on learning and retention.’ J. clin. exp. Psychopath., 23, 1723.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., and Erbaugh, J. (1961). ‘An inventory for measuring depression.’ Arch. gen. Psychiat., 4, 561–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergum, B. O., and Klein, I. C. (1961). A Survey and Analysis of Vigilance Research. Hum RRO. Research Report’: U.S. Army Air Defense Human Research Unit, Texas.Google Scholar
Buss, E. L., Clark, L. D., and West, C. D. (1959). ‘Studies of sleep deprivation—relationship to schizophrenia.’ Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 81, 348359.Google Scholar
Cappon, D., and Banks, R. (1961). ‘Orientational perception I.’ Arch. gen. Psychiat., 5, 380–92.Google Scholar
Cappon, D., and Banks, R. (1965). ‘Orientational perception II. Body perception in depersonalisation.’ Arch. gen. Psychiat., 13, 375–9.Google Scholar
Crawshaw, R. (1963). ‘Reactions to a disaster.’ Arch. gen. Psychiat., 9, 157–62.Google Scholar
Davis, J. M., McCourt, W. F., Courtney, J., and Soloman, P. (1960). ‘The effects of visual stimulation on hallucinations and other mental experiences during sensory deprivation.’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 116, 889–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, K. (1964). ‘Episodic depersonalization: observations on seven patients.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 110, 505–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillon, D. J. (1962). ‘Estimations of bodily dimensions.’ Percept. mot. Skills, 14, 219–21.Google Scholar
Dixon, J. C. (1963). ‘Depersonalisation phenomena in a sample population of college students.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 109, 371–5.Google Scholar
Fisher, S. (1963). ‘Body image and hypnotic response.’ Int. J. clin. and exp. Hypnosis, 11, 153–62.Google Scholar
Fisher, S. (1964). and Cleveland, S. E. (1958). Body Image and Personality. Princeton: Van Nostrand Co.Google Scholar
Fisher, S., Seidner, R. (1963). ‘Body experiences of schizophrenic, neurotic and normal women.’ J. nerv. ment. Dis., 137, 252–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Galdston, I. (1947). ‘On the aetiology of depersonalization.’ J. nerv. ment. Dis., 105, 2539.Google Scholar
Gjessing, L. R., Harding, G. F. A., Jenner, F. A., and Johann Essen, N. B. (1967). ‘The EEG in three cases of periodic catatonia.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 113, 1271–82.Google Scholar
Grinberg, L. (1966). ‘Obsessive mechanisms and depersonalization.’ Int. J. Psychoanal., 47, 177–83.Google ScholarPubMed
Guttman, E., and Maclay, W. S. (1936). ‘Mescalin and depersonalization.’ J. Neurol. Psychopath., 16, 193212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, M., and Roth, M. (1962). ‘Temporal lobe epilepsy and the phobic-anxiety-depersonalisation syndrome.’ Comp. Psychiat., 3, 129–51.Google ScholarPubMed
Haug, K. (1936). Die Störungen des Persönlichkeitsbewusstseins und verwandte Entfremdungserlebnisse. Stuttgart. Enke.Google Scholar
Heilbronner, K. (1900–1). ‘Über Krankheitseinsicht.’ Z. f. Psychiat., 58, quoted by Lewis, A. J. (1934).Google Scholar
Hunter, R. C. A. (1966). ‘Depersonalisation in a borderline patient.’ Int. J. Psychoanal., 47, 3241.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. H. (1884). ‘Croonian Lectures on Evolution and Dissolution of the Nervous System’, in Selected Writings of John Hughlings Jackson, ed. Taylor, J. Vol. II. London: Staples Press. 1958.Google Scholar
Janet, P. (1903). Les Obsessions et la Psychasthénie. Paris: Alcan.Google Scholar
Jarvik, M. E., Abramson, H. A., and Hirsch, M. W. (1955). ‘Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD 25) IV. Effect on attention and concentration.’ J. Psychol., 39, 373–83.Google Scholar
Jarvik, M. E., Abramson, H. A., and Hirsch, M. W. (1955). ‘Comparative subjective effects of seven drugs including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD 25).’ J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 51, 657–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaspers, K. General Psychopathology 7th ed. (Trans. Hoenig, J. and Hamilton, M. W. Manchester: University Press, 1962).Google Scholar
Kelly, D. H. W. (1965). ‘Measurement of anxiety by forearm blood flow.’ M.D. Thesis. University of London.Google Scholar
Kelly, D. H. W. (1966). ‘Measurement of anxiety by forearm blood flow.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 111, 1012–13.Google Scholar
Kelly, D. H. W., Walter, C. J. S. (1968). ‘The relationship between clinical diagnosis and anxiety, assessed by forearm blood flow and other measurements.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 114, 611–26.Google Scholar
Kenna, J. C. (1962). ‘Sensory deprivation phenomena: critical review and explanatory models.’ Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 55, 1004–10.Google ScholarPubMed
Klages, W. (1959). ‘Depersonalisationserscheinungen bei hirnorganisch Kranken und Schizophrenen.’ Archiv. f. Psychiatrie un. Z f d. ges. Neurologie, 119, 266–79.Google Scholar
Klein, M. (1946). ‘Notes on some schizoid mechanisms.’ Int. J. Psychoanal., 27, 99110.Google ScholarPubMed
Kornetsky, C., and Humphries, O. (1957). ‘Relationship between effects of a number of centrally acting drugs and personality.’ Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 77, 325–7.Google Scholar
Krishaber, , (1872). ‘De la névropathie cérébrocardiaque.’ Gaz. Sci. méd. (Bordeaux). Google Scholar
Kuramochi, H. (1961). ‘Psychopathological study of experimental psychoses induced by LSD 25. 1 Outline of LSD symptoms in normal subjects.’ Psychiat. Neurol. Jap., 63, 91105.Google Scholar
Lader, M. H., and Wing, L. (1966). Physiological Measures, Sedative Drugs and Morbid Anxiety. Maudsley Monograph No. 14. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Langfeldt, G. (1960). ‘Diagnosis and prognosis of schizophrenia.’ Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 52, 595–6.Google Scholar
Levine, J., and Ludwig, A. M. (1965). ‘Alterations in consciousness produced by combinations of LSD, hypnosis and psychotherapy.’ Psychopharmacol., 7, 123–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, A. J. (1934). ‘Melancholia: a clinical survey of depressive states.’ J. ment. Sci., 80, 277378.Google Scholar
Lewis, N. D. C. (1949). ‘Criteria for early differential diagnosis of psychoneurosis and schizophrenia.’ Amer. J. Psychother., 3, 418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, N. D. C. (1965). ‘Some possible basic determinants of depersonalisation phenomena,’ in Psychopathology of Perception eds. Hoch, P. H. and Zubin, J. New York: Grune and Stratton.Google Scholar
Linton, H. B., and Langs, R. J. (1962a). ‘Subjective reactions to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD 25). Arch. gen. Psychiat., 6, 352–68.Google Scholar
Linton, H. B., and Langs, R. J. (1962b). ‘Placebo reactions in a study of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD 25).’ Arch. gen. Psychiat., 6, 369–83.Google Scholar
Loewy, M. (1908). ‘Die Aktionsgefühle: ein Depersonalisationsfall als Beitrag zur Psychologie des Aktivitätsgefühls und des Persönlichkeitsbewusstseins.’ Prag. med. Wsch., 33, 443–61.Google Scholar
MacCurdy, J. T. (1925). The Psychology of Emotion. London.Google Scholar
McKellar, P. (1957). ‘Imagination and Thinking: A Psychological Analysis. London: Cohen and West.Google Scholar
Mapother, E. Quoted by Mayer-Gross, (1935).Google Scholar
Mayer-Gross, W. (1935). ‘On Depersonalisation.’ Brit. J. med. Psychol., 15, 103122.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. E. (1956). ‘Studien zur Depersonalisation.’ Psychiat. et Neurol. (Basel), 132, 221–32.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. E. (1959). “’Dreamy states” und Depersonalisation.’ Arch. f. Psychiat., 200, 1218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nunberg, H. (1956). Practice and Theory of Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Oesterreich (1910). Die Phenomenologie des Ich. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Pick, A. (1904). ‘Zur Pathologie des Ich-Bewusstseins. Studie aus der allgemeinen Psychopathologie.’ Arch. Psychiat., (Berlin), 38, 22–3.Google Scholar
Reed, G. F. (1962). ‘Preparatory set as a factor in the production of sensory deprivation phenomena.’ Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 55, 1010–14.Google Scholar
Reed, G. F., Sedman, G. (1964). ‘Personality and depersonalisation under sensory deprivation conditions.’ Percept. motor Skills, 18, 659–60.Google Scholar
Ribot, T. (1882). Diseases of Memory. London.Google Scholar
Roberts, W. W. (1960). ‘Normal and abnormal depersonalisation.’ J. ment. Sci., 106, 478–93.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, H. (1947). ‘Analysis of schizophrenic state with depersonalisation.’ Int J. Psychoanal., 28, 130–9.Google Scholar
Roth, M. (1960). ‘The phobic anxiety-depersonalisation syndrome and some general aetiological problems in psychiatry.’ J. Neuropsychiat., 1, 292306.Google Scholar
Roth, M., Harper, M. (1962). ‘Temporal lobe epilepsy and the phobic anxiety-depersonalisation syndrome II.’ Comp. Psychiat., 3, 215–26.Google Scholar
Salfield, D. J. (1958). ‘Depersonalisation and allied disturbances in childhood.’ J. ment. Sci., 104, 472–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarlin, C. N. (1962). ‘Depersonalisation and derealisation.’ J. Amer. Psychol. Assoc., 10, 784804.Google Scholar
Schilder, P. (1914). Selbstbewusstsein und Persönlichkeitbewusstsein. Berlin.Google Scholar
Schilder, P. (1928). Introduction to Analytical Psychiatry. New York: Nerv. Ment. Dis. Pub. Co.Google Scholar
Sedman, G., and Reed, G. F. (1963). ‘Depersonalisation phenomena in obsessional personalities and in depression.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 109, 376–9.Google Scholar
Sedman, G., Kenna, J. C. (1963). ‘Depersonalisation and mood changes in schizophrenia.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 109, 669673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sedman, G., Kenna, J. C. (1964). ‘The occurrence of depersonalisation phenomena under L.S.D.’ Psychiat. et Neurol. (Basel), 147, 129–37.Google Scholar
Sedman, G., Kenna, J. C. (1965). ‘Depersonalisation in temporal lobe epilepsy and the organic psychoses.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 111, 293–9.Google Scholar
Sedman, G. (1966). ‘Depersonalisation in a group of normal subjects.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 112, 907–12.Google Scholar
Sedman, G. (1967). ‘Experimental and phenomenological approaches to the problem of hallucinations in organic psychosyndromes.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 113, 1115–21.Google Scholar
Sedman, G. (1968). ‘An investigation of states of affect and alteration in consciousness as factors concerned in the aetiology of depersonalisation.’ Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished) University of Sheffield.Google Scholar
Shorvon, H. J. (1946). ‘The depersonalisation syndrome.’ Proc. roy. Soc. Med., 39, 779–85.Google Scholar
Shurley, J. T. (1960). ‘Profound experimental sensory isolation.’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 117, 539–45.Google Scholar
Silverstein, A., and Klee, G. D. (1958). ‘A psycho-pharmacological test of the “body image in hypothesis”.’ J. nerv. ment. Dis., 127, 328–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverstein, A., and Klee, G. D. (1959). ‘Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD 25) on intellectual functions.’ Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 80, 477–80.Google Scholar
Silverstein, A., and Klee, G. D. (1960). ‘The effect of L.S.D. on digit span.’ J. clin. exp. Psychopath., 21, 1114.Google Scholar
Skoog, G. (1965). ‘Onset of anancastic conditions.’ Acta psychiat. neurol. Scand., Suppl. 184 to Vol. 14.Google Scholar
Smith, S., and Lewty, W. (1959). ‘Perceptual isolation using a silent room.’ Lancet, ii, 342–5.Google Scholar
Sours, J. A. (1965). ‘The “break-off” phenomenon.’ Arch. gen. Psychiat., 13, 447–56.Google Scholar
Stamm, J. L. (1962). ‘Altered ego states allied to depersonalisation.’ J. Amer. psychoanal. Assoc., 10, 762–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, W. A. (1964). ‘Report of a panel on depersonalisation.’ J. Amer. psychoanal. Assoc., 12, 171–86.Google Scholar
Taine, H. (1870). De l'Intelligence. Google Scholar
Vernon, J. A., and Hoffman, I. (1961). ‘Effects of sensory deprivation on learning rate in human beings.’ Science, 133, 1808–12.Google Scholar
Von Mering, O., Morimoto, K., Hyde, R. W., and Rinkelm, . (1957). ‘Experimentally induced depersonalisation.’ in Experimental Psychopathology, ed. Hoch, P. H., and Zubin, T. New York: Grune and Stratton.Google Scholar
Wilmanns, K. (1907). ‘Die Differentialdiagnostik der funktionellen Psychosen.’ Zent. f. Nervenheilk u. Psychiat., Berlin, Leipzig, 30, 569–88.Google Scholar
Ziskind, E. (1965). ‘An explanation of mental symptoms found in acute sensory deprivation.’ Amer. J, Psychiat., 121, 939–46.Google Scholar
Zubek, J. P., Sansom, W., and Prysiaznuik, A. (1960). ‘Intellectual changes during prolonged perceptual isolation (darkness and silence).’ Canad. J. Psychol., 14, 233–43.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.